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A '''backlash''' is a strong adverse reaction to an idea, action, or object. It is usually a reflection of a normative resentment rather than a denial of its existence. In [[Western world|Western]] [[Identity politics|identitarian political]] discourse, the term is commonly applied to instances of bias and discrimination against [[Social exclusion|marginalized groups]]. In this form of discourse, backlash can be explained as the response- or counter reaction- to efforts of social |
A '''backlash''' is a strong adverse reaction to an idea, action, or object. It is usually a reflection of a normative [[resentment]] rather than a denial of its existence. In [[Western world|Western]] [[Identity politics|identitarian political]] discourse, the term is commonly applied to instances of bias and discrimination against [[Social exclusion|marginalized groups]]. In this form of discourse, backlash can be explained as the response- or counter reaction- to efforts of social change made by a group to gain access to rights or power. |
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== Historical Western examples == |
== Historical Western examples == |
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* 13th Amendment — [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow Laws]] were racial backlash in response to the amendment to the [[United States]] constitution. |
* 13th Amendment — [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow Laws]] were racial backlash in response to the amendment to the [[United States]] constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Jim Crow Laws: Definition, Facts & Timeline |url=https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> |
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* Civil rights — Voting restrictions implemented. |
* Civil rights — Voting restrictions implemented.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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* Women's Movement — Backlash centered on infertility issues, women's "biological clock" and shortage of men.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Faludi|first=Susan|title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|year=1991|isbn=978-0-517-57698-4|location=New York City|pages=61}}</ref> |
* Women's Movement — Backlash centered on infertility issues, women's "biological clock" and shortage of men.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Faludi|first=Susan|title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|year=1991|isbn=978-0-517-57698-4|location=New York City|pages=61}}</ref> |
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== Contemporary Western examples == |
== Contemporary Western examples == |
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* [[Me Too movement|Me Too Movement]] — Impacted women in the workforce. Men were more reluctant to hire women deemed attractive, more reluctant to have one-on-one meetings with women, and had greater fears of being unfairly accused. In addition to this, 56% of women surveyed predicted that men would continue to harass them but would be more cautious to avoid being caught.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tim|first=Bower|date=2019-09-01|title=The #MeToo Backlash|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2019/09/the-metoo-backlash|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Backlash of date-rape prevalent with misleading language used in media. In 1987 it was called an "epidemic" and in 1993, "rape hype"; terms that were exaggerated and victim oriented.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Date Rape Backlash|url=https://shop.mediaed.org/the-date-rape-backlash-p150.aspx|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Media Education Foundation Online Store|language=en}}</ref> |
* [[Me Too movement|Me Too Movement]] — Impacted women in the workforce. Men were more reluctant to hire women deemed attractive, more reluctant to have one-on-one meetings with women, and had greater fears of being unfairly accused. In addition to this, 56% of women surveyed predicted that men would continue to harass them but would be more cautious to avoid being caught.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tim|first=Bower|date=2019-09-01|title=The #MeToo Backlash|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2019/09/the-metoo-backlash|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Backlash of date-rape prevalent with misleading language used in media. In 1987 it was called an "epidemic" and in 1993, "rape hype"; terms that were exaggerated and victim oriented.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Date Rape Backlash|url=https://shop.mediaed.org/the-date-rape-backlash-p150.aspx|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Media Education Foundation Online Store|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] — With the legalization of gay marriage, homosexual couples are facing challenges from companies such as bakeries refusing to make cakes on the grounds of religious beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-06|title=Court Rules Bakery Illegally Discriminated Against Gay Couple|url=https://aclu-co.org/court-rules-bakery-illegally-discriminated-against-gay-couple/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=ACLU of Colorado|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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* Abortion — Defund [[Planned Parenthood]] Act |
* Abortion — Defund [[Planned Parenthood]] Act |
