National Socialist black metal: Difference between revisions
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
→Development of National Socialist black metal: - removed an errant letter |
||
(40 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown) | |||
Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
{{Nazism sidebar}} |
{{Nazism sidebar}} |
||
'''National Socialist black metal''' |
'''National Socialist black metal''' (also known as '''NSBM''', '''[[Nazism|Nazi]] black metal,''' or '''radical black metal''') is a political movement within the [[black metal]] music scene that promotes [[neo-Nazism]], [[neo-fascism]], and [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] ideologies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buesnel|first=Ryan David|date=November 2020|title=National Socialist Black Metal: a case study in the longevity of far-right ideologies in heavy metal subcultures|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346363338|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]]|volume=54|issue=3|pages=393–408|doi=10.1080/0031322X.2020.1800987|s2cid=229466327|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> [[List of National Socialist black metal artists|NSBM artists]] typically combine neo-Nazi imagery and ideology with [[Modern Paganism#Ethnicity and region|ethnic European paganism]], [[Satanism]], or [[Occultism in Nazism|Nazi occultism]], or a combination thereof, and vehemently oppose [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] from a [[Racialism|racialist]] viewpoint. NSBM is not seen as a distinct genre, but as a ''[[Völkisch movement|völkisch]]'' movement within black metal. According to [[Mattias Gardell]], NSBM musicians see this ideology as "a logical extension of the political and spiritual dissidence inherent in black metal".<ref name="Gardell">Mattias Gardell, [[Gods of the Blood|''Gods of the Blood'' (2003)]], p.307</ref> |
||
NSBM artists |
NSBM artists do not always explicitly express their political beliefs in their music, instead, they express their beliefs offstage.<ref name=reichsrock>{{cite book|last1=Dyck|first1=Kirsten|title=Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music|date=2016|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|location=New Brunswick|isbn=9780813574738|pages=58–61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sREVDQAAQBAJ|access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> Artists who hold [[Far-right politics|far-right]] or [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] beliefs but do not express them in their music are not considered NSBM artists by artists who participate in the greater black metal scene, but they may be considered NSBM artists by outside analysts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bifff-berlin.de/aktuell72.html |title=Rechtes Neuheiden-Festival mit Nazi-Runen im "SO 36" |publisher=BIFFF ...|language=de}}</ref> Some black metal bands have also made references to [[Nazi Germany]] purely for [[shock value]], much like some [[punk rock]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] bands. While some black-metallers boycott NSBM artists, many are indifferent or claim to appreciate the music without supporting the musicians.{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=99}} |
||
The emergence of NSBM coincided with the rise of the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]] in the early 1990s, particularly through the band [[Burzum]], whose sole member, [[Varg Vikernes]], developed his anti-Christian beliefs into an increasingly white nationalist and neo-Nazi form of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]]. The German band [[Absurd (band)|Absurd]] further developed the burgeoning scene with explicitly neo-Nazi lyrics and artistic themes. The United States bands [[Judas Iscariot (band)|Judas Iscariot]] and [[Grand Belial's Key]] also became involved in the by-now international NSBM movement (the former has since distanced themselves from the movement). As the movement grew internationally, it started to overlap with existing [[White power music|white power musical forms]] such as [[Rock Against Communism]], [[Nazi punk|hatecore]], and the far-right faction of [[Oi!]]. The neo-Nazi record label [[Resistance Records]] started releasing NSBM recordings |
The emergence of NSBM coincided with the rise of the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]] in the early 1990s, particularly through the band [[Burzum]], whose sole member, [[Varg Vikernes]], developed his anti-Christian beliefs into an increasingly white nationalist and neo-Nazi form of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]]. The German band [[Absurd (band)|Absurd]] further developed the burgeoning scene with explicitly neo-Nazi lyrics and artistic themes. The United States bands [[Judas Iscariot (band)|Judas Iscariot]] and [[Grand Belial's Key]] also became involved in the by-now international NSBM movement (the former has since distanced themselves from the movement). As the movement grew internationally, it started to overlap with existing [[White power music|white power musical forms]] such as [[Rock Against Communism]], [[Nazi punk|hatecore]], and the far-right faction of [[Oi!]]. The neo-Nazi record label [[Resistance Records]] started releasing NSBM recordings and even purchased Vikernes' label Cymophane Records. The associated United States political organization [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]] white supremacist [[William Luther Pierce]] also became interested in the movement, and assisted Absurd frontman Hendrik Möbus when he fled to the United States to avoid arrest in Germany. In 2012, the NSBM [[Asgardsrei festival]] was established in [[Moscow]], Russia, and then in 2014 relocated to [[Kyiv]], Ukraine. |
||
==Black metal== |
==Black metal== |
||
{{Main|Black metal}} |
{{Main|Black metal}} |
||
Black metal originated in the 1980s from the work of [[thrash metal]] bands such as [[Venom (band)|Venom]] |
Black metal originated in the 1980s from the work of [[thrash metal]] bands such as [[Venom (band)|Venom]] (whose 1982 album ''[[Black Metal (Venom album)|Black Metal]]'' coined the term), [[Mercyful Fate]], [[Bathory (band)|Bathory]], [[Slayer]], [[Hellhammer]], [[Celtic Frost]], and [[Sodom (band)|Sodom]].<ref name="Stylus Magazine" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>Moynihan & Soderlind, 2009, p. 10</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last1=Venkatesh|first1=Vivek|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwSXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA368|title=Educational, Psychological, and Behavioral Considerations in Niche Online Communities|last2=Podoshen|first2=Jeffrey S.|last3=Perri|first3=David|last4=Urbaniak|first4=Kathryn|date=2014-02-28|publisher=[[IGI Global]]|isbn=978-1-4666-5207-1|editor-last=Venkatesh|editor-first=Vivek|location=Hershey|pages=368|language=en|chapter=21: From Pride and Prejudice to Shame: Multiple Facets of the Black Metal Scene within and without Online Environments|editor-last2=Wallin|editor-first2=Jason|editor-last3=Castro|editor-first3=Juan Carlos|editor-last4=Lewis|editor-first4=Jason Edward}}</ref> These bands did not form a scene of their own, nor did they have a common musical style.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Campion|first=Chris|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/feb/20/popandrock4|title=Chris Campion on metal's maddest: Mayhem|date=2005-02-20|work=[[The Observer]]|access-date=2020-04-10|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> A lyrical focus that is anti-Christian, Satanist, [[Modern Paganism|neopagan]], or a combination thereof, is often considered a prerequisite for the genre, and originally the term "black metal" was synonymous with "Satanic metal".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles.aspx?id=6-668|title=CoC : Rant : Black Metal: A Brief Guide|last=Kalis|first=Quentin|date=August 31, 2004|website=[[Chronicles of Chaos (webzine)|Chronicles of Chaos]]|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hawkins|first1=Stan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avjCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Social Class|last2=Nielsen|first2=Nina|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2020|isbn=9781501345388|editor-last=Peddie|editor-first=Ian|location=London|pages=193|chapter=Gaahl - Monster or Postmodern Prometheus? Masculinity, Class, and Norwegian Black Metal}}</ref> A stricter definition still requires Satanism for a band to be classified as black metal. Non-Satanic bands from the same surroundings originally used other terms for their own music, such as [[pagan metal]] or [[Viking metal]]. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]], developed by bands such as [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]], [[Thorns (band)|Thorns]], [[Immortal (band)|Immortal]], [[Darkthrone]], [[Burzum]], [[Emperor (band)|Emperor]], [[Satyricon (band)|Satyricon]], and [[Ulver]], established a more specific sonic template that came to define Norwegian black metal<ref name="Stylus Magazine" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> and subsequently a great part of black metal in general, although other styles of black metal, like war metal, still exist. Common traits of Norwegian black metal include a [[Tempo#Beats per minute|fast tempo]],<ref name=":11">Patterson, Dayal, 2013, p. 151</ref> [[blast beat]]s and [[Bass drum#Double bass drum|double-bass drumming]],<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Hagen|first=Ross|url=https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall|url-access=registration|title=Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World|date=2011-12-27|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-4733-0|editor-last=Wallach|editor-first=Jeremy|location=Durham, North Carolina|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall/page/n192 183]-186|language=en|chapter=Musical Style, Ideology, and Mythology in Norwegian Black Metal|editor-last2=Berger|editor-first2=Harris M.|editor-last3=Greene|editor-first3=Paul D.}}</ref> a thin, [[Screaming (music)#Black metal|shrieking]] vocal style<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name="metalsucks">{{cite web | url=http://www.metalsucks.net/2012/11/08/vons-satanic-blood-black-black-black-black-no-1/ | title=Von's Satanic Blood: Black Black Black Black No. 1 | publisher=[[MetalSucks]] | date=8 November 2012 | access-date=8 May 2013 | author=O'Hagar, Sammy}}</ref> heavily distorted [[Electric guitar|guitars]] played with [[tremolo picking]] and [[power chord]]s,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /> either [[Lo-fi music|lo-fi]] or well-produced recordings,<ref name="Stylus Magazine" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> an emphasis on atmosphere,<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> and an "unholy" aesthetic.<ref name=":11" /> Keyboards are sometimes used, as are elements of [[Neoclassical new-age music|neoclassical]], [[Folk music|folk]], and [[ambient music]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":15" /> Artists often appear in [[corpse paint]] and adopt pseudonyms. Many black metal artists prefer to be [[Underground music|underground]], inaccessible to the mainstream, and even intentionally push away audiences and demonstrate [[Anti-social behaviour|anti-social behavior]].<ref name=":8" /><ref>Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 371-372</ref> |
||
== History == |
== History == |
||
Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
In the early 1990s, the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]] developed black metal into a distinct genre.<ref name="Stylus Magazine">{{cite magazine|last1=Voegtlin|first1=Stewart|date=January 9, 2006|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Cosmo|title=Into the Void: Stylus Magazine's Beginner's Guide to Metal: Black Metal|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.htm|magazine=[[Stylus Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909023059/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.htm|archive-date=September 9, 2006|access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref> The scene members were fiercely [[Criticism of Christianity|anti-Christian]] — most generally presented themselves as [[misanthropy|misanthropic]] [[Theistic Satanism|devil-worshipers]] who wanted to spread hatred, sorrow and evil, though some wrote about pre-Christian [[Scandinavia]] and its [[Norse mythology|mythology]]. Among some members of the scene, the antagonism toward Christianity turned violent, and arson and attempted arson was perpetrated against a number of churches from 1992 through 1995. Among the perpetrators were [[Varg Vikernes]] of [[Burzum]] and [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/holden-matthews-varg-wikernes-norwegian-black-metal-lords-of-chaos-820995/|title=Did a Norwegian Black Metal Band Inspire the Louisiana Church Burnings?|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=2019-04-11|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":7"/> [[Euronymous]] of Mayhem,<ref name="onceuponatime">{{cite video|title=Once Upon a Time in Norway|people=Martin Ledang (director), Pål Aasdal (director)|publisher=Another World Entertainment|year=2007|medium=motion picture}}</ref> [[Samoth]] of [[Thou Shalt Suffer]] and [[Emperor (band)|Emperor]],<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', p. 100.</ref> [[Faust (musician)|Faust]] of [[Thorns (band)|Thorns]]<ref name="Lords of Chaos, p. 94f">''Lords of Chaos'', p. 94f.</ref> and [[Jørn Inge Tunsberg]] of [[Old Funeral]], [[Immortal (band)|Immortal]], and [[Hades Almighty]],<ref name=grude>{{cite video |people=Grude, Torstein (director) |year=1998 |title=Satan rir Media |medium=motion picture |location=Norway |publisher=Grude, Torstein}}</ref> some of whom are among the most prominent musicians in the scene. In January 1993, Vikernes spoke with a journalist from ''[[Bergens Tidende]]''. The loft where the interview was conducted was filled with Satanist and [[Nazism|Nazi]] paraphernalia, along with weapons, and Vikernes declared he was at war with Christianity, had already burned eight churches, and would continue his [[terrorism]].<ref name=":7" /> |
In the early 1990s, the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]] developed black metal into a distinct genre.<ref name="Stylus Magazine">{{cite magazine|last1=Voegtlin|first1=Stewart|date=January 9, 2006|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Cosmo|title=Into the Void: Stylus Magazine's Beginner's Guide to Metal: Black Metal|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.htm|magazine=[[Stylus Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909023059/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.htm|archive-date=September 9, 2006|access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref> The scene members were fiercely [[Criticism of Christianity|anti-Christian]] — most generally presented themselves as [[misanthropy|misanthropic]] [[Theistic Satanism|devil-worshipers]] who wanted to spread hatred, sorrow and evil, though some wrote about pre-Christian [[Scandinavia]] and its [[Norse mythology|mythology]]. Among some members of the scene, the antagonism toward Christianity turned violent, and arson and attempted arson was perpetrated against a number of churches from 1992 through 1995. Among the perpetrators were [[Varg Vikernes]] of [[Burzum]] and [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/holden-matthews-varg-wikernes-norwegian-black-metal-lords-of-chaos-820995/|title=Did a Norwegian Black Metal Band Inspire the Louisiana Church Burnings?|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=2019-04-11|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":7"/> [[Euronymous]] of Mayhem,<ref name="onceuponatime">{{cite video|title=Once Upon a Time in Norway|people=Martin Ledang (director), Pål Aasdal (director)|publisher=Another World Entertainment|year=2007|medium=motion picture}}</ref> [[Samoth]] of [[Thou Shalt Suffer]] and [[Emperor (band)|Emperor]],<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', p. 100.</ref> [[Faust (musician)|Faust]] of [[Thorns (band)|Thorns]]<ref name="Lords of Chaos, p. 94f">''Lords of Chaos'', p. 94f.</ref> and [[Jørn Inge Tunsberg]] of [[Old Funeral]], [[Immortal (band)|Immortal]], and [[Hades Almighty]],<ref name=grude>{{cite video |people=Grude, Torstein (director) |year=1998 |title=Satan rir Media |medium=motion picture |location=Norway |publisher=Grude, Torstein}}</ref> some of whom are among the most prominent musicians in the scene. In January 1993, Vikernes spoke with a journalist from ''[[Bergens Tidende]]''. The loft where the interview was conducted was filled with Satanist and [[Nazism|Nazi]] paraphernalia, along with weapons, and Vikernes declared he was at war with Christianity, had already burned eight churches, and would continue his [[terrorism]].<ref name=":7" /> |
