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| time_end = 174.7
| time_end = 174.7
| time_end_uncertainty = 0.8
| time_end_uncertainty = 0.8
| image_map =
| image_map = Mollweide Paleographic Map of Earth, 190 Ma (Pliensbachian Age).png
| caption_map =
| caption_map = A map of Earth as it appeared 190 million years ago during the Early Jurassic Epoch, Pliensbachian Age
| image_outcrop =
| image_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
Line 50: Line 50:
| lower_gssp_location = Kuhjoch section, [[Karwendel|Karwendel mountains]], [[Northern Calcareous Alps]], [[Austria]]
| lower_gssp_location = Kuhjoch section, [[Karwendel|Karwendel mountains]], [[Northern Calcareous Alps]], [[Austria]]
| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|47.4839|N|11.5306|E|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|47.4839|N|11.5306|E|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date = 2010<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hillebrandt |first1=A.v. |last2=Krystyn |first2=L. |last3=Kürschner |first3=W.M. |last4=Bonis |first4=N.R. |last5=Ruhl |first5=M. |last6=Richoz |first6=S. |last7=Schobben |first7=M. A. N. |last8=Urlichs |first8=M. |last9=Bown |first9=P.R. |last10=Kment |first10=K. |last11=McRoberts |first11=C.A. |last12=Simms |first12=M. |last13=Tomãsových |first13=A |title=The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic System at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria) |journal=Episodes |date=September 2013 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=162–198 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.736.9905 |s2cid=128552062 }}</ref>
| lower_gssp_accept_date = 2010<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hillebrandt |first1=A.v. |last2=Krystyn |first2=L. |last3=Kürschner |first3=W.M. |last4=Bonis |first4=N.R. |last5=Ruhl |first5=M. |last6=Richoz |first6=S. |last7=Schobben |first7=M. A. N. |last8=Urlichs |first8=M. |last9=Bown |first9=P.R. |last10=Kment |first10=K. |last11=McRoberts |first11=C.A. |last12=Simms |first12=M. |last13=Tomãsových |first13=A |title=The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic System at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria) |journal=Episodes |date=September 2013 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=162–198 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/001 |doi-access=free |citeseerx=10.1.1.736.9905 |s2cid=128552062 }}</ref>
| upper_boundary_def = FAD of the Ammonites ''[[Leioceras opalinum]]'' and ''[[Leioceras lineatum]]''
| upper_boundary_def = FAD of the Ammonites ''[[Leioceras opalinum]]'' and ''[[Leioceras lineatum]]''
| upper_gssp_location = [[Fuentelsaz]], [[Spain]]
| upper_gssp_location = [[Fuentelsaz]], [[Spain]]
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|41.1708|N|1.8333|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|41.1708|N|1.8333|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date = 2000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cresta |first1=S. |last2=Goy |first2=A. |last3=Arias |first3=C. |last4=Barrón |first4=E. |last5=Bernad |first5=J. |last6=Canales |first6=M. |last7=García-Joral |first7=F. |last8=García-Romero |first8=E |last9=Gialanella |first9=P. |last10=Gómez |first10=J. |last11=González |first11=J. |last12=Herrero |first12=C. |last13=Martínez2 |first13=G. |last14=Osete |first14=M. |last15=Perilli |first15=N. |last16=Villalaín |first16=J. |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic) |journal=Episodes |date=September 2001 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=166–175 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/003 |url=https://timescalefoundation.org/references/Aalenian.pdf |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>
| upper_gssp_accept_date = 2000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cresta |first1=S. |last2=Goy |first2=A. |last3=Arias |first3=C. |last4=Barrón |first4=E. |last5=Bernad |first5=J. |last6=Canales |first6=M. |last7=García-Joral |first7=F. |last8=García-Romero |first8=E |last9=Gialanella |first9=P. |last10=Gómez |first10=J. |last11=González |first11=J. |last12=Herrero |first12=C. |last13=Martínez2 |first13=G. |last14=Osete |first14=M. |last15=Perilli |first15=N. |last16=Villalaín |first16=J. |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic) |journal=Episodes |date=September 2001 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=166–175 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/003 |doi-access=free |url=https://timescalefoundation.org/references/Aalenian.pdf |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>
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During this period, [[ammonoid]]s, which had almost died out at the end-of-Triassic extinction, radiated out into a huge diversity of new forms with complex suture patterns (the ammonites proper). Ammonites evolved so rapidly, and their shells are so often preserved, that they serve as important [[zone fossil]]s. There were several distinct waves of ammonite evolution in Europe alone.<ref>See e.g. Davies, 1920, pp. 173–75</ref>
During this period, [[ammonoid]]s, which had almost died out at the end-of-Triassic extinction, radiated out into a huge diversity of new forms with complex suture patterns (the ammonites proper). Ammonites evolved so rapidly, and their shells are so often preserved, that they serve as important [[zone fossil]]s. There were several distinct waves of ammonite evolution in Europe alone.<ref>See e.g. Davies, 1920, pp. 173–75</ref>