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** "This bill temporarily restricts federal funding for Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Specifically, the bill prohibits, for a one-year period, the availability of federal funds for any purpose to this entity, or any of its affiliates or clinics, unless they certify that the affiliates and clinics will not perform, and will not provide any funds to any other entity that performs, an abortion during such period. This restriction does not apply in cases of rape or incest or where a physical condition endangers a woman's life unless an abortion is performed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hartzler|first=Vicky|date=2019-01-25|title=H.R.369 |
** "This bill temporarily restricts federal funding for Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Specifically, the bill prohibits, for a one-year period, the availability of federal funds for any purpose to this entity, or any of its affiliates or clinics, unless they certify that the affiliates and clinics will not perform, and will not provide any funds to any other entity that performs, an abortion during such period. This restriction does not apply in cases of rape or incest or where a physical condition endangers a woman's life unless an abortion is performed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hartzler|first=Vicky|date=2019-01-25|title=H.R.369 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2019|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/369|access-date=2021-04-26|website=congress.gov}}</ref> |
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* Racial backlash — Former President Donald Trump wins the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 U.S. presidential election]] running a [[populism|right-wing populist]] campaign that heavily utilized [[dog whistle politics|dog whistle]] rhetoric and other coded appeals to "white anxiety" over growing multiculturalism in the United States; Trump previously promulgated the [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|"Birther" conspiracy theory]] that claimed the presidency of his predecessor, [[Barack Obama]], was not legitimate by falsely asserting Obama was not born in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barbaro|first=Michael|date=2016-09-16|title=Donald Trump Clung to ‘Birther’ Lie for Years, and Still Isn’t Apologetic|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-obama-birther.html|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * |
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| ⚫ | * [[Black Lives Matter]] — |
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* Voting rights — Restrictions proposed relating to absentee voting, voting times, drop boxes, and limitations on provisions (food and water) given during voting lines. These policies target lower-income or lower socio-economic individuals giving them less flexibility.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Howard|first=Brad|date=2021-04-16|title=Here's how new voting laws across the nation sparked a major corporate backlash|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/16/how-new-voting-laws-across-the-nation-sparked-a-corporate-backlash.html|access-date=2021-04-26|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * [[2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States|LGBT backlash]] — Bathroom bills and medical bans are proposed to restrict the rights of transgender youth and adults. Arguments center around fair play in sports and sexual harassment in bathrooms.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Murphy|first=Hannah|date=2021-04-21|title=How Trans Kids Landed in the Crossfire of the Culture Wars — and the Damage It Could Do|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/trans-medical-bans-impact-on-trans-kids-1158853/|access-date=2021-04-26|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Literature == |
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| ⚫ | * [[Black Lives Matter]] — [[Blue Lives Matter]] and [[All Lives Matter]] campaigns created in response.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=History of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter: Social activism on Twitter|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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* Bikelash - A colloquial term about the social and political resistance to the creation of urban infrastructure intended to accommodate safer [[cycling]], seemingly at the expense of the use of [[automobile]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bubbers |first1=Matt |title=The 'bikelash' is real: What the war between bikes and cars says about us |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/mobility/article-the-bikelash-is-real-what-the-war-between-bikes-and-cars-says-about/ |access-date=18 February 2023 |publisher=Globe and Mail |date=23 August 2019}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women]]'', a book by Susan Faludi |
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** "An accurate charting of American women's progress through history might look more like a corkscrew tilted slightly to one side, its loops inching closer to the line of freedom with the passage of time-but, like a mathematIcal curve approaching infinity, never touching its goal."<ref name=":0" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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| Line 35: | Line 29: | ||
*[[Yellow vests movement]] |
*[[Yellow vests movement]] |
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*[[Angry young man (South Korea)]] |