||
The violence and misanthropy in the scene also included murder. In August 1992, Faust killed a gay man — Magne Andreassen — who had propositioned him in [[Lillehammer]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name="LoC111">{{harvnb|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=111}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2017/01/05/editorial-regarding-euronymous-claim-that-almost-all-norwegian-bands-are-more-or-less-nazis/|title=Editorial: Regarding Euronymous' Claim that "Almost ALL Norwegian Bands are More or Less Nazis"|last=Rosenberg|first=Axl|date=2017-01-05|website=MetalSucks|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Clifford-Napoleone|first=Amber R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|title=Queerness in Heavy Metal Music: Metal Bent|date=2015-03-24|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-91655-0|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> Faust was not caught for a year, despite his actions being an open secret known to many in the scene.<ref name=":7" /> Many have attributed the murder to [[homophobia]];<ref name=":18">Clifford-Napoleone, Amber R. 2015. p. 88-89</ref><ref name=":19">Dyck, Kirsten, 2017. p. 59</ref> however, [[Gaahl]], a vocalist from the band [[Gorgoroth]], is now an openly gay man who was voted Gay Person of the Year in 2010 in Bergen,<ref name="Trelldom interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.gorgoroth.com.pl/english/art-interview_with_gaahl_from_polish_holocaust_magazine_1995|title=Interview with Gaahl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/ |
The violence and misanthropy in the scene also included murder. In August 1992, Faust killed a gay man — Magne Andreassen — who had propositioned him in [[Lillehammer]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name="LoC111">{{harvnb|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=111}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2017/01/05/editorial-regarding-euronymous-claim-that-almost-all-norwegian-bands-are-more-or-less-nazis/|title=Editorial: Regarding Euronymous' Claim that "Almost ALL Norwegian Bands are More or Less Nazis"|last=Rosenberg|first=Axl|date=2017-01-05|website=MetalSucks|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Clifford-Napoleone|first=Amber R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|title=Queerness in Heavy Metal Music: Metal Bent|date=2015-03-24|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-91655-0|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> Faust was not caught for a year, despite his actions being an open secret known to many in the scene.<ref name=":7" /> Many have attributed the murder to [[homophobia]];<ref name=":18">Clifford-Napoleone, Amber R. 2015. p. 88-89</ref><ref name=":19">Dyck, Kirsten, 2017. p. 59</ref> however, [[Gaahl]], a vocalist from the band [[Gorgoroth]], is now an openly gay man who was voted Gay Person of the Year in 2010 in Bergen,<ref name="Trelldom interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.gorgoroth.com.pl/english/art-interview_with_gaahl_from_polish_holocaust_magazine_1995|title=Interview with Gaahl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416072609/http://www.gorgoroth.com.pl/english/art-interview_with_gaahl_from_polish_holocaust_magazine_1995|archive-date=16 April 2013|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> and believes that the killing of Andreassen by Faust had nothing to do with Andreassen's sexuality.<ref name=":18" /> Likewise, Faust himself, along with bandmate [[Ihsahn]], have claimed that Andreassen's sexuality was irrelevant, and Faust simply had a murderous impulse.<ref name="LoC114">{{harvnb|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|pp=111, 114}}</ref> In August 1993, Vikernes, with [[Snorre Ruch]] from Thorns and Mayhem as an accomplice, killed his bandmate Euronymous and was arrested shortly after.<ref>''Lords of Chaos'' (2003 edition), p. 125-130.</ref> Vikernes was convicted in the spring of 1994 for arson, murder, and illegal possession of weapons.<ref name=":7" /> Vikernes insists that he killed Euronymous in self-defense,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Swenson|first=Ingrid|entry=Moynihan, Rodrigo|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|encyclopedia=Oxford Art Online|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t060090}}</ref> although while in prison claimed that it was also because Euronymous was gay and [[Communism|Communist]].<ref name=":9" /> Euronymous was interested in Communism,<ref name=":13" /> even professing to be a [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] in 1992,<ref>Patterson, Dayal, 2013, p. 367</ref> and in the 1980s had participated in the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] youth group [[Red Youth (Norway)|Rød Ungdom]], which he later disavowed,<ref name="LoC74">''Lords of Chaos'' (2003 edition), p. 74.</ref> but there is no evidence that he was a gay man.<ref name=":9" /> Despite Vikernes' later claims, the killing is not believed to have been politically motivated, which even Vikernes claimed at first, and is generally thought to have been because of a personal dispute.<ref name=":13" /> |
||
There is an undercurrent of [[ethnic nationalism]] in black metal,<ref name="Gardell" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trafford|first1=Simon|last2=Pluskowski|first2=Aleks|year=2007|editor-last=Marshall|editor-first=David W.|title=Antichrist Superstars: The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal|url=https://www.academia.edu/521897|journal=Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|pages=64|isbn=978-0-7864-2922-6}}</ref> and racism is not uncommon in the scene even though most black metal and other extreme metal musicians disavow neo-Nazism and racist ideology.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Kahn-Harris|first=Keith|url=https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall|url-access=registration|title=Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8223-4733-0|editor-last=Wallach|editor-first=Jeremy|location=Durham, North Carolina|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall/page/n212 203]|language=en|chapter="You Are from Israel and That Is Enough To Hate You Forever": Racism, Globalization, and Play within the Global Extreme Metal Scene|author-link=Keith Kahn-Harris|editor-last2=Berger|editor-first2=Harris M.|editor-last3=Greene|editor-first3=Paul D.}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Tromp|first=Carline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTGbDwAAQBAJ|title=Northern Myths, Modern Identities: The Nationalisation of Northern Mythologies Since 1800|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2019|isbn=978-90-04-39843-6|editor-last=Halink|editor-first=Simon|series=National Cultivation of Culture|volume=19|location=Leiden & Boston|pages=233|language=en|chapter=Apocalypse Now: Norse Gods and the End of the Nation}}</ref> Within the Scandinavian scene, several musicians made racist statements and utilized Nazi language and paraphernalia — yet, black metal is also highly performative, intentionally contradictory, and artistically transgressive, and many of its musicians cultivate an evil, ultra-right-wing image as an aesthetic.<ref name=":9" /><ref>Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 379-380</ref> Many of the artists who flirted with fascism, totalitarianism, and violence in their artistic themes did not find a political connection with that imagery.<ref name=":17" /> Still, a minority in the scene, in their opposition to Christianity and reverence for a pre-Christian past, stepped into fascist and racist ideas, particularly [[Occultism in Nazism|Nazi occultism]].<ref name=":16" /> Euronymous in a personal letter in the early 1990s made the sweeping claim that "Almost ALL Norwegian bands are more less nazis [sic]. Burzum, Mayhem, Emperor, [[Arcturus (band)|Arcturus]], [[Enslaved (band)|Enslaved]], you name them."<ref name=":12" /> Similarly, scholar Kirsten Dyck has described the Norwegian scene's "[[Early Norwegian black metal scene#Helvete, ideology, and the "Black Circle"|Black Circle]]" as neo-Nazi. According to her, the Black Circle melded Nazi occultism, anti-Semitism and the [[conspiracy theory]] of a [[Antisemitic trope|Jewish plot for world domination]], homophobia, and [[xenophobia]] with [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean philosophy]], Satanism, and Scandinavian neopaganism, which then contributed to the violence perpetrated by some of the musicians.<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dyck|first=Kirsten|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdnIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|title=Historicizing Fear: Ignorance, Vilification, and Othering|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-64642-003-2|editor-last=Boyce|editor-first=Travis D.|location=[[Louisville, Colorado]]|pages=113|language=en|chapter="They'll Take Away Our Birthrights": How White-Power Musicians Instill Fear of White Extinction|editor-last2=Chunnu|editor-first2=Winsome M.}}</ref> |
There is an undercurrent of [[ethnic nationalism]] in black metal,<ref name="Gardell" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trafford|first1=Simon|last2=Pluskowski|first2=Aleks|year=2007|editor-last=Marshall|editor-first=David W.|title=Antichrist Superstars: The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal|url=https://www.academia.edu/521897|journal=Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|pages=64|isbn=978-0-7864-2922-6}}</ref> and racism is not uncommon in the scene even though most black metal and other extreme metal musicians disavow neo-Nazism and racist ideology.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Kahn-Harris|first=Keith|url=https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall|url-access=registration|title=Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8223-4733-0|editor-last=Wallach|editor-first=Jeremy|location=Durham, North Carolina|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall/page/n212 203]|language=en|chapter="You Are from Israel and That Is Enough To Hate You Forever": Racism, Globalization, and Play within the Global Extreme Metal Scene|author-link=Keith Kahn-Harris|editor-last2=Berger|editor-first2=Harris M.|editor-last3=Greene|editor-first3=Paul D.}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Tromp|first=Carline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTGbDwAAQBAJ|title=Northern Myths, Modern Identities: The Nationalisation of Northern Mythologies Since 1800|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2019|isbn=978-90-04-39843-6|editor-last=Halink|editor-first=Simon|series=National Cultivation of Culture|volume=19|location=Leiden & Boston|pages=233|language=en|chapter=Apocalypse Now: Norse Gods and the End of the Nation}}</ref> Within the Scandinavian scene, several musicians made racist statements and utilized Nazi language and paraphernalia — yet, black metal is also highly performative, intentionally contradictory, and artistically transgressive, and many of its musicians cultivate an evil, ultra-right-wing image as an aesthetic.<ref name=":9" /><ref>Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 379-380</ref> Many of the artists who flirted with fascism, totalitarianism, and violence in their artistic themes did not find a political connection with that imagery.<ref name=":17" /> Still, a minority in the scene, in their opposition to Christianity and reverence for a pre-Christian past, stepped into fascist and racist ideas, particularly [[Occultism in Nazism|Nazi occultism]].<ref name=":16" /> Euronymous in a personal letter in the early 1990s made the sweeping claim that "Almost ALL Norwegian bands are more less nazis [sic]. Burzum, Mayhem, Emperor, [[Arcturus (band)|Arcturus]], [[Enslaved (band)|Enslaved]], you name them."<ref name=":12" /> Similarly, scholar Kirsten Dyck has described the Norwegian scene's "[[Early Norwegian black metal scene#Helvete, ideology, and the "Black Circle"|Black Circle]]" as neo-Nazi. According to her, the Black Circle melded Nazi occultism, anti-Semitism and the [[conspiracy theory]] of a [[Antisemitic trope|Jewish plot for world domination]], homophobia, and [[xenophobia]] with [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean philosophy]], Satanism, and Scandinavian neopaganism, which then contributed to the violence perpetrated by some of the musicians.<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dyck|first=Kirsten|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdnIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|title=Historicizing Fear: Ignorance, Vilification, and Othering|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-64642-003-2|editor-last=Boyce|editor-first=Travis D.|location=[[Louisville, Colorado]]|pages=113|language=en|chapter="They'll Take Away Our Birthrights": How White-Power Musicians Instill Fear of White Extinction|editor-last2=Chunnu|editor-first2=Winsome M.}}</ref> |
||
Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