=== Marine reptiles ===
===Marine reptiles===
The Early Jurassic was an important time in the evolution of the marine reptiles. The Hettangian saw the already existing [[Rhaetian]] [[ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s continuing to flourish, while at the same time a number of new types of these [[marine reptile]]s appeared, such as ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'' and ''[[Temnodontosaurus]]'' among the ichthyosaurs, and ''[[Eurycleidus]]'', ''[[Macroplata]]'', and ''[[Rhomaleosaurus]]'' among the plesiosaurs (all [[Rhomaleosauridae]], although as currently defined this group is probably [[paraphyletic]]). All these plesiosaurs had medium-sized necks and large heads. In the [[Toarcian]], at the end of the Early Jurassic, the [[thalattosuchia]]ns (marine "[[Crocodylomorpha|crocodiles]]") appeared, as did new [[genus|genera]] of ichthyosaurs (''[[Stenopterygius]]'', ''[[Eurhinosaurus]]'', and the persistently primitive ''[[Suevoleviathan]]'') and plesiosaurs (the [[Elasmosauridae|elasmosaurs]] (long-necked) ''[[Microcleidus]]'' and ''[[Occitanosaurus]]'', and the [[Pliosauridae|pliosaur]] ''[[Hauffiosaurus]]'').{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided}}
The Early Jurassic was an important time in the evolution of the marine reptiles. The Hettangian saw the already existing [[Rhaetian]] [[ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s continuing to flourish, while at the same time a number of new types of these [[marine reptile]]s appeared, such as ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'' and ''[[Temnodontosaurus]]'' among the ichthyosaurs, and ''[[Eurycleidus]]'', ''[[Macroplata]]'', and ''[[Rhomaleosaurus]]'' among the plesiosaurs (all [[Rhomaleosauridae]], although as currently defined this group is probably [[paraphyletic]]). All these plesiosaurs had medium-sized necks and large heads. In the [[Toarcian]], at the end of the Early Jurassic, the [[thalattosuchia]]ns (marine "[[Crocodylomorpha|crocodiles]]") appeared, as did new [[genus|genera]] of ichthyosaurs (''[[Stenopterygius]]'', ''[[Eurhinosaurus]]'', and the persistently primitive ''[[Suevoleviathan]]'') and plesiosaurs (the [[Elasmosauridae|elasmosaurs]] (long-necked) ''[[Microcleidus]]'' and ''[[Occitanosaurus]]'', and the [[Pliosauridae|pliosaur]] ''[[Hauffiosaurus]]'').{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided}}

New marine fish appeared, including the fleshy-finned [[Trachymetopon]] and [[Holophagus]] coelacanths. The very first [[shark]]s appeared, although this is still debated. These would've included the blind [[Brachaelurus]] carpet sharks and the [[Hexanchiformes|hexanchiform]] sharks. Other cartilaginous fish included the [[Squaloraja]] chimaera, and the very first [[Rajiformes|rajiform]] skate, [[Antiquaobatis]]. [[Eichstaettia]] [[Elopomorpha|elopomorphs]] also appeared.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided}}