*[[Angry young man (South Korea)]] |
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*[[Anger]] |
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*[[Reactionary]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Line 40: | Line 36: | ||
== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Sue|title='Backlash' and Its Utility to Political Scientists|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=615–623|doi=10.1017/S1743923X08000494|issn=1743-9248|date=December 2008}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Sue|title='Backlash' and Its Utility to Political Scientists|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=615–623|doi=10.1017/S1743923X08000494|issn=1743-9248|date=December 2008|s2cid=144647905 }} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Greendorfer|first=Susan L.|date=1998-04-01|title=Title IX Gender Equity, Backlash and Ideology|journal=Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal|volume=7|issue=1|pages=69–93|doi=10.1123/wspaj.7.1.69|issn=1063-6161}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Greendorfer|first=Susan L.|date=1998-04-01|title=Title IX Gender Equity, Backlash and Ideology|journal=Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal|volume=7|issue=1|pages=69–93|doi=10.1123/wspaj.7.1.69|issn=1063-6161}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jennifer L.|date=2003-09-01|title=Traveling from Feminism to Mainstream Sociology and Back: One Woman's Tale of Tenure and the Politics of Backlash|journal=Qualitative Sociology|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=369–396|doi=10.1023/A:1024070310729|s2cid=142585188|issn=1573-7837}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jennifer L.|date=2003-09-01|title=Traveling from Feminism to Mainstream Sociology and Back: One Woman's Tale of Tenure and the Politics of Backlash|journal=Qualitative Sociology|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=369–396|doi=10.1023/A:1024070310729|s2cid=142585188|issn=1573-7837}} |
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* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5p0LAslpywC&q=backlash&pg=PA187|title=Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies|last=Alexander|first=Jeffrey C.|date=1990-09-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521396479|language=en}} |
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5p0LAslpywC&q=backlash&pg=PA187|title=Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies|last=Alexander|first=Jeffrey C.|date=1990-09-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521396479|language=en}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jennifer L.|date=2003-03-01|title="Racing for Innocence": Whiteness, Corporate Culture, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action|journal=Qualitative Sociology|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=53–70|doi=10.1023/A:1021404020349|issn=1573-7837}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jennifer L.|date=2003-03-01|title="Racing for Innocence": Whiteness, Corporate Culture, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action|journal=Qualitative Sociology|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=53–70|doi=10.1023/A:1021404020349|s2cid=140760711 |issn=1573-7837}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Lindbekk|first=Tore|date=1998-04-01|title=The Education Backlash Hypothesis: The Norwegian Experience 1960-92|journal=Acta Sociologica|language=en|volume=41|issue=2–3|pages=151–162|doi=10.1177/000169939804100204|s2cid=145098305|issn=0001-6993}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Lindbekk|first=Tore|date=1998-04-01|title=The Education Backlash Hypothesis: The Norwegian Experience 1960-92|journal=Acta Sociologica|language=en|volume=41|issue=2–3|pages=151–162|doi=10.1177/000169939804100204|s2cid=145098305|issn=0001-6993}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Bozorgmehr|first=Mehdi|date=2012-05-01|title=Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11|journal=Contemporary Sociology|language=en|volume=41|issue=3|pages=358–359|doi=10.1177/0094306112443520cc|issn=0094-3061}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Bozorgmehr|first=Mehdi|date=2012-05-01|title=Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11|journal=Contemporary Sociology|language=en|volume=41|issue=3|pages=358–359|doi=10.1177/0094306112443520cc|s2cid=144587958 |issn=0094-3061}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Kirk|last2=Roseneil|first2=Sasha|date=1994-11-01|title='Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em': Backlash and the gender politics of the underclass debate|journal=Journal of Gender Studies|volume=3|issue=3|pages=317–331|doi=10.1080/09589236.1994.9960579|issn=0958-9236}} |
* {{Cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Kirk|last2=Roseneil|first2=Sasha|date=1994-11-01|title='Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em': Backlash and the gender politics of the underclass debate|journal=Journal of Gender Studies|volume=3|issue=3|pages=317–331|doi=10.1080/09589236.1994.9960579|issn=0958-9236}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Mary F.|last2=Lott|first2=Phillip B.|date=1997-06-01|title=Backlash, the Matrix of Domination, and Log Cabin Republicans|journal=The Sociological Quarterly|volume=38|issue=3|pages=497–512|doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00489.x|issn=0038-0253}} |
* {{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Mary F.|last2=Lott|first2=Phillip B.|date=1997-06-01|title=Backlash, the Matrix of Domination, and Log Cabin Republicans|journal=The Sociological Quarterly|volume=38|issue=3|pages=497–512|doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00489.x|issn=0038-0253}} |