Similar statements were also uttered by scene members from other countries. [[Michael W. Ford]] of the American band [[Black Funeral]] mentioned that [[Occultism in Nazism|Nazi occultism]] was very important to him,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lahdenpera|first=Esa|date=1995|title=Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal...|url=http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|magazine=Kill Yourself!!! Magazine|issue=4|page=37|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233544/http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|archive-date=2013-03-14|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> called his former band Sorath his "old SS Death squad"<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lahdenpera|first=Esa|date=1995|title=Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal...|url=http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|url-status=dead|magazine=Kill Yourself!!! Magazine|issue=4|page=35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233544/http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|archive-date=2013-03-14|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> and claimed "you have to be white to play Black metal".<ref name="killyourself-p36">{{cite magazine|last=Lahdenpera|first=Esa|date=1995|title=Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal...|url=http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|url-status=dead|magazine=Kill Yourself!!! Magazine|issue=4|page=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233544/http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|archive-date=2013-03-14|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> We was the American leader of Cymophane, an organisation started by Vikernes.<ref name="killyourself-p36"/> He would later disassociate himself from Nazism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmp666.com/moonlight/blackfun2.html|title=Interview with Michael Ford|author=Eosforos|editor=Thorns|publisher=[[Full Moon Productions]]|language=en|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beyondthedarkhorizon.com/BlackFuneral.html|title=Black Funeral|author=Blissfulviolet|access-date=2023-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704073005/http://www.beyondthedarkhorizon.com/BlackFuneral.html|archive-date=2007-07-04}}</ref> According to the authors of ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]'', in 1995, three Swedish black-metallers (including Mika "Belfagor" Hakola of the band [[Nefandus]]) went on a "niggerhunt" in [[Linköping]]. Wielding an axe and two machetes, they "terrorized" a black man.<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', pp. 308–309.</ref> Nefandus were later "considered to be Nazi sympathizers", though Belfagor explained: "This could not be further from the truth, but I guess this has to do with some of the controversial comments I made in various magazines in my youth, when I still aspired to play in the most hated band in the world. I used a lot of provocative language back then. But to sort things out: I associate with people of all creeds and colours. ... So to be labeled a Nazi or a racist is very offensive to me".<ref>Terry Demeter: ''Ofermod''. ''Breath of the Dragon''. In: ''Unrestrained Magazine'', no. 39, p. 74.</ref> |
Similar statements were also uttered by scene members from other countries. [[Michael W. Ford]] of the American band [[Black Funeral]] mentioned that [[Occultism in Nazism|Nazi occultism]] was very important to him,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lahdenpera|first=Esa|date=1995|title=Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal...|url=http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|magazine=Kill Yourself!!! Magazine|issue=4|page=37|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233544/http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|archive-date=2013-03-14|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> called his former band Sorath his "old SS Death squad"<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lahdenpera|first=Esa|date=1995|title=Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal...|url=http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|url-status=dead|magazine=Kill Yourself!!! Magazine|issue=4|page=35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233544/http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|archive-date=2013-03-14|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> and claimed "you have to be white to play Black metal".<ref name="killyourself-p36">{{cite magazine|last=Lahdenpera|first=Esa|date=1995|title=Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal...|url=http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|url-status=dead|magazine=Kill Yourself!!! Magazine|issue=4|page=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233544/http://paganbelial.awardspace.com/?p=841|archive-date=2013-03-14|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> We was the American leader of Cymophane, an organisation started by Vikernes.<ref name="killyourself-p36"/> He would later disassociate himself from Nazism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmp666.com/moonlight/blackfun2.html|title=Interview with Michael Ford|author=Eosforos|editor=Thorns|publisher=[[Full Moon Productions]]|language=en|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beyondthedarkhorizon.com/BlackFuneral.html|title=Black Funeral|author=Blissfulviolet|access-date=2023-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704073005/http://www.beyondthedarkhorizon.com/BlackFuneral.html|archive-date=2007-07-04}}</ref> According to the authors of ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]'', in 1995, three Swedish black-metallers (including Mika "Belfagor" Hakola of the band [[Nefandus]]) went on a "niggerhunt" in [[Linköping]]. Wielding an axe and two machetes, they "terrorized" a black man.<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', pp. 308–309.</ref> Nefandus were later "considered to be Nazi sympathizers", though Belfagor explained: "This could not be further from the truth, but I guess this has to do with some of the controversial comments I made in various magazines in my youth, when I still aspired to play in the most hated band in the world. I used a lot of provocative language back then. But to sort things out: I associate with people of all creeds and colours. ... So to be labeled a Nazi or a racist is very offensive to me".<ref>Terry Demeter: ''Ofermod''. ''Breath of the Dragon''. In: ''Unrestrained Magazine'', no. 39, p. 74.</ref> |
||
Vikernes and his project Burzum are generally seen as the main catalyst in the development of the NSBM movement, although Burzum was never explicitly political.<ref name=":13" /> Although Vikernes has claimed to not be a neo-Nazi, he has participated in neo-Nazi activities and his statements have expressed neo-Nazi views and antagonism toward Muslims and Jews.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 383</ref> According to an interview in ''Blood & Honour'' magazine, Vikernes contacted neo-Nazi organization [[National Socialist Movement of Norway|Zorn 88]] in 1992<ref name="Unheiligepage277">''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 277.</ref> and joined White Aryan Resistance before he killed Euronymous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1996/0902/reporter/0002/?subnav=Spezial|archive-url=https://archive.today/ |
Vikernes and his project Burzum are generally seen as the main catalyst in the development of the NSBM movement, although Burzum was never explicitly political.<ref name=":13" /> Although Vikernes has claimed to not be a neo-Nazi, he has participated in neo-Nazi activities and his statements have expressed neo-Nazi views and antagonism toward Muslims and Jews.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 383</ref> According to an interview in ''Blood & Honour'' magazine, Vikernes contacted neo-Nazi organization [[National Socialist Movement of Norway|Zorn 88]] in 1992<ref name="Unheiligepage277">''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 277.</ref> and joined [[White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)|White Aryan Resistance]] before he killed Euronymous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1996/0902/reporter/0002/?subnav=Spezial|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723205956/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1996/0902/reporter/0002/?subnav=Spezial|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2012|title=Aktuell|website=www.berlinonline.de|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> While in prison, "Vikernes began to formulate his nationalist heathen ideology"<ref>Goodrick-Clarke, p. 204.</ref> and wrote a manifesto called ''Vargsmål''. It became available on the internet for a while in 1996,<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', p. 159.</ref> and in 1997 it was printed by a Norwegian publisher.<ref name="hist">{{cite book|last=Christe|first=Ian|title=Sound of the Beast: the Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Inc.|year=2003|location=New York City|page=279}}</ref> Once imprisoned, Vikernes abandoned the black metal scene and started touting a neo-Nazi variety of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]].<ref name=":7" /> According to Vikernes, he stopped playing metal music because of its origin as "Negro music", and argued that "the 'metal heads' tend to behave like a bunch of 'White Niggers', so to speak, with their sex, drugs and rock'n'roll culture."<ref name=":3" /> Vikernes also has claimed that the scene had begun "as a nationalistic (Norwegian-centric), racist and anti-Christian revolt" but was "hijacked" by the "Jew-dominated music industry".<ref name=":14" /> He claims the industry made it into another tool with which to destroy Europe, by promoting bands who embraced "everything sick and anti-European on this planet, from porn and promiscuity to drugs and homosexuality".<ref name=":14">Vikernes, Varg. [http://thuleanperspective.com/2013/03/07/how-to-revolt-in-practise-ii/ "How to revolt in practise II] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311135742/http://thuleanperspective.com/2013/03/07/how-to-revolt-in-practise-ii/ |date=2013-03-11 }}". Thulean Perspective. 7 March 2013.</ref> |
||
=== Development of National Socialist black metal === |
=== Development of National Socialist black metal === |
||
One of the first explicitly NSBM releases was the 1995 demo ''Thuringian Pagan Madness'' by German band [[Absurd (band)|Absurd]]. It was recorded while the members were imprisoned for murdering a boy from their school. On the demo cover is a photograph of his gravestone and the inlay contained pro-Nazi statements.<ref>[[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]]: ''Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity''. NYU Press, 2003. p. 206.</ref> Bandmember Hendrik Möbus stated that NSBM was the "logical conclusion" of the Norwegian black metal movement and interpreted the church burnings as a "cultural [[atavism]]".<ref name="Möbus" /> Other bands deemed to be part of the early NSBM scene include [[Graveland]] and [[Infernum]], from [[Poland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2013/05/13/interview-author-dayal-patterson-on-black-metal-evolution-of-the-cult/|title=INTERVIEW: Author Dayal Patterson on Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult|last=Horsley|first=Jonathan|date=2013-05-13|website=[[Decibel (magazine)|Decibel]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> Rob Darken of Graveland in particular was a very central figure in the development of NSBM in Poland.<ref name=":1" /> The burgeoning black metal scene in Poland was far more pronouncedly racist, and The Temple of Fullmoon, of which several Polish bands were members, turned into a far-right organization.<ref>Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 362-364</ref> Similar to what happened in Norway, the scene became increasingly violent, and three of the four members of the NSBM band Thunderbolt were imprisoned for arson and murder.<ref>Dyck, Kirsten, 2016. p. 62</ref><ref>Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 364</ref> According to Gunnar Sauermann, in the 1990s, some of the earliest American black metal bands—like [[Grand Belial's Key]] and [[Judas Iscariot (band)|Judas Iscariot]]—joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot's sole member Akhenaten left the organization.<ref name="mh82007">Gunnar Sauermann: ''Special: Black Metal in den USA''. ''Schwarzes Amerika''. In: ''[[Metal Hammer]] Germany'', August 2007, p. 88.</ref> Thelemnar, the drummer of German band [[Secrets of the Moon]], said he got to know him "only as an intelligent person and never as a Nazi".<ref name="mh82007" /> The United States project I Shalt Become was another pioneer in the nascent NSBM scene.<ref name="I shall become">{{cite web |last1=DePalma |first1=T. |title=From the Past Comes the Storms 06 |url=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles.aspx?id=6-978 |website=[[Chronicles of Chaos (webzine)|Chronicles of Chaos]] |access-date=April 12, 2020 |date=January 9, 2007}}</ref> NSBM came to dominate the black metal scenes in Poland, Ukraine, and Russia.{{Sfn|Olson|2008|p=99}} |
One of the first explicitly NSBM releases was the 1995 demo ''Thuringian Pagan Madness'' by German band [[Absurd (band)|Absurd]]. It was recorded while the members were imprisoned for murdering a boy from their school. On the demo cover is a photograph of his gravestone and the inlay contained pro-Nazi statements.<ref>[[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]]: ''Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity''. NYU Press, 2003. p. 206.</ref> Bandmember Hendrik Möbus stated that NSBM was the "logical conclusion" of the Norwegian black metal movement and interpreted the church burnings as a "cultural [[atavism]]".<ref name="Möbus" /> Other bands deemed to be part of the early NSBM scene include [[Graveland]] and [[Infernum]], from [[Poland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2013/05/13/interview-author-dayal-patterson-on-black-metal-evolution-of-the-cult/|title=INTERVIEW: Author Dayal Patterson on Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult|last=Horsley|first=Jonathan|date=2013-05-13|website=[[Decibel (magazine)|Decibel]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> Rob Darken of Graveland in particular was a very central figure in the development of NSBM in Poland.<ref name=":1" /> The burgeoning black metal scene in Poland was far more pronouncedly racist, and The Temple of Fullmoon, of which several Polish bands were members, turned into a far-right organization.<ref>Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 362-364</ref> Similar to what happened in Norway, the scene became increasingly violent, and three of the four members of the NSBM band Thunderbolt were imprisoned for arson and murder.<ref>Dyck, Kirsten, 2016. p. 62</ref><ref>Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 364</ref> According to Gunnar Sauermann, in the 1990s, some of the earliest American black metal bands—like [[Grand Belial's Key]] and [[Judas Iscariot (band)|Judas Iscariot]]—joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot's sole member Akhenaten left the organization.<ref name="mh82007">Gunnar Sauermann: ''Special: Black Metal in den USA''. ''Schwarzes Amerika''. In: ''[[Metal Hammer]] Germany'', August 2007, p. 88.</ref> Thelemnar, the drummer of German band [[Secrets of the Moon]], said he got to know him "only as an intelligent person and never as a Nazi".<ref name="mh82007" /> The United States project I Shalt Become was another pioneer in the nascent NSBM scene.<ref name="I shall become">{{cite web |last1=DePalma |first1=T. |title=From the Past Comes the Storms 06 |url=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles.aspx?id=6-978 |website=[[Chronicles of Chaos (webzine)|Chronicles of Chaos]] |access-date=April 12, 2020 |date=January 9, 2007}}</ref> NSBM came to dominate the black metal scenes in Poland, Ukraine, and Russia.{{Sfn|Olson|2008|p=99}} |
||
In 2012, Alexey Levkin, frontman of the band {{ill|M8l8th|es|M8L8TH}}, along with others, started the NSBM music festival [[Asgardsrei festival|Asgardsrei]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://militant.zone/ar2017/|title=ASGARDSREI 2017 – Absurd, Peste Noire, Goatmoon, Naer Mataron, M8L8TH, Burshtyn (Kiev, 16.12.2017) {{!}} Militant Zone|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/01/02/dispatches-from-asgardsrei-ukraines-annual-neo-nazi-music-festival/|title=Dispatches From Asgardsrei: Ukraine's Annual Neo-Nazi Music Festival|last=Colborne|first=Michael|date=2020-01-02|website=[[Bellingcat]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> The event is named after the 1999 album of the same name by Absurd.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite magazine |last1=Moynihan |first1=Colin |title=Metal Confronts Its Nazi Problem |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/heavy-metal-confronts-its-nazi-problem |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=17 July 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref> The festival was relocated to [[Kyiv]] in 2014 when Levkin and the other organizers relocated to [[Ukraine]] to join the [[Azov |