===Terrestrial animals===
===Terrestrial animals===
[[File:Ciechocinek Formation Reconstruction.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Terrestrial environment of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary Fennoscandinavia, with flora based on the [[Sorthat Formation]]. Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of the German realm of the [[Ciechocinek Formation]] and on lesser extent, footprints of the [[Drzewica Formation]]]]
[[File:Ciechocinek Formation Reconstruction.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Terrestrial environment of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary Fennoscandinavia, with flora based on the [[Sorthat Formation]]. Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of the German realm of the [[Ciechocinek Formation]] and on lesser extent, footprints of the [[Drzewica Formation]]]]
On land, a number of new types of dinosaurs—the herbivorous [[Ornithischia|ornithischians]] (including the armored [[Thyreophora|thyreophorans]]), [[Dilophosaurus|dilophosaurs]], and [[Averostra|averostran]] theropods—appeared, and joined those groups like the [[coelophysoidea|coelophysoids]] and the [[Saurischia|saurischian]] [[Sauropodomorpha|sauropodomorphs]] (including the [[sauropod]]s) that had continued over from the Triassic. Accompanying them as small carnivores were new genera of the [[sphenosuchia]]n and [[Protosuchidae|protosuchid]] crocodylomorphs. In the air, new types of [[Novialoidea|novialoid]] pterosaurs replaced the eopterosaurian and caviramid pterosaurs that had died out at the end of the Triassic. But in the undergrowth were various types of early mammals, as well as virtually herbivorous [[Tritylodontidae|tritylodont]] [[synapsid]]s (including the large [[Bienotherium]], the fossorial [[Tritylodon]], and the semi-aquatic [[Kayentatherium]]), aquatic tuatara-like [[Pleurosauridae|pleurosaurid]] [[Palaeopleurosaurus]], and early [[lissamphibia]]ns (including the caecilian [[Eocaecilia]], as well as the very first [[frog]]s, the [[Vieraella]] and the [[Prosalirus]]).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided}}
On land, a number of new types of dinosaurs—the [[Heterodontosauridae|heterodontosaurids]], [[Scelidosaurus|scelidosaurs]], [[stegosaur]]s, and [[tetanurae|tetanurans]]—appeared, and joined those groups like the [[coelophysoidea|coelophysoids]], [[prosauropoda|prosauropods]] and the [[sauropod]]s that had continued over from the Triassic. Accompanying them as small carnivores were the [[sphenosuchia]]n and [[Protosuchus|protosuchid]] crocodilians. In the air, new types of [[pterosaur]]s replaced those that had died out at the end of the Triassic. But in the undergrowth were various types of early mammals, as well as [[Tritylodontidae|tritylodont]] [[synapsid]]s, lizard-like [[Sphenodontia|sphenodonts]], and early [[lissamphibia]]ns.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided}}

In bodies of freshwater, new holosts included the gar-like [[Lepidotes]] and the bowfin-like [[Caturus]] and [[Liodesmus]]. New chondrosts included the [[Plesiococcolepis]], the [[Saurorhynchus]], and the very first paddlefish- and sturgeon-like [[Acipenseriformes|acipenseriforms]], the [[Chondrosteidae|chondrosteid]]s. {{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided}}


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 14:44, 13 December 2024

Early/Lower Jurassic
201.3 ± 0.2 – 174.7 ± 0.8 Ma
A map of Earth as it appeared 190 million years ago during the Early Jurassic Epoch, Pliensbachian Age
Chronology
Etymology
Chronostratigraphic nameLower Jurassic
Geochronological nameEarly Jurassic
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitEpoch
Stratigraphic unitSeries
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionFAD of the Ammonite Psiloceras spelae tirolicum.
Lower boundary GSSPKuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria
47°29′02″N 11°31′50″E / 47.4839°N 11.5306°E / 47.4839; 11.5306
Lower GSSP ratified2010[2]
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Ammonites Leioceras opalinum and Leioceras lineatum
Upper boundary GSSPFuentelsaz, Spain
41°10′15″N 1°50′00″W / 41.1708°N 1.8333°W / 41.1708; -1.8333
Upper GSSP ratified2000[3]

The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma (million years ago), and ends at the start of the Middle Jurassic 174.7 ±0.8 Ma.

Certain rocks of marine origin of this age in Europe are called "Lias" and that name was used for the period, as well, in 19th-century geology.[4] In southern Germany rocks of this age are called Black Jurassic.

Origin of the name Lias

[edit]

There are two possible origins for the name Lias: the first reason is it was taken by a geologist from an English quarryman's dialect pronunciation of the word "layers";[5] secondly, sloops from north Cornish ports such as Bude would sail across the Bristol Channel to the Vale of Glamorgan to load up with rock from coastal limestone quarries (lias and Carboniferous limestone from South Wales was used throughout North Devon/North Cornwall as it contains calcium carbonate to 'sweeten' (i.e.neutralise) the acidic Devonian and Carboniferous soils of the West Country); the Cornish would pronounce the layers of limestone as 'laiyers' or 'lias'; leac is Gaelic for "flat stone".[5]

Geology

[edit]

Stratigraphy

[edit]
Massive cliffs in Zion Canyon consist of Lower Jurassic formations, including (from bottom to top): the Kayenta Formation and the massive Navajo Sandstone

There has been some debate[6] over the actual base of the Hettangian Stage, and so of the Jurassic System itself. Biostratigraphically, the first appearance of psiloceratid ammonites has been used; but this depends on relatively complete ammonite faunas being present, a problem that makes correlation between sections in different parts of the world difficult. If this biostratigraphical indicator is used, then technically the Lias Group—a lithostratigraphical division—spans the Jurassic / Triassic boundary.