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| Line 52: | Line 48: | ||
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwJ6AgAAQBAJ&q=backlash+sociology&pg=PA76|title=Making Connections: Women's Studies, Women's Movements, Women's Lives|last1=Kennedy|first1=Mary|last2=Lubelska|first2=Cathy|last3=Walsh|first3=Val|date=2005-08-04|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135749798|language=en}} |
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwJ6AgAAQBAJ&q=backlash+sociology&pg=PA76|title=Making Connections: Women's Studies, Women's Movements, Women's Lives|last1=Kennedy|first1=Mary|last2=Lubelska|first2=Cathy|last3=Walsh|first3=Val|date=2005-08-04|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135749798|language=en}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jennifer L.|date=2013|title=White Racism, Social Class, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action|journal=Sociology Compass|language=en|volume=7|issue=11|pages=914–926|doi=10.1111/soc4.12082|issn=1751-9020}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jennifer L.|date=2013|title=White Racism, Social Class, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action|journal=Sociology Compass|language=en|volume=7|issue=11|pages=914–926|doi=10.1111/soc4.12082|issn=1751-9020}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Alexander|first=Jeffrey C.|date=2013-04-01|title=Struggling over the mode of incorporation: backlash against multiculturalism in Europe|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=36|issue=4|pages=531–556|doi=10.1080/01419870.2012.752515|issn=0141-9870}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Alexander|first=Jeffrey C.|date=2013-04-01|title=Struggling over the mode of incorporation: backlash against multiculturalism in Europe|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=36|issue=4|pages=531–556|doi=10.1080/01419870.2012.752515|s2cid=33590706 |issn=0141-9870}} |
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{{wiktionary|backlash}} |
{{wiktionary|backlash}} |
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[[Category:Democratic backsliding]] |
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[[Category:Reactionary]] |
[[Category:Reactionary]] |
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[[Category:Right-wing populism]] |
[[Category:Right-wing populism]] |
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{{socio-stub}} |
{{socio-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 01:31, 13 December 2024
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A backlash is a strong adverse reaction to an idea, action, or object. It is usually a reflection of a normative resentment rather than a denial of its existence. In Western identitarian political discourse, the term is commonly applied to instances of bias and discrimination against marginalized groups. In this form of discourse, backlash can be explained as the response- or counter reaction- to efforts of social change made by a group to gain access to rights or power.
Historical Western examples
[edit]- 13th Amendment — Jim Crow Laws were racial backlash in response to the amendment to the United States constitution.[1]
- Civil rights — Voting restrictions implemented.[citation needed]
- Women's Movement — Backlash centered on infertility issues, women's "biological clock" and shortage of men.[2]
Contemporary Western examples
[edit]- Me Too Movement — Impacted women in the workforce. Men were more reluctant to hire women deemed attractive, more reluctant to have one-on-one meetings with women, and had greater fears of being unfairly accused. In addition to this, 56% of women surveyed predicted that men would continue to harass them but would be more cautious to avoid being caught.[3] Backlash of date-rape prevalent with misleading language used in media. In 1987 it was called an "epidemic" and in 1993, "rape hype"; terms that were exaggerated and victim oriented.[4]
- Abortion — Defund Planned Parenthood Act
- "This bill temporarily restricts federal funding for Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. Specifically, the bill prohibits, for a one-year period, the availability of federal funds for any purpose to this entity, or any of its affiliates or clinics, unless they certify that the affiliates and clinics will not perform, and will not provide any funds to any other entity that performs, an abortion during such period. This restriction does not apply in cases of rape or incest or where a physical condition endangers a woman's life unless an abortion is performed.[5]
- LGBT backlash — Bathroom bills and medical bans are proposed to restrict the rights of transgender youth and adults. Arguments center around fair play in sports and sexual harassment in bathrooms.[6]
- Black Lives Matter — Blue Lives Matter and All Lives Matter campaigns created in response.[7]
- Bikelash - A colloquial term about the social and political resistance to the creation of urban infrastructure intended to accommodate safer cycling, seemingly at the expense of the use of automobiles.[8]
See also
[edit]- EDSA III
- Estallido social
- Feminazi
- Straight pride
- White backlash
- White Lives Matter
- Yellow vests movement
- Angry young man (South Korea)
- Anger
- Reactionary
References
[edit]- ^ "Jim Crow Laws: Definition, Facts & Timeline". HISTORY. 2024-01-22. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ Faludi, Susan (1991). Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-517-57698-4.