In 2012, Alexey Levkin, frontman of the band {{ill|M8l8th|es|M8L8TH}}, along with others, started the NSBM music festival [[Asgardsrei festival|Asgardsrei]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://militant.zone/ar2017/|title=ASGARDSREI 2017 – Absurd, Peste Noire, Goatmoon, Naer Mataron, M8L8TH, Burshtyn (Kiev, 16.12.2017) {{!}} Militant Zone|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/01/02/dispatches-from-asgardsrei-ukraines-annual-neo-nazi-music-festival/|title=Dispatches From Asgardsrei: Ukraine's Annual Neo-Nazi Music Festival|last=Colborne|first=Michael|date=2020-01-02|website=[[Bellingcat]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> The event is named after the 1999 album of the same name by Absurd.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite magazine |last1=Moynihan |first1=Colin |title=Metal Confronts Its Nazi Problem |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/heavy-metal-confronts-its-nazi-problem |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=17 July 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref> The festival was relocated to [[Kyiv]] in 2014 when Levkin and the other organizers relocated to [[Ukraine]] to join the [[Azov Assault Brigade]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Steelfest]] is a Finnish annual black metal festival that has been held since 2012. Steelfest is notorious for hosting a venue for National socialist black metal bands, and bands and audience have done mass nazi salutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steelfest 2019: Nazi bands in Hyvinkää city facilites – Varis |url=https://varisverkosto.com/2019/05/steelfest-2019-nazi-bands-in-hyvinkaa-city-facilites/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=varisverkosto.com}}</ref> |
||
== Ideology == |
== Ideology == |
||
NSBM typically melds Neo-Nazi beliefs (such as [[fascism]], [[white supremacy]], [[white separatism]], [[white nationalism]], [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremism]], [[antisemitism]], [[xenophobia]], [[ethnic separatism]], with some [[National-anarchism|National-anarchist]] tendencies and admiration of [[Adolf Hitler]]) with hostility to "foreign" religions. Bands often promote ethnic [[Europe]]an [[paganism]], [[occultism]], or [[Satanism]]. Hendrik Möbus of Absurd described Nazism as the "most perfect (and only realistic!) synthesis of Satanic/[[Luciferianism|Luciferian]] [[will to power]], elitist [[Social Darwinism]], connected to Aryan [[Germanic paganism]]".<ref>Stormblast, Nr. 2-3, 1999. Cited in: [http://www.akweb.de/ak_s/ak428/31.htm ak – analyse & kritik – zeitung für linke Debatte und Praxis / Nr. 428 / 8.7.1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416055333/http://www.akweb.de/ak_s/ak428/31.htm |date=2015-04-16 }}</ref> Members of the band Der Stürmer (named after the [[Der Stürmer|antisemitic newspaper]] edited by [[Julius Streicher]]) subscribe to [[Esoteric Nazism]], leaning on the works of [[Savitri Devi]] and [[Julius Evola]].<ref name="LEGEONES">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepaganfront.com/dersturmer/interviews/LEGEONES.html|title=Der Stürmer interview published in LEGEONES magazine|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Famine of [[Peste Noire]] stated in an interview that he prefers [[Italian Fascism]] instead of [[Nazism]] as an ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamesnieherlequin.com/2014/07/translation-of-the-kpn-interview-for-cercle-non-conforme/,%20https://www.lamesnieherlequin.com/2014/07/translation-of-the-kpn-interview-for-cercle-non-conforme/|title=La Mesnie Herlequin » English translation of the PESTE NOIRE interview for Cercle Non Conforme|last=Cercle Non Conforme|date=July 22, 2014|others=Translated by M.D.L. and L’Atrabilaire|access-date=2020-04-09}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
NSBM typically melds Neo-Nazi beliefs (such as [[fascism]], [[white supremacy]], [[white separatism]], [[white nationalism]], [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremism]], [[antisemitism]], [[xenophobia]], and [[ethnic separatism]], with some [[National-anarchism|National-anarchist]] tendencies and admiration of [[Adolf Hitler]]) with hostility to "foreign" religions. Bands often promote ethnic [[Europe]]an [[paganism]], [[occultism]], or [[Satanism]]. Hendrik Möbus of Absurd described Nazism as the "most perfect (and only realistic!) synthesis of Satanic/[[Luciferianism|Luciferian]] [[will to power]], elitist [[Social Darwinism]], connected to Aryan [[Germanic paganism]]".<ref>Stormblast, Nr. 2-3, 1999. Cited in: [http://www.akweb.de/ak_s/ak428/31.htm ak – analyse & kritik – zeitung für linke Debatte und Praxis / Nr. 428 / 8.7.1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416055333/http://www.akweb.de/ak_s/ak428/31.htm |date=2015-04-16 }}</ref> Members of the band Der Stürmer (named after the [[Der Stürmer|antisemitic newspaper]] edited by [[Julius Streicher]]) subscribe to [[Esoteric Nazism]], leaning on the works of [[Savitri Devi]] and [[Julius Evola]].<ref name="LEGEONES">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepaganfront.com/dersturmer/interviews/LEGEONES.html|title=Der Stürmer interview published in LEGEONES magazine|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Famine of [[Peste Noire]] stated in an interview that he prefers [[Italian Fascism]] instead of [[Nazism]] as an ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamesnieherlequin.com/2014/07/translation-of-the-kpn-interview-for-cercle-non-conforme/,%20https://www.lamesnieherlequin.com/2014/07/translation-of-the-kpn-interview-for-cercle-non-conforme/|title=La Mesnie Herlequin » English translation of the PESTE NOIRE interview for Cercle Non Conforme|last=Cercle Non Conforme|date=July 22, 2014|others=Translated by M.D.L. and L’Atrabilaire|access-date=2020-04-09}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
||
=== Anti-Christianity and antisemitism === |
=== Anti-Christianity and antisemitism === |
||
Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
=== White supremacy === |
=== White supremacy === |
||
NSBM musicians such as Varg Vikernes of Burzum and Famine of Peste Noire have expressed a white supremacist concern about "[[Miscegenation|race mixing]]" and preserving the purity of the [[white race]] and the traditional cultures of white European nations.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/interview01.shtml|title=Interview with Varg Vikernes|last=BG|date=August 12, 2004|website=www.burzum.org|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/horna-finnish-metal/|title=UPDATE: DTLA Bar Cancels Far-Right Black Metal Band's Gig|last=Stuart|first=Gwynedd|date=2019-03-28|website=[[Los Angeles Magazine]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>Dyck, Kirsten, 2017. pp. 59-60.</ref> Somewhat perplexingly, NSBM has been popular in Poland and other Slavic countries, despite the fact that, historically, German Nazis viewed [[Slavs|Slavic people]] as subhuman racial inferiors and intended to eliminate them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=Dayal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kIxCgAAQBAJ|title=Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult|date=2013-11-25|publisher=Feral House|isbn=978-1-936239-76-4|pages=362|language=en}}</ref> This contradiction is either masked, relativized or excused as a historical mistake. A conspiracy theory says the Jews would have prevented an alliance between Nazi Germany and other Eastern European countries.<ref>Unheilige Allianzen, page 239</ref> [[Knjaz Varggoth]], singer and guitarist of the Ukrainian band [[Nokturnal Mortum]], gives the following explanation for the contradiction: "Goruth of the Russian band Temnozor sees the Slavs and Germans as a part of a [[Hyperborea]]n Aryan race and nowadays differing due to its degeneration." |
NSBM musicians such as Varg Vikernes of Burzum and Famine of Peste Noire have expressed a white supremacist concern about "[[Miscegenation|race mixing]]" and preserving the purity of the [[white race]] and the traditional cultures of white European nations.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/interview01.shtml|title=Interview with Varg Vikernes|last=BG|date=August 12, 2004|website=www.burzum.org|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/horna-finnish-metal/|title=UPDATE: DTLA Bar Cancels Far-Right Black Metal Band's Gig|last=Stuart|first=Gwynedd|date=2019-03-28|website=[[Los Angeles Magazine]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>Dyck, Kirsten, 2017. pp. 59-60.</ref> Somewhat perplexingly, NSBM has been popular in Poland and other Slavic countries, despite the fact that, historically, German Nazis viewed [[Slavs|Slavic people]] as subhuman racial inferiors and intended to eliminate them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=Dayal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kIxCgAAQBAJ|title=Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult|date=2013-11-25|publisher=Feral House|isbn=978-1-936239-76-4|pages=362|language=en}}</ref> This contradiction is either masked, relativized or excused as a historical mistake. A conspiracy theory says the Jews would have prevented an alliance between Nazi Germany and other Eastern European countries.<ref>Unheilige Allianzen, page 239</ref> [[Knjaz Varggoth]], singer and guitarist of the Ukrainian band [[Nokturnal Mortum]], gives the following explanation for the contradiction: "Goruth of the Russian band Temnozor sees the Slavs and Germans as a part of a [[Hyperborea]]n Aryan race and nowadays differing due to its degeneration." |
||
The [[Vietnamese-American]] band Vothana<ref>Vietnamese for "atheist"</ref> is unusual in that its members are not ethnically European, however the band’s lyrics (which are performed in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]) still express racialist and fascist viewpoints and the band has performed at festivals alongside NSBM bands.<ref name=hotshower>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7bnja/neo-nazi-music-shows-return-to-europe|title=Neo-Nazi Music Shows Return To Europe|date=12 February 2024 }}</ref>[https://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Vothana/19529] |
|||
=== Paganism === |
=== Paganism === |
||
{{see also|Pagan metal}} |
{{see also|Pagan metal}} |
||
As part of their anti-Christianity, anti-Semitism and the idea that White Europeans should return to their "native" ways, most NSBM bands promote ethnic European paganism. Benjamin Hedge Olson argues that NSBM is "indelibly linked with [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Asá Trŭ]] and opposed to Satanism, which gives it a |
As part of their anti-Christianity, anti-Semitism, and the idea that White Europeans should return to their "native" ways, most NSBM bands promote ethnic European paganism. Benjamin Hedge Olson argues that NSBM is "indelibly linked with [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Asá Trŭ]] and opposed to Satanism, which gives it a '[[blood and soil]]' attraction to many young Neo-Nazis looking for identity in their distant, ancestral past."{{Sfn|Olson|2008|p=99}} Hendrik Möbus interpreted the church burnings in Norway as: |
||
{{blockquote|[A] cultural atavism, a sudden and inexplicable plunge back into pre-Christian, medieval conditions in all but outward reality. Like the Swiss psychologist, [[Carl Jung|Carl Gustav Jung]], would have said: Ancient archetypes resurfaced from our collective unconscious and repossessed receptive minds – which were, as a rule, still developing and thus especially impressible. The thus affected teenagers found themselves with an archaic state of mind and like in a mass-hysteria, they induced their condition unto others. It goes without saying that a, say, 18 year old adolescent who suddenly felt out of tune with his environment lacked the insight for a self-analysis.<ref name="Möbus">Hendrik Möbus: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060107011622/http://www.thepaganfront.com/pf.php?show=articles&article=1 ''National Socialist Black Metal''], mirrored on ''[[Internet Archive|Archive.org]]''.</ref>}} He argues that later on they would have realized the meaning of these emotions, begun to identify with paganism and taken "an active interest in Nationalist politics designed to preserve and to cultivate this very heritage".<ref name="Möbus"/> The booklet of the Absurd EP ''Asgardsrei'' depicts the [[Knights Templar]], the [[Teutonic Order]] and the [[Waffen-SS]] as warriors of the "[[Wild Hunt|Asgardsrei]]", which the bands define as a term for an alleged godly and Germanic group of warriors. |
{{blockquote|[A] cultural atavism, a sudden and inexplicable plunge back into pre-Christian, medieval conditions in all but outward reality. Like the Swiss psychologist, [[Carl Jung|Carl Gustav Jung]], would have said: Ancient archetypes resurfaced from our collective unconscious and repossessed receptive minds – which were, as a rule, still developing and thus especially impressible. The thus affected teenagers found themselves with an archaic state of mind and like in a mass-hysteria, they induced their condition unto others. It goes without saying that a, say, 18 year old adolescent who suddenly felt out of tune with his environment lacked the insight for a self-analysis.<ref name="Möbus">Hendrik Möbus: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060107011622/http://www.thepaganfront.com/pf.php?show=articles&article=1 ''National Socialist Black Metal''], mirrored on ''[[Internet Archive|Archive.org]]''.</ref>}} He argues that later on they would have realized the meaning of these emotions, begun to identify with paganism and taken "an active interest in Nationalist politics designed to preserve and to cultivate this very heritage".<ref name="Möbus"/> The booklet of the Absurd EP ''Asgardsrei'' depicts the [[Knights Templar]], the [[Teutonic Order]] and the [[Waffen-SS]] as warriors of the "[[Wild Hunt|Asgardsrei]]", which the bands define as a term for an alleged godly and Germanic group of warriors. |
||
=== Satanism === |
=== Satanism === |
||
Besides pagan beliefs, part of the NSBM scene embraces an interpretation of [[Satanism]], |
Besides pagan beliefs, part of the NSBM scene embraces an interpretation of [[Satanism]]. Satanism is a common theme even in apolitical black metal, but in NSBM [[Satan]] is depicted as an ancient Aryan counterpart to [[Tetragrammaton|YHWH]], the god of the Jews and Christians. This view is often called "[[Völkisch movement|völkisch]] Satanism"<ref>Wintry Night Nonstop/Aenaon Skotos Anosion, published around 2000: Frost/Sadorass [Interview with Sadorass]. Cited in: ''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 202.</ref> or "Aryan Satanism". Chraesvelgoron of The True Frost sees Nazism as the political appearance of Satanism and the collective deification of man as a social animal, as godliness instead of humaneness.<ref name="true frost">Szene-Almanach 1998, page 48; Strength through War, issue 4, Summer 2003, o.S.: Frost. Interview answered by Chraesvelgoron. Cited in: ''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 202.</ref> His bandmate Sadorass calls the same ideology a development of [[blood and soil]] ideology, diverse occult teachings, and the ideas of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] in connection to [[Darwinism]].<ref>Flagellation, No. 2, 2001, page 29. Cited in: ''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 203.</ref> Greek black metal musician [[Magus Wampyr Daoloth]] (of [[Necromantia]] and [[Thou Art Lord]]) said in an interview for ''Lords of Chaos'': "If you consider that fascism and Satanism have a lot of similarities as they both advocate power, spiritual and physical excellence, responsibility, survival of the fittest, elitism, etc., it's logical that some bands advocate both".<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', p. 308.</ref> However, many pagan and [[Far-right politics|far-right]] bands see Satanism as a part of Christianity or Judaism.<ref>Gammadion, No. 1, 1997, o.S.: Capricornus. Cited in: ''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 241.</ref> |