United Kingdom

[edit]
Lias formations at Lyme Regis, UK, known locally as Blue Lias

There are extensive Liassic outcrops around the coast of the United Kingdom, in particular in Glamorgan, North Yorkshire and Dorset. The 'Jurassic Coast' of Dorset is often associated with the pioneering work of Mary Anning of Lyme Regis. The facies of the Lower Jurassic in this area are predominantly of clays, thin limestones and siltstones, deposited under fully marine conditions.

Lias Group strata form imposing cliffs on the Vale of Glamorgan coast, in southern Wales. Stretching for around 14 miles (23 km) between Cardiff and Porthcawl, the remarkable layers of these cliffs, situated on the Bristol Channel are a rhythmic decimetre scale repetition of limestone and mudstone formed as a late Triassic desert was inundated by the sea.[7]

Life

[edit]

Ammonites

[edit]

During this period, ammonoids, which had almost died out at the end-of-Triassic extinction, radiated out into a huge diversity of new forms with complex suture patterns (the ammonites proper). Ammonites evolved so rapidly, and their shells are so often preserved, that they serve as important zone fossils. There were several distinct waves of ammonite evolution in Europe alone.[8]

Marine reptiles

[edit]

The Early Jurassic was an important time in the evolution of the marine reptiles. The Hettangian saw the already existing Rhaetian ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs continuing to flourish, while at the same time a number of new types of these marine reptiles appeared, such as Ichthyosaurus and Temnodontosaurus among the ichthyosaurs, and Eurycleidus, Macroplata, and Rhomaleosaurus among the plesiosaurs (all Rhomaleosauridae, although as currently defined this group is probably paraphyletic). All these plesiosaurs had medium-sized necks and large heads. In the Toarcian, at the end of the Early Jurassic, the thalattosuchians (marine "crocodiles") appeared, as did new genera of ichthyosaurs (Stenopterygius, Eurhinosaurus, and the persistently primitive Suevoleviathan) and plesiosaurs (the elasmosaurs (long-necked) Microcleidus and Occitanosaurus, and the pliosaur Hauffiosaurus).[citation needed]

Terrestrial animals

[edit]
Terrestrial environment of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary Fennoscandinavia, with flora based on the Sorthat Formation. Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of the German realm of the Ciechocinek Formation and on lesser extent, footprints of the Drzewica Formation

On land, a number of new types of dinosaurs—the heterodontosaurids, scelidosaurs, stegosaurs, and tetanurans—appeared, and joined those groups like the coelophysoids, prosauropods and the sauropods that had continued over from the Triassic. Accompanying them as small carnivores were the sphenosuchian and protosuchid crocodilians. In the air, new types of pterosaurs replaced those that had died out at the end of the Triassic. But in the undergrowth were various types of early mammals, as well as tritylodont synapsids, lizard-like sphenodonts, and early lissamphibians.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
  2. ^ Hillebrandt, A.v.; Krystyn, L.; Kürschner, W.M.; Bonis, N.R.; Ruhl, M.; Richoz, S.; Schobben, M. A. N.; Urlichs, M.; Bown, P.R.; Kment, K.; McRoberts, C.A.; Simms, M.; Tomãsových, A (September 2013). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic System at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria)". Episodes. 36 (3): 162–198. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.736.9905. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/001. S2CID 128552062.
  3. ^ Cresta, S.; Goy, A.; Arias, C.; Barrón, E.; Bernad, J.; Canales, M.; García-Joral, F.; García-Romero, E; Gialanella, P.; Gómez, J.; González, J.; Herrero, C.; Martínez2, G.; Osete, M.; Perilli, N.; Villalaín, J. (September 2001). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (3): 166–175. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/003. Retrieved 13 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Rudwick, M.J.S (1992): Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World, University of Chicago Press, 280 pages. Except from Google Books
  5. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lias" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 533.
  6. ^ International Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy. Newsletter 35/1, December 2008, Edited by Nicol Morton and Stephen Hesselbo Archived 2015-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Howe, S., Owen, G. & Sharpe, T. 2005 Walking the Rocks Geologists' Association - South Wales Group
  8. ^ See e.g. Davies, 1920, pp. 173–75

Sources

[edit]
  • Davies, A. M., An Introduction to Palaeontology, Thomas Murby & Co., London
  • House, M.R. (1993) Geology of The Dorset Coast, The Geologists' Association.
  • Simms, M.J., Chidlaw, N., Morton, N. and Page, K.N. (2004) British Lower Jurassic Stratigraphy, Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 30, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
[edit]
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