- ^ Tim, Bower (2019-09-01). "The #MeToo Backlash". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ "The Date Rape Backlash". Media Education Foundation Online Store. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ Hartzler, Vicky (2019-01-25). "H.R.369 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2019". congress.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ Murphy, Hannah (2021-04-21). "How Trans Kids Landed in the Crossfire of the Culture Wars — and the Damage It Could Do". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ "History of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter: Social activism on Twitter". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
- ^ Bubbers, Matt (23 August 2019). "The 'bikelash' is real: What the war between bikes and cars says about us". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
Further reading
[edit]- Thomas, Sue (December 2008). "'Backlash' and Its Utility to Political Scientists". Politics & Gender. 4 (4): 615–623. doi:10.1017/S1743923X08000494. ISSN 1743-9248. S2CID 144647905.
- Greendorfer, Susan L. (1998-04-01). "Title IX Gender Equity, Backlash and Ideology". Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 7 (1): 69–93. doi:10.1123/wspaj.7.1.69. ISSN 1063-6161.
- Pierce, Jennifer L. (2003-09-01). "Traveling from Feminism to Mainstream Sociology and Back: One Woman's Tale of Tenure and the Politics of Backlash". Qualitative Sociology. 26 (3): 369–396. doi:10.1023/A:1024070310729. ISSN 1573-7837. S2CID 142585188.
- Alexander, Jeffrey C. (1990-09-13). Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521396479.
- Pierce, Jennifer L. (2003-03-01). ""Racing for Innocence": Whiteness, Corporate Culture, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action". Qualitative Sociology. 26 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1023/A:1021404020349. ISSN 1573-7837. S2CID 140760711.
- Lindbekk, Tore (1998-04-01). "The Education Backlash Hypothesis: The Norwegian Experience 1960-92". Acta Sociologica. 41 (2–3): 151–162. doi:10.1177/000169939804100204. ISSN 0001-6993. S2CID 145098305.
- Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (2012-05-01). "Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11". Contemporary Sociology. 41 (3): 358–359. doi:10.1177/0094306112443520cc. ISSN 0094-3061. S2CID 144587958.
- Mann, Kirk; Roseneil, Sasha (1994-11-01). "'Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em': Backlash and the gender politics of the underclass debate". Journal of Gender Studies. 3 (3): 317–331. doi:10.1080/09589236.1994.9960579. ISSN 0958-9236.
- Rogers, Mary F.; Lott, Phillip B. (1997-06-01). "Backlash, the Matrix of Domination, and Log Cabin Republicans". The Sociological Quarterly. 38 (3): 497–512. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00489.x. ISSN 0038-0253.
- Phelan, Julie E.; Rudman, Laurie A. (2010). "Prejudice Toward Female Leaders: Backlash Effects and Women's Impression Management Dilemma". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 4 (10): 807–820. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00306.x. ISSN 1751-9004.
- Kennedy, Mary; Lubelska, Cathy; Walsh, Val (2005-08-04). Making Connections: Women's Studies, Women's Movements, Women's Lives. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135749798.
- Pierce, Jennifer L. (2013). "White Racism, Social Class, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action". Sociology Compass. 7 (11): 914–926. doi:10.1111/soc4.12082. ISSN 1751-9020.
- Alexander, Jeffrey C. (2013-04-01). "Struggling over the mode of incorporation: backlash against multiculturalism in Europe". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (4): 531–556. doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.752515. ISSN 0141-9870. S2CID 33590706.
Look up backlash in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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