||
== Connections with broader white nationalist movements == |
== Connections with broader white nationalist movements == |
||
Line 71: | Line 73: | ||
The record label [[Resistance Records]], a Canadian record label promoting white nationalism and white separatism, purchased Vikernes' Cymophane Records and began releasing black metal recordings, many through a sub-label, Unholy Records.<ref name=":6" /> [[William Luther Pierce]], founder of the white nationalist [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]], sought to promote NSBM as well as other forms of white nationalist music through Resistance, believing that music would "make the National Alliance rich and spread its message most effectively".<ref name="pierce">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/william-pierce-649470.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204122449/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/william-pierce-649470.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 4, 2008|title=US|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> To this end, he accommodated Absurd frontman Hendrik Möbus while the latter had fled to the United States to evade German authorities. Although Pierce appreciated the ideological mindset of NSBM and Resistance Records, as well as the financial gains, the music did not personally appeal to him, and he attacked the "sex, drugs & rock'n'roll" and what he called "negroid" influences.<ref name="pierce2">{{cite web|url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/may2006/nsbm.aspx|title=Decibel Magazine|access-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208184453/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/may2006/nsbm.aspx|archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> |
The record label [[Resistance Records]], a Canadian record label promoting white nationalism and white separatism, purchased Vikernes' Cymophane Records and began releasing black metal recordings, many through a sub-label, Unholy Records.<ref name=":6" /> [[William Luther Pierce]], founder of the white nationalist [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]], sought to promote NSBM as well as other forms of white nationalist music through Resistance, believing that music would "make the National Alliance rich and spread its message most effectively".<ref name="pierce">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/william-pierce-649470.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204122449/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/william-pierce-649470.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 4, 2008|title=US|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> To this end, he accommodated Absurd frontman Hendrik Möbus while the latter had fled to the United States to evade German authorities. Although Pierce appreciated the ideological mindset of NSBM and Resistance Records, as well as the financial gains, the music did not personally appeal to him, and he attacked the "sex, drugs & rock'n'roll" and what he called "negroid" influences.<ref name="pierce2">{{cite web|url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/may2006/nsbm.aspx|title=Decibel Magazine|access-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208184453/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/may2006/nsbm.aspx|archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> |
||
Asgardsrei festival, which has established itself as the major festival for NSBM, has been noted by analysts and journalists to function as a meetup point and pan-European and transnational networking hub for neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other far-right extremists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Colborne|first=Michael|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-most-neo-nazi-music-festivals-are-closely-guarded-secrets-not-this-one-1.8260218|title=Most neo-Nazi Music Festivals Are Closely Guarded Secrets — Not This One in Ukraine|date=2019-12-12|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=2020-04-08|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/dygg9j/a-black-metal-festival-in-ukraine-this-weekend-is-the-neo-nazi-networking-event-of-the-year|title=A Black Metal Festival in Ukraine This Weekend Is the Neo-Nazi Networking Event of the Year|last=Hume|first=Tim|date=2019-12-13|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> In addition to the concert organizers' connections to the |
Asgardsrei festival, which has established itself as the major festival for NSBM, has been noted by analysts and journalists to function as a meetup point and pan-European and transnational networking hub for neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other far-right extremists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Colborne|first=Michael|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-most-neo-nazi-music-festivals-are-closely-guarded-secrets-not-this-one-1.8260218|title=Most neo-Nazi Music Festivals Are Closely Guarded Secrets — Not This One in Ukraine|date=2019-12-12|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=2020-04-08|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/dygg9j/a-black-metal-festival-in-ukraine-this-weekend-is-the-neo-nazi-networking-event-of-the-year|title=A Black Metal Festival in Ukraine This Weekend Is the Neo-Nazi Networking Event of the Year|last=Hume|first=Tim|date=2019-12-13|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> In addition to the concert organizers' connections to the [[Ukrainian nationalism|Ukrainian nationalist]] Azov Assault Brigade, Ukrainian far-right political party [[National Corps]], and Russian-Ukrainian neo-Nazi movement Wotanjugend,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/09/04/the-hardcore-russian-neo-nazi-group-that-calls-ukraine-home/|title=The "Hardcore" Russian Neo-Nazi Group That Calls Ukraine Home|last1=Colborne|first1=Michael|last2=Kuzmenko|first2=Okesiy|date=2019-09-04|website=[[Bellingcat]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> members of the German neo-Nazi party [[The III. Path]], the United States-based [[Right-wing terrorism|neo-Nazi terrorist]] organization [[Atomwaffen Division]], the Italian [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] movement and former political party [[CasaPound]], and the Greek neo-Nazi party [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]] have all participated in the festival.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Members of neo-Nazi forums and chats such as [[Iron March]], [[Stormfront (website)|Stormfront]], and neo-Nazi chat servers on [[Discord (software)|Discord]] have attended and praised Asgardsrei,<ref name=":2" /> and the American white nationalist [[Greg Johnson (white nationalist)|Greg Johnson]] posted a review of the 2019 festival on his [[alt-right]] publication Counter Currents.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
== Connections to black metal scene == |
== Connections to black metal scene == |
||
NSBM artists are a minority within black metal, according to Mattias Gardell.<ref name="Gardell"/> They have also been rejected or strongly criticized by many prominent black metal musicians – including [[Jon Nödtveidt]],<ref name="Dissection"/> [[Tormentor (musician)|Tormentor]],<ref name="Tormentor"/> [[King ov Hell]],<ref name="kingovhell2">{{cite web|url=http://www.maelstromzine.com/ezine/interview_iss50_224.php|title=Interview with JOTUNSPOR :: Maelstrom :: Issue No 50|website=www.maelstromzine.com|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729133016/http://www.maelstromzine.com/ezine/interview_iss50_224.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Infernus]],<ref name="infernus2">{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/page-not-found|title=Roadrunner Records Page Not Found|website=Roadrunner Records Official Website|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> [[Lord Ahriman]],<ref name="billzebub2"/> [[Emperor Magus Caligula]],<ref name="billzebub2"/><ref name="caligulayoutube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6pYjLyxCHo| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030071118/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6pYjLyxCHo&gl=GB&hl=en-GB| archive-date=2013-10-30 | url-status=dead|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> [[Summoning (band)|Protector]],<ref name="Protector">{{cite web|url=http://www.summoning.info/Stuff/PoliticalStatements.html|title=Political Statements from Protector (Summoning)|access-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630125512/http://www.summoning.info/Stuff/PoliticalStatements.html|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Erik Danielsson of [[Watain]],<ref>Doomsdayzach: [http://www.globaldomination.se/interviews/watain-erik-danielsson ''Watain – Erik Danielsson (first one)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024002551/http://www.globaldomination.se/interviews/watain-erik-danielsson |date=2008-10-24 }}, 24 July 2007, accessed on 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/watain_stand_for_black_metal_against_the_genres_nazi_flirtations|title=Watain Address Their Ideology Following Nazi Salute Controversy|last=Zorgdrager|first=Bradley|date=March 29, 2018|website=[[Exclaim!]]|language=en-ca|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>Ronald Ziegler: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030121034117/http://www.grimrune.com/watain/heint.html ''Merchandise whorery''], accessed on 31 March 2013.</ref> and the members of [[Arkhon Infaustus]].<ref name="billzebub2"/> Some black-metallers liken Nazism to Christianity in that it is [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]], and involves a "[[herd mentality]]".<ref name="Dissection">{{cite web|url=http://www.metalcentre.com/webzine.php?p=interviews&lang=eng&nr=123|title=METAL CENTRE Webzine: News, Gallery, Reviews, Interviews etc. - 08/29/2017|first=ataman|last=Tolovy|website=www.metalcentre.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tormentor">Metal Heart 2/00</ref> It also conflicts with the [[Misanthropy|misanthropic]] views of many artists; Benjamin Hedge Olson writes that the shunning of Nazism within the scene "has nothing to do with notions of a 'universal humanity' or a rejection of hate" but that Nazism is shunned "because its hatred is too specific and exclusive".{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=123}} Joakim of [[Craft (metal band)|Craft]] said, "I don't think national socialism mix[es] with the ideology of real Black Metal in a way, but that doesn't go further than labels. I only think NS Black Metal is an inappropriate label for the music".<ref name="darkside">Thomas Legros: [http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/CRAFT--6878.html ''Craft''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609213059/http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/CRAFT--6878.html |date=2016-06-09 }}, accessed on 31 March 2013.</ref> While some black-metallers boycott NSBM bands and labels, others draw a line between the music and the musicians, as they only care for the music. Some have criticized this as passive support for NSBM. The bigger print metal magazines tend to ignore records by NSBM bands.<ref name="akweb" /> Christian Dornbusch and Hans-Peter Killguss's 2005 book ''Unheilige Allianzen'' caused a short debate, leading ''Legacy'' magazine to stop printing ads for NSBM labels. Another debate happened in the "letters" section of ''Rock Hard'' magazine following the article ''Der rechte Rand im Black Metal'' (''Black Metal's Far-right Border'').<ref>Mühlmann, Wolf-Rüdiger: ''Der rechte Rand im Black Metal''. In: ''Rock Hard'', No. 241, June 2007, pp. 58–61.</ref> According to ''Unheilige Allianzen'', völkisch [[pagan metal]] and neo-Nazism were the current trends in black metal |
NSBM artists are a minority within black metal, according to Mattias Gardell.<ref name="Gardell"/> They have also been rejected or strongly criticized by many prominent black metal musicians – including [[Jon Nödtveidt]],<ref name="Dissection"/> [[Tormentor (musician)|Tormentor]],<ref name="Tormentor"/> [[King ov Hell]],<ref name="kingovhell2">{{cite web|url=http://www.maelstromzine.com/ezine/interview_iss50_224.php|title=Interview with JOTUNSPOR :: Maelstrom :: Issue No 50|website=www.maelstromzine.com|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729133016/http://www.maelstromzine.com/ezine/interview_iss50_224.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Infernus]],<ref name="infernus2">{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/page-not-found|title=Roadrunner Records Page Not Found|website=Roadrunner Records Official Website|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> [[Lord Ahriman]],<ref name="billzebub2"/> [[Emperor Magus Caligula]],<ref name="billzebub2"/><ref name="caligulayoutube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6pYjLyxCHo| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030071118/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6pYjLyxCHo&gl=GB&hl=en-GB| archive-date=2013-10-30 | url-status=dead|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> [[Summoning (band)|Protector]],<ref name="Protector">{{cite web|url=http://www.summoning.info/Stuff/PoliticalStatements.html|title=Political Statements from Protector (Summoning)|access-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630125512/http://www.summoning.info/Stuff/PoliticalStatements.html|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Erik Danielsson of [[Watain]],<ref>Doomsdayzach: [http://www.globaldomination.se/interviews/watain-erik-danielsson ''Watain – Erik Danielsson (first one)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024002551/http://www.globaldomination.se/interviews/watain-erik-danielsson |date=2008-10-24 }}, 24 July 2007, accessed on 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/watain_stand_for_black_metal_against_the_genres_nazi_flirtations|title=Watain Address Their Ideology Following Nazi Salute Controversy|last=Zorgdrager|first=Bradley|date=March 29, 2018|website=[[Exclaim!]]|language=en-ca|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>Ronald Ziegler: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030121034117/http://www.grimrune.com/watain/heint.html ''Merchandise whorery''], accessed on 31 March 2013.</ref> and the members of [[Arkhon Infaustus]].<ref name="billzebub2"/> Some black-metallers liken Nazism to Christianity in that it is [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]], and involves a "[[herd mentality]]".<ref name="Dissection">{{cite web|url=http://www.metalcentre.com/webzine.php?p=interviews&lang=eng&nr=123|title=METAL CENTRE Webzine: News, Gallery, Reviews, Interviews etc. - 08/29/2017|first=ataman|last=Tolovy|website=www.metalcentre.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tormentor">Metal Heart 2/00</ref> It also conflicts with the [[Misanthropy|misanthropic]] views of many artists; Benjamin Hedge Olson writes that the shunning of Nazism within the scene "has nothing to do with notions of a 'universal humanity' or a rejection of hate" but that Nazism is shunned "because its hatred is too specific and exclusive".{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=123}} Joakim of [[Craft (metal band)|Craft]] said, "I don't think national socialism mix[es] with the ideology of real Black Metal in a way, but that doesn't go further than labels. I only think NS Black Metal is an inappropriate label for the music".<ref name="darkside">Thomas Legros: [http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/CRAFT--6878.html ''Craft''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609213059/http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/Interviews/CRAFT--6878.html |date=2016-06-09 }}, accessed on 31 March 2013.</ref> While some black-metallers boycott NSBM bands and labels, others draw a line between the music and the musicians, as they only care for the music. Some have criticized this as passive support for NSBM. The bigger print metal magazines tend to ignore records by NSBM bands.<ref name="akweb" /> Christian Dornbusch and Hans-Peter Killguss's 2005 book ''Unheilige Allianzen'' caused a short debate, leading ''Legacy'' magazine to stop printing ads for NSBM labels. Another debate happened in the "letters" section of ''Rock Hard'' magazine following the article ''Der rechte Rand im Black Metal'' (''Black Metal's Far-right Border'').<ref>Mühlmann, Wolf-Rüdiger: ''Der rechte Rand im Black Metal''. In: ''Rock Hard'', No. 241, June 2007, pp. 58–61.</ref> According to ''Unheilige Allianzen'', völkisch [[pagan metal]] and neo-Nazism were the current trends in black metal and in turn, were affecting the broader metal scene.<ref>''Unheilige Allianzen'', p. 290. {{ISBN|3-89771-817-0}}</ref> Stewart Voegtlin likewise wrote for ''[[Stylus Magazine|Stylus]]'' in 2006 that "with a 'nationalistic' wave of violence and hatred spreading from Scandinavia and infiltrating France and Germany, the unfortunate exploits of a few will likely continue to supersede the music itself."<ref name="Stylus Magazine" /> |
||
== Denial of identification == |
== Denial of identification == |
||
Line 111: | Line 113: | ||
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in the United States]] |
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in the United States]] |
||
[[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] |
[[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Neo-Nazism in the United States]] |
||
[[Category:Black metal |
[[Category:Black metal genres]] |
||
[[Category:Black metal controversies]] |
[[Category:Black metal controversies]] |
||
[[Category:Neo-fascism]] |
[[Category:Neo-fascism]] |
Latest revision as of 12:13, 13 December 2024
National Socialist black metal | |
---|---|
Stylistic origins | |
Cultural origins | 1990s, Europe |
Other topics | |
Part of a series on |
Neo-fascism |
---|
Politics portal |
Part of a series on |
Nazism |
---|
National Socialist black metal (also known as NSBM, Nazi black metal, or radical black metal) is a political movement within the black metal music scene that promotes neo-Nazism, neo-fascism, and white supremacist ideologies.[1] NSBM artists typically combine neo-Nazi imagery and ideology with ethnic European paganism, Satanism, or Nazi occultism, or a combination thereof, and vehemently oppose Christianity, Islam and Judaism from a racialist viewpoint. NSBM is not seen as a distinct genre, but as a völkisch movement within black metal. According to Mattias Gardell, NSBM musicians see this ideology as "a logical extension of the political and spiritual dissidence inherent in black metal".[2]
NSBM artists do not always explicitly express their political beliefs in their music, instead, they express their beliefs offstage.[3] Artists who hold far-right or white nationalist beliefs but do not express them in their music are not considered NSBM artists by artists who participate in the greater black metal scene, but they may be considered NSBM artists by outside analysts.[4] Some black metal bands have also made references to Nazi Germany purely for shock value, much like some punk rock and heavy metal bands. While some black-metallers boycott NSBM artists, many are indifferent or claim to appreciate the music without supporting the musicians.[5]
The emergence of NSBM coincided with the rise of the early Norwegian black metal scene in the early 1990s, particularly through the band Burzum, whose sole member, Varg Vikernes, developed his anti-Christian beliefs into an increasingly white nationalist and neo-Nazi form of Heathenry. The German band Absurd further developed the burgeoning scene with explicitly neo-Nazi lyrics and artistic themes. The United States bands Judas Iscariot and Grand Belial's Key also became involved in the by-now international NSBM movement (the former has since distanced themselves from the movement). As the movement grew internationally, it started to overlap with existing white power musical forms such as Rock Against Communism, hatecore, and the far-right faction of Oi!. The neo-Nazi record label Resistance Records started releasing NSBM recordings and even purchased Vikernes' label Cymophane Records. The associated United States political organization National Alliance white supremacist William Luther Pierce also became interested in the movement, and assisted Absurd frontman Hendrik Möbus when he fled to the United States to avoid arrest in Germany. In 2012, the NSBM Asgardsrei festival was established in Moscow, Russia, and then in 2014 relocated to Kyiv, Ukraine.
Black metal
[edit]Black metal originated in the 1980s from the work of thrash metal bands such as Venom (whose 1982 album Black Metal coined the term), Mercyful Fate, Bathory, Slayer, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, and Sodom.[6][7][8][9] These bands did not form a scene of their own, nor did they have a common musical style.[10] A lyrical focus that is anti-Christian, Satanist, neopagan, or a combination thereof, is often considered a prerequisite for the genre, and originally the term "black metal" was synonymous with "Satanic metal".[7][9][11] A stricter definition still requires Satanism for a band to be classified as black metal. Non-Satanic bands from the same surroundings originally used other terms for their own music, such as pagan metal or Viking metal. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, the early Norwegian black metal scene, developed by bands such as Mayhem, Thorns, Immortal, Darkthrone, Burzum, Emperor, Satyricon, and Ulver, established a more specific sonic template that came to define Norwegian black metal[6][7][9] and subsequently a great part of black metal in general, although other styles of black metal, like war metal, still exist. Common traits of Norwegian black metal include a fast tempo,[12] blast beats and double-bass drumming,[9][13] a thin, shrieking vocal style[7][9][12][13][14] heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking and power chords,[7][9][12][13] either lo-fi or well-produced recordings,[6][7][9] an emphasis on atmosphere,[9][12] and an "unholy" aesthetic.[12] Keyboards are sometimes used, as are elements of neoclassical, folk, and ambient music.[7][13] Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms. Many black metal artists prefer to be underground, inaccessible to the mainstream, and even intentionally push away audiences and demonstrate anti-social behavior.[7][15]
History
[edit]Origins in the Norwegian black metal scene
[edit]In the early 1990s, the early Norwegian black metal scene developed black metal into a distinct genre.[6] The scene members were fiercely anti-Christian — most generally presented themselves as misanthropic devil-worshipers who wanted to spread hatred, sorrow and evil, though some wrote about pre-Christian Scandinavia and its mythology. Among some members of the scene, the antagonism toward Christianity turned violent, and arson and attempted arson was perpetrated against a number of churches from 1992 through 1995. Among the perpetrators were Varg Vikernes of Burzum and Mayhem,[16][10] Euronymous of Mayhem,[17] Samoth of Thou Shalt Suffer and Emperor,[18] Faust of Thorns[19] and Jørn Inge Tunsberg of Old Funeral, Immortal, and Hades Almighty,[20] some of whom are among the most prominent musicians in the scene. In January 1993, Vikernes spoke with a journalist from Bergens Tidende. The loft where the interview was conducted was filled with Satanist and Nazi paraphernalia, along with weapons, and Vikernes declared he was at war with Christianity, had already burned eight churches, and would continue his terrorism.[10]
The violence and misanthropy in the scene also included murder. In August 1992, Faust killed a gay man — Magne Andreassen — who had propositioned him in Lillehammer.[10][21][22][23] Faust was not caught for a year, despite his actions being an open secret known to many in the scene.[10] Many have attributed the murder to homophobia;[24][25] however, Gaahl, a vocalist from the band Gorgoroth, is now an openly gay man who was voted Gay Person of the Year in 2010 in Bergen,[26] and believes that the killing of Andreassen by Faust had nothing to do with Andreassen's sexuality.[24] Likewise, Faust himself, along with bandmate Ihsahn, have claimed that Andreassen's sexuality was irrelevant, and Faust simply had a murderous impulse.[27] In August 1993, Vikernes, with Snorre Ruch from Thorns and Mayhem as an accomplice, killed his bandmate Euronymous and was arrested shortly after.[28] Vikernes was convicted in the spring of 1994 for arson, murder, and illegal possession of weapons.[10] Vikernes insists that he killed Euronymous in self-defense,[29] although while in prison claimed that it was also because Euronymous was gay and Communist.[23] Euronymous was interested in Communism,[30] even professing to be a Stalinist in 1992,[31] and in the 1980s had participated in the Marxist–Leninist youth group Rød Ungdom, which he later disavowed,[32] but there is no evidence that he was a gay man.[23] Despite Vikernes' later claims, the killing is not believed to have been politically motivated, which even Vikernes claimed at first, and is generally thought to have been because of a personal dispute.[30]
There is an undercurrent of ethnic nationalism in black metal,[2][33] and racism is not uncommon in the scene even though most black metal and other extreme metal musicians disavow neo-Nazism and racist ideology.[34][35] Within the Scandinavian scene, several musicians made racist statements and utilized Nazi language and paraphernalia — yet, black metal is also highly performative, intentionally contradictory, and artistically transgressive, and many of its musicians cultivate an evil, ultra-right-wing image as an aesthetic.[23][36] Many of the artists who flirted with fascism, totalitarianism, and violence in their artistic themes did not find a political connection with that imagery.[35] Still, a minority in the scene, in their opposition to Christianity and reverence for a pre-Christian past, stepped into fascist and racist ideas, particularly Nazi occultism.[34] Euronymous in a personal letter in the early 1990s made the sweeping claim that "Almost ALL Norwegian bands are more less nazis [sic]. Burzum, Mayhem, Emperor, Arcturus, Enslaved, you name them."[22] Similarly, scholar Kirsten Dyck has described the Norwegian scene's "Black Circle" as neo-Nazi. According to her, the Black Circle melded Nazi occultism, anti-Semitism and the conspiracy theory of a Jewish plot for world domination, homophobia, and xenophobia with Nietzschean philosophy, Satanism, and Scandinavian neopaganism, which then contributed to the violence perpetrated by some of the musicians.[25][37]
In 1994, Hellhammer, the drummer for the Norwegian band Mayhem, said of the genre's links with racism: "I'll put it this way, we don't like black people here. Black Metal is for white people".[38] When Mayhem re-formed after Euronymous's death, they began releasing merchandise bearing World War II-era Nazi symbols.[39] However, in a later interview, Hellhammer said "I don't give a crap if the fans are white, black, green, yellow, or blue. For me music and politics don't go hand in hand".[40] In 1995, Gaahl described "niggers" and "mulattoes" as "subhuman" and stated his admiration for Vikernes and Adolf Hitler. However, he too has since distanced himself from these statements.[41] Vikernes also wrote some lyrics for the album Transilvanian Hunger by Darkthrone, another key band in the Norwegian scene. It was released in 1994 with Norsk Arisk Black Metal ('Norwegian Aryan Black Metal') printed on the back cover, and issued a press release stating "If any man should attempt to criticize this LP, he should be thoroughly patronized for his obviously Jewish behavior."[22][42] After the ensuing controversy, Darkthrone claimed that "Jew" is simply a Norwegian word for "stupid" and that they were "not a Nazi band nor a political band".[43][42] In a 2007 documentary, bandmember Fenriz claimed he was once arrested while participating in an anti-apartheid demonstration and later had a "phase of being really angry with ... other races" before he became "totally unengaged in [political] shit".[44] Scholar Keith Kahn-Harris argues that it is almost impossible to believe that Darkthrone did not know that a pejorative use of the word "Jew" was offensive, and the denials from Darkthrone that the members had racist or fascist sympathies was disingenuous, given the statements made.[42] But, Kahn-Harris also notes that Fenriz has made more jocular references to racism and fascism, and has interacted well with black metal enthusiasts from Israel, so Kahn-Harris believes that the actions by Darkthrone were intentionally contradictory as a form of transgressive artistic discourse and not expressions of a sincere ideology.[42] Axl Rosenberg from the website MetalSucks notes that after these offensive actions from the band in the mid-1990s, Darkthrone has not repeatedly demonstrated racist behavior. He opines that the band members are far older now and that "it’s feasible their worldviews have changed; it’s feasible they were being provocative for the sake of being provocative when they made Hunger and have since seen the error of such sophomoric behavior."[22] After his release from prison, Faust stated regarding the arson and murder he committed that "I was never a Satanist or fascist in any way, but I put behind me the hatred and negativity. Those feelings just eat you up from inside."[22][45]
Similar statements were also uttered by scene members from other countries. Michael W. Ford of the American band Black Funeral mentioned that Nazi occultism was very important to him,[46] called his former band Sorath his "old SS Death squad"[47] and claimed "you have to be white to play Black metal".[48] We was the American leader of Cymophane, an organisation started by Vikernes.[48] He would later disassociate himself from Nazism.[49][50] According to the authors of Lords of Chaos, in 1995, three Swedish black-metallers (including Mika "Belfagor" Hakola of the band Nefandus) went on a "niggerhunt" in Linköping. Wielding an axe and two machetes, they "terrorized" a black man.[51] Nefandus were later "considered to be Nazi sympathizers", though Belfagor explained: "This could not be further from the truth, but I guess this has to do with some of the controversial comments I made in various magazines in my youth, when I still aspired to play in the most hated band in the world. I used a lot of provocative language back then. But to sort things out: I associate with people of all creeds and colours. ... So to be labeled a Nazi or a racist is very offensive to me".[52]
Vikernes and his project Burzum are generally seen as the main catalyst in the development of the NSBM movement, although Burzum was never explicitly political.[30] Although Vikernes has claimed to not be a neo-Nazi, he has participated in neo-Nazi activities and his statements have expressed neo-Nazi views and antagonism toward Muslims and Jews.[16][53] According to an interview in Blood & Honour magazine, Vikernes contacted neo-Nazi organization Zorn 88 in 1992[54] and joined White Aryan Resistance before he killed Euronymous.[55] While in prison, "Vikernes began to formulate his nationalist heathen ideology"[56] and wrote a manifesto called Vargsmål. It became available on the internet for a while in 1996,[57] and in 1997 it was printed by a Norwegian publisher.[58] Once imprisoned, Vikernes abandoned the black metal scene and started touting a neo-Nazi variety of Heathenry.[10] According to Vikernes, he stopped playing metal music because of its origin as "Negro music", and argued that "the 'metal heads' tend to behave like a bunch of 'White Niggers', so to speak, with their sex, drugs and rock'n'roll culture."[59] Vikernes also has claimed that the scene had begun "as a nationalistic (Norwegian-centric), racist and anti-Christian revolt" but was "hijacked" by the "Jew-dominated music industry".[60] He claims the industry made it into another tool with which to destroy Europe, by promoting bands who embraced "everything sick and anti-European on this planet, from porn and promiscuity to drugs and homosexuality".[60]
Development of National Socialist black metal
[edit]One of the first explicitly NSBM releases was the 1995 demo Thuringian Pagan Madness by German band Absurd. It was recorded while the members were imprisoned for murdering a boy from their school. On the demo cover is a photograph of his gravestone and the inlay contained pro-Nazi statements.[61] Bandmember Hendrik Möbus stated that NSBM was the "logical conclusion" of the Norwegian black metal movement and interpreted the church burnings as a "cultural atavism".[62] Other bands deemed to be part of the early NSBM scene include Graveland and Infernum, from Poland.[63] Rob Darken of Graveland in particular was a very central figure in the development of NSBM in Poland.[63] The burgeoning black metal scene in Poland was far more pronouncedly racist, and The Temple of Fullmoon, of which several Polish bands were members, turned into a far-right organization.[64] Similar to what happened in Norway, the scene became increasingly violent, and three of the four members of the NSBM band Thunderbolt were imprisoned for arson and murder.[65][66] According to Gunnar Sauermann, in the 1990s, some of the earliest American black metal bands—like Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot—joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot's sole member Akhenaten left the organization.[67] Thelemnar, the drummer of German band Secrets of the Moon, said he got to know him "only as an intelligent person and never as a Nazi".[67] The United States project I Shalt Become was another pioneer in the nascent NSBM scene.[68] NSBM came to dominate the black metal scenes in Poland, Ukraine, and Russia.[5]
In 2012, Alexey Levkin, frontman of the band M8l8th , along with others, started the NSBM music festival Asgardsrei in Moscow.[69][70] The event is named after the 1999 album of the same name by Absurd.[71] The festival was relocated to Kyiv in 2014 when Levkin and the other organizers relocated to Ukraine to join the Azov Assault Brigade.[70] Steelfest is a Finnish annual black metal festival that has been held since 2012. Steelfest is notorious for hosting a venue for National socialist black metal bands, and bands and audience have done mass nazi salutes.[72]
Ideology
[edit]NSBM typically melds Neo-Nazi beliefs (such as fascism, white supremacy, white separatism, white nationalism, right-wing extremism, antisemitism, xenophobia, and ethnic separatism, with some National-anarchist tendencies and admiration of Adolf Hitler) with hostility to "foreign" religions. Bands often promote ethnic European paganism, occultism, or Satanism. Hendrik Möbus of Absurd described Nazism as the "most perfect (and only realistic!) synthesis of Satanic/Luciferian will to power, elitist Social Darwinism, connected to Aryan Germanic paganism".[73] Members of the band Der Stürmer (named after the antisemitic newspaper edited by Julius Streicher) subscribe to Esoteric Nazism, leaning on the works of Savitri Devi and Julius Evola.[74] Famine of Peste Noire stated in an interview that he prefers Italian Fascism instead of Nazism as an ideology.[75]
Anti-Christianity and antisemitism
[edit]Typically NSBM musicians regard Christianity as a product of an alleged Jewish conspiracy to undermine the Aryan race by eliminating their Artglauben and their "original" culture.[76] These musicians usually reject the legitimacy of Christian antisemitism as well as the German Christians movement, which celebrated and promoted Nazi ideology in the context of an unorthodox Christian theological framework. Hjarulv Henker of the band Der Stürmer said:
I don't think that a dogma like Christianity has a place in Aryandom. There is no way to make Christianity fit into the Weltanschauung of the Aryan Overman. Christianity teaches humbleness, the loss of National and Racial identity, and equality, things alien to our cosmotheory. You cannot combine Jesus with characters who represent Aryan ethics. ... Christianity is Christianity and it is Jewish by its very birth and conception, a vehicle in the Jewish world domination and designed as such.[74]
White supremacy
[edit]NSBM musicians such as Varg Vikernes of Burzum and Famine of Peste Noire have expressed a white supremacist concern about "race mixing" and preserving the purity of the white race and the traditional cultures of white European nations.[59][77][78] Somewhat perplexingly, NSBM has been popular in Poland and other Slavic countries, despite the fact that, historically, German Nazis viewed Slavic people as subhuman racial inferiors and intended to eliminate them.[79] This contradiction is either masked, relativized or excused as a historical mistake. A conspiracy theory says the Jews would have prevented an alliance between Nazi Germany and other Eastern European countries.[80] Knjaz Varggoth, singer and guitarist of the Ukrainian band Nokturnal Mortum, gives the following explanation for the contradiction: "Goruth of the Russian band Temnozor sees the Slavs and Germans as a part of a Hyperborean Aryan race and nowadays differing due to its degeneration."
The Vietnamese-American band Vothana[81] is unusual in that its members are not ethnically European, however the band’s lyrics (which are performed in Vietnamese) still express racialist and fascist viewpoints and the band has performed at festivals alongside NSBM bands.[82][1]
Paganism
[edit]As part of their anti-Christianity, anti-Semitism, and the idea that White Europeans should return to their "native" ways, most NSBM bands promote ethnic European paganism. Benjamin Hedge Olson argues that NSBM is "indelibly linked with Asá Trŭ and opposed to Satanism, which gives it a 'blood and soil' attraction to many young Neo-Nazis looking for identity in their distant, ancestral past."[5] Hendrik Möbus interpreted the church burnings in Norway as:
[A] cultural atavism, a sudden and inexplicable plunge back into pre-Christian, medieval conditions in all but outward reality. Like the Swiss psychologist, Carl Gustav Jung, would have said: Ancient archetypes resurfaced from our collective unconscious and repossessed receptive minds – which were, as a rule, still developing and thus especially impressible. The thus affected teenagers found themselves with an archaic state of mind and like in a mass-hysteria, they induced their condition unto others. It goes without saying that a, say, 18 year old adolescent who suddenly felt out of tune with his environment lacked the insight for a self-analysis.[62]
He argues that later on they would have realized the meaning of these emotions, begun to identify with paganism and taken "an active interest in Nationalist politics designed to preserve and to cultivate this very heritage".[62] The booklet of the Absurd EP Asgardsrei depicts the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Order and the Waffen-SS as warriors of the "Asgardsrei", which the bands define as a term for an alleged godly and Germanic group of warriors.
Satanism
[edit]Besides pagan beliefs, part of the NSBM scene embraces an interpretation of Satanism. Satanism is a common theme even in apolitical black metal, but in NSBM Satan is depicted as an ancient Aryan counterpart to YHWH, the god of the Jews and Christians. This view is often called "völkisch Satanism"[83] or "Aryan Satanism". Chraesvelgoron of The True Frost sees Nazism as the political appearance of Satanism and the collective deification of man as a social animal, as godliness instead of humaneness.[84] His bandmate Sadorass calls the same ideology a development of blood and soil ideology, diverse occult teachings, and the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche in connection to Darwinism.[85] Greek black metal musician Magus Wampyr Daoloth (of Necromantia and Thou Art Lord) said in an interview for Lords of Chaos: "If you consider that fascism and Satanism have a lot of similarities as they both advocate power, spiritual and physical excellence, responsibility, survival of the fittest, elitism, etc., it's logical that some bands advocate both".[86] However, many pagan and far-right bands see Satanism as a part of Christianity or Judaism.[87]
Connections with broader white nationalist movements
[edit]Many white nationalists have warmly received NSBM for its lyrical content and ideals. However, some have not, due to the music style as well as the genre's perceived association with the rock & roll lifestyle.[88] However, Lords of Chaos notes that alcohol and illegal drugs never played a big part in the Norwegian black metal scene.[89] Bård G. Eithun, on the other hand, stated that many in the early scene "were almost alcoholics".[10] Some also reject black metal musicians and fans since many of them have long hair, which they associate with hippies and left-wingers. Dayal Patterson writes that "NSBM has become a movement in its own right," one which has reached Western Europe and the Americas and overlapped with fans of more traditional far-right music genres such as Oi! and Rock Against Communism.[90]
The record label Resistance Records, a Canadian record label promoting white nationalism and white separatism, purchased Vikernes' Cymophane Records and began releasing black metal recordings, many through a sub-label, Unholy Records.[90] William Luther Pierce, founder of the white nationalist National Alliance, sought to promote NSBM as well as other forms of white nationalist music through Resistance, believing that music would "make the National Alliance rich and spread its message most effectively".[91] To this end, he accommodated Absurd frontman Hendrik Möbus while the latter had fled to the United States to evade German authorities. Although Pierce appreciated the ideological mindset of NSBM and Resistance Records, as well as the financial gains, the music did not personally appeal to him, and he attacked the "sex, drugs & rock'n'roll" and what he called "negroid" influences.[92]
Asgardsrei festival, which has established itself as the major festival for NSBM, has been noted by analysts and journalists to function as a meetup point and pan-European and transnational networking hub for neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other far-right extremists.[70][93][94] In addition to the concert organizers' connections to the Ukrainian nationalist Azov Assault Brigade, Ukrainian far-right political party National Corps, and Russian-Ukrainian neo-Nazi movement Wotanjugend,[70][94][95] members of the German neo-Nazi party The III. Path, the United States-based neo-Nazi terrorist organization Atomwaffen Division, the Italian neo-fascist movement and former political party CasaPound, and the Greek neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn have all participated in the festival.[70][93][94] Members of neo-Nazi forums and chats such as Iron March, Stormfront, and neo-Nazi chat servers on Discord have attended and praised Asgardsrei,[93] and the American white nationalist Greg Johnson posted a review of the 2019 festival on his alt-right publication Counter Currents.[70]
Connections to black metal scene
[edit]NSBM artists are a minority within black metal, according to Mattias Gardell.[2] They have also been rejected or strongly criticized by many prominent black metal musicians – including Jon Nödtveidt,[96] Tormentor,[97] King ov Hell,[98] Infernus,[99] Lord Ahriman,[44] Emperor Magus Caligula,[44][100] Protector,[101] Erik Danielsson of Watain,[102][103][104] and the members of Arkhon Infaustus.[44] Some black-metallers liken Nazism to Christianity in that it is authoritarian, collectivist, and involves a "herd mentality".[96][97] It also conflicts with the misanthropic views of many artists; Benjamin Hedge Olson writes that the shunning of Nazism within the scene "has nothing to do with notions of a 'universal humanity' or a rejection of hate" but that Nazism is shunned "because its hatred is too specific and exclusive".[105] Joakim of Craft said, "I don't think national socialism mix[es] with the ideology of real Black Metal in a way, but that doesn't go further than labels. I only think NS Black Metal is an inappropriate label for the music".[106] While some black-metallers boycott NSBM bands and labels, others draw a line between the music and the musicians, as they only care for the music. Some have criticized this as passive support for NSBM. The bigger print metal magazines tend to ignore records by NSBM bands.[76] Christian Dornbusch and Hans-Peter Killguss's 2005 book Unheilige Allianzen caused a short debate, leading Legacy magazine to stop printing ads for NSBM labels. Another debate happened in the "letters" section of Rock Hard magazine following the article Der rechte Rand im Black Metal (Black Metal's Far-right Border).[107] According to Unheilige Allianzen, völkisch pagan metal and neo-Nazism were the current trends in black metal and in turn, were affecting the broader metal scene.[108] Stewart Voegtlin likewise wrote for Stylus in 2006 that "with a 'nationalistic' wave of violence and hatred spreading from Scandinavia and infiltrating France and Germany, the unfortunate exploits of a few will likely continue to supersede the music itself."[6]
Denial of identification
[edit]Some bands have denied being labeled NSBM, and assert that they are either pagan or instead prefer the label "nationalist black metal." Official statements against this label have been made by bands such as Graveland.[109] Akitsa, a group sometimes rumoured to be NSBM, made strong statements against the Nazi ideology and the whole NSBM genre.[110] Ukrainian band Nokturnal Mortum has made efforts to distance themselves from the movement, but still continue to occasionally partake in some NSBM practices such as playing at festivals held for the genre.[111][112]
While some bands made statements which the scene and critics has taken as genuine statements condemning Nazism, other bands' statements has, by many critics, been viewed merely as a tactic to be able to play live gigs or not have their music banned, such is the case with Graveland, among others, who has continued to openly support white supremacist organizers after making statements about being "unpolitical".[30]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Buesnel, Ryan David (November 2020). "National Socialist Black Metal: a case study in the longevity of far-right ideologies in heavy metal subcultures". Patterns of Prejudice. 54 (3): 393–408. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2020.1800987. S2CID 229466327 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ a b c Mattias Gardell, Gods of the Blood (2003), p.307
- ^ Dyck, Kirsten (2016). Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 9780813574738. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ^ "Rechtes Neuheiden-Festival mit Nazi-Runen im "SO 36"" (in German). BIFFF ...
- ^ a b c Olson 2008, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d e Voegtlin, Stewart (January 9, 2006). Lee, Cosmo (ed.). "Into the Void: Stylus Magazine's Beginner's Guide to Metal: Black Metal". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kalis, Quentin (August 31, 2004). "CoC : Rant : Black Metal: A Brief Guide". Chronicles of Chaos. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ Moynihan & Soderlind, 2009, p. 10
- ^ a b c d e f g h Venkatesh, Vivek; Podoshen, Jeffrey S.; Perri, David; Urbaniak, Kathryn (2014-02-28). "21: From Pride and Prejudice to Shame: Multiple Facets of the Black Metal Scene within and without Online Environments". In Venkatesh, Vivek; Wallin, Jason; Castro, Juan Carlos; Lewis, Jason Edward (eds.). Educational, Psychological, and Behavioral Considerations in Niche Online Communities. Hershey: IGI Global. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-4666-5207-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Campion, Chris (2005-02-20). "Chris Campion on metal's maddest: Mayhem". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ Hawkins, Stan; Nielsen, Nina (2020). "Gaahl - Monster or Postmodern Prometheus? Masculinity, Class, and Norwegian Black Metal". In Peddie, Ian (ed.). The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Social Class. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 193. ISBN 9781501345388.
- ^ a b c d e Patterson, Dayal, 2013, p. 151
- ^ a b c d Hagen, Ross (2011-12-27). "Musical Style, Ideology, and Mythology in Norwegian Black Metal". In Wallach, Jeremy; Berger, Harris M.; Greene, Paul D. (eds.). Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 183-186. ISBN 978-0-8223-4733-0.
- ^ O'Hagar, Sammy (8 November 2012). "Von's Satanic Blood: Black Black Black Black No. 1". MetalSucks. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 371-372
- ^ a b Dickson, E. J. (2019-04-11). "Did a Norwegian Black Metal Band Inspire the Louisiana Church Burnings?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ Martin Ledang (director), Pål Aasdal (director) (2007). Once Upon a Time in Norway (motion picture). Another World Entertainment.
- ^ Lords of Chaos, p. 100.
- ^ Lords of Chaos, p. 94f.
- ^ Grude, Torstein (director) (1998). Satan rir Media (motion picture). Norway: Grude, Torstein.
- ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, p. 111
- ^ a b c d e Rosenberg, Axl (2017-01-05). "Editorial: Regarding Euronymous' Claim that "Almost ALL Norwegian Bands are More or Less Nazis"". MetalSucks. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ a b c d Clifford-Napoleone, Amber R. (2015-03-24). Queerness in Heavy Metal Music: Metal Bent. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-317-91655-0.
- ^ a b Clifford-Napoleone, Amber R. 2015. p. 88-89
- ^ a b Dyck, Kirsten, 2017. p. 59
- ^ "Interview with Gaahl". Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ Moynihan & Søderlind 2003, pp. 111, 114
- ^ Lords of Chaos (2003 edition), p. 125-130.
- ^ Swenson, Ingrid (2003). "Moynihan, Rodrigo". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t060090.
- ^ a b c d Hagen, Freddy (December 12, 2019). "Lige nu samles højreekstremister fra hele verden til festival i Kiev • POV". Pov (in Danish). Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ Patterson, Dayal, 2013, p. 367
- ^ Lords of Chaos (2003 edition), p. 74.
- ^ Trafford, Simon; Pluskowski, Aleks (2007). Marshall, David W. (ed.). "Antichrist Superstars: The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal". Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture. McFarland & Company: 64. ISBN 978-0-7864-2922-6.
- ^ a b Kahn-Harris, Keith (2011). ""You Are from Israel and That Is Enough To Hate You Forever": Racism, Globalization, and Play within the Global Extreme Metal Scene". In Wallach, Jeremy; Berger, Harris M.; Greene, Paul D. (eds.). Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 203. ISBN 978-0-8223-4733-0.
- ^ a b Tromp, Carline (2019). "Apocalypse Now: Norse Gods and the End of the Nation". In Halink, Simon (ed.). Northern Myths, Modern Identities: The Nationalisation of Northern Mythologies Since 1800. National Cultivation of Culture. Vol. 19. Leiden & Boston: Brill Publishers. p. 233. ISBN 978-90-04-39843-6.
- ^ Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 379-380
- ^ Dyck, Kirsten (2020). ""They'll Take Away Our Birthrights": How White-Power Musicians Instill Fear of White Extinction". In Boyce, Travis D.; Chunnu, Winsome M. (eds.). Historicizing Fear: Ignorance, Vilification, and Othering. Louisville, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-64642-003-2.
- ^ Lords of Chaos, p. 351.
- ^ Mayhem Frontman Says Varg Vikernes Is 'Very Polite And Kind'. Blabbermouth.net. 26 January 2010.
- ^ "ThyDoom.com". ThyDoom.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-02. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
- ^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – GORGOROTH Frontman Opens Up About His Sexual Orientation: 'I've Never Made Any Secret About It'". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ a b c d Kahn-Harris, Keith (2007). Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-84520-399-3.
- ^ "MusicMight :: Artists :: Darkthrone". MusicMight. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d Zebub, Bill (2007). Black Metal: A Documentary.
- ^ Bower, Chad (n.d.). "Faust Interview - Conversation With The Legendary Black Metal Drummer". p. 2. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ Lahdenpera, Esa (1995). "Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal..." Kill Yourself!!! Magazine. No. 4. p. 37. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ Lahdenpera, Esa (1995). "Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal..." Kill Yourself!!! Magazine. No. 4. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ a b Lahdenpera, Esa (1995). "Embrace The Sounds Of Grim Medieval Vampiric Black Metal..." Kill Yourself!!! Magazine. No. 4. p. 36. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ Eosforos. Thorns (ed.). "Interview with Michael Ford". Full Moon Productions. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ Blissfulviolet. "Black Funeral". Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ Lords of Chaos, pp. 308–309.
- ^ Terry Demeter: Ofermod. Breath of the Dragon. In: Unrestrained Magazine, no. 39, p. 74.
- ^ Venkatesh; Podoshen; Perri; Urbaniak, 2014, p. 383
- ^ Unheilige Allianzen, p. 277.
- ^ "Aktuell". www.berlinonline.de. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke, p. 204.
- ^ Lords of Chaos, p. 159.
- ^ Christe, Ian (2003). Sound of the Beast: the Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. New York City: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 279.
- ^ a b BG (August 12, 2004). "Interview with Varg Vikernes". www.burzum.org. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ a b Vikernes, Varg. "How to revolt in practise II Archived 2013-03-11 at the Wayback Machine". Thulean Perspective. 7 March 2013.
- ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. NYU Press, 2003. p. 206.
- ^ a b c Hendrik Möbus: National Socialist Black Metal, mirrored on Archive.org.
- ^ a b Horsley, Jonathan (2013-05-13). "INTERVIEW: Author Dayal Patterson on Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult". Decibel. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 362-364
- ^ Dyck, Kirsten, 2016. p. 62
- ^ Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 364
- ^ a b Gunnar Sauermann: Special: Black Metal in den USA. Schwarzes Amerika. In: Metal Hammer Germany, August 2007, p. 88.
- ^ DePalma, T. (January 9, 2007). "From the Past Comes the Storms 06". Chronicles of Chaos. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ "ASGARDSREI 2017 – Absurd, Peste Noire, Goatmoon, Naer Mataron, M8L8TH, Burshtyn (Kiev, 16.12.2017) | Militant Zone". Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ a b c d e f Colborne, Michael (2020-01-02). "Dispatches From Asgardsrei: Ukraine's Annual Neo-Nazi Music Festival". Bellingcat. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ Moynihan, Colin (19 February 2019). "Metal Confronts Its Nazi Problem". The New Yorker. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ "Steelfest 2019: Nazi bands in Hyvinkää city facilites – Varis". varisverkosto.com. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
- ^ Stormblast, Nr. 2-3, 1999. Cited in: ak – analyse & kritik – zeitung für linke Debatte und Praxis / Nr. 428 / 8.7.1999 Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Der Stürmer interview published in LEGEONES magazine". Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ Cercle Non Conforme (July 22, 2014). "La Mesnie Herlequin » English translation of the PESTE NOIRE interview for Cercle Non Conforme". Translated by M.D.L. and L’Atrabilaire. Retrieved 2020-04-09.[permanent dead link ]
- ^ a b "ak 428: Unheilige Allianz". www.akweb.de. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ Stuart, Gwynedd (2019-03-28). "UPDATE: DTLA Bar Cancels Far-Right Black Metal Band's Gig". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ Dyck, Kirsten, 2017. pp. 59-60.
- ^ Patterson, Dayal (2013-11-25). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-936239-76-4.
- ^ Unheilige Allianzen, page 239
- ^ Vietnamese for "atheist"
- ^ "Neo-Nazi Music Shows Return To Europe". 12 February 2024.
- ^ Wintry Night Nonstop/Aenaon Skotos Anosion, published around 2000: Frost/Sadorass [Interview with Sadorass]. Cited in: Unheilige Allianzen, p. 202.
- ^ Szene-Almanach 1998, page 48; Strength through War, issue 4, Summer 2003, o.S.: Frost. Interview answered by Chraesvelgoron. Cited in: Unheilige Allianzen, p. 202.
- ^ Flagellation, No. 2, 2001, page 29. Cited in: Unheilige Allianzen, p. 203.
- ^ Lords of Chaos, p. 308.
- ^ Gammadion, No. 1, 1997, o.S.: Capricornus. Cited in: Unheilige Allianzen, p. 241.
- ^ Unheilige Allianzen, p.280
- ^ Lords of Chaos, p.327
- ^ a b Patterson, Dayal, 2013. p. 365
- ^ "US". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ "Decibel Magazine". Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ a b c Colborne, Michael (2019-12-12). "Most neo-Nazi Music Festivals Are Closely Guarded Secrets — Not This One in Ukraine". Haaretz. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ a b c Hume, Tim (2019-12-13). "A Black Metal Festival in Ukraine This Weekend Is the Neo-Nazi Networking Event of the Year". Vice. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ Colborne, Michael; Kuzmenko, Okesiy (2019-09-04). "The "Hardcore" Russian Neo-Nazi Group That Calls Ukraine Home". Bellingcat. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ a b Tolovy, ataman. "METAL CENTRE Webzine: News, Gallery, Reviews, Interviews etc. - 08/29/2017". www.metalcentre.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ a b Metal Heart 2/00
- ^ "Interview with JOTUNSPOR :: Maelstrom :: Issue No 50". www.maelstromzine.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ "Roadrunner Records Page Not Found". Roadrunner Records Official Website. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ "Political Statements from Protector (Summoning)". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ Doomsdayzach: Watain – Erik Danielsson (first one) Archived 2008-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, 24 July 2007, accessed on 31 March 2013.
- ^ Zorgdrager, Bradley (March 29, 2018). "Watain Address Their Ideology Following Nazi Salute Controversy". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ Ronald Ziegler: Merchandise whorery, accessed on 31 March 2013.
- ^ Olson 2008, p. 123.
- ^ Thomas Legros: Craft Archived 2016-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on 31 March 2013.
- ^ Mühlmann, Wolf-Rüdiger: Der rechte Rand im Black Metal. In: Rock Hard, No. 241, June 2007, pp. 58–61.
- ^ Unheilige Allianzen, p. 290. ISBN 3-89771-817-0
- ^ Darken, Rob. "GRAVELAND IS NOT AN NSBM!". www.graveland.org. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
- ^ Vesin, François (2015-05-29). "Akitsa Are 'Grands Tyrans': An Interview on Their History, Purity in Black Metal, and Squashing NSBM Rumors". Vice. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ "As well as a person who has many-sided... - Nokturnal Mortum". Facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "In Response to Our Article, Spotify Is Removing Neo-Nazi Hate Bands". Digitalmusicnews.com. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
Further reading
[edit]English
[edit]- Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: White Noise and black metal in: Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity (S. 193–213). New York University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4
- Mattias Gardell: Hail Loki! Hail Satan! Hail Hitler! Darkside Asatrú, Satanism and Occult National Socialism in: Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. (pp. 284–324). Duke University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8223-3071-7
- Moynihan, Michael; Søderlind, Didrik (2003) [1998]. Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground (Revised and expanded ed.). Feral House.
- Olson, Benjamin Hedge (May 2008). I Am the Black Wizards: Multiplicity, Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture. Bowling Green State University. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
German
[edit]- Christian Dornbusch, Hans-Peter Killguss: Unheilige Allianzen. Black Metal zwischen Satanismus, Heidentum und Neonazismus. Münster, Unrast Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-89771-817-0
- Johannes Lohmann, Hans Wanders: Evolas Jünger und Odins Krieger – Extrem rechte Ideologien in der Dark-Wave- und Black-Metal-Szene in: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe: RechtsRock – Bestandsaufnahme und Gegenstrategien. (p. 287–311) Hamburg/Münster, Unrast Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1.