Santonian: Difference between revisions
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Importing Wikidata short description: "Fourth age of the Late Cretaceous epoch" (Shortdesc helper) |
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| timespan_formality = Formal |
| timespan_formality = Formal |
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| lower_boundary_def = [[First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Inoceramid]] [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]'' |
| lower_boundary_def = [[First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Inoceramid]] [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]'' |
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| lower_gssp_location = [[Olazagutia]], [[Spain]] |
| lower_gssp_location = [[Olazti/Olazagutía|Olazagutia]], [[Spain]] |
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| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|42.8668|N|2.1968|W}} |
| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|42.8668|N|2.1968|W}} |
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| lower_gssp_accept_date = January 2013<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lamolda |first1=M. |last2=Paul |first2=C. |last3=Peryt |first3=D. |last4=Pons |first4=J. |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain |journal=Episodes |date=March 2014 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263378103 |access-date=24 December 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
| lower_gssp_accept_date = January 2013<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lamolda |first1=M. |last2=Paul |first2=C. |last3=Peryt |first3=D. |last4=Pons |first4=J. |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain |journal=Episodes |date=March 2014 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263378103 |access-date=24 December 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| upper_boundary_def = Base of [[Chronozone|Chron]] C33r<ref name = "campanian gssp">{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Ian |display-authors = etal |title=Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms |journal= Cretaceous Research|date=2023 |volume=143 |page=105415 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14305415J |s2cid=253436620 |doi-access=free |hdl=10871/133015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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| upper_boundary_def = Not formally defined |
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| upper_gssp_location = Bottaccione, [[Gubbio]], [[Italy]]<ref name = "campanian gssp"/> |
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| upper_def_candidates = [[Last appearance datum|LAD]] of the [[Crinoid]] ''[[Marsupites|Marsupites testudinarius]]'' |
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| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|43.3627|N|12.5828|E|display=inline}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico) |journal=Episodes |date=1 February 2023 |page=6 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048 |url=https://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?uid=2319&vmd=Full |access-date=27 March 2023 |last1=Gale |first1=Andy |last2=Batenburg |first2=Sietske |last3=Coccioni |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Dubicka |first4=Zofia |last5=Erba |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Falzoni |first6=Francesca |last7=Haggart |first7=Jim |last8=Hasegawa |first8=Takishi |last9=Ifrim |first9=Christina |last10=Jarvis |first10=Ian |last11=Jenkyns |first11=Hugh |last12=Jurowska |first12=Agata |last13=Kennedy |first13=Jim |last14=Maron |first14=Matteo |last15=Muttoni |first15=Giovanni |last16=Pearce |first16=Martin |last17=Petrizzo |first17=Maria Rose |last18=Premoli-Silva |first18=Isabella |last19=Thibault |first19=Nicolas |last20=Voigt |first20=Silke |last21=Wagreich |first21=Michael |last22=Walaszczyk |first22=Irek |volume=46 |issue=3 |doi-access=free |s2cid=256539746 |hdl=2434/968946 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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| upper_gssp_candidates = |
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| upper_gssp_accept_date = October 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Campanian GSSP Ratified by IUGS |url=https://cretaceous.stratigraphy.org/news/campanian_gssp |website=Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref> |
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* [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford Head]], [[Sussex]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |
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* [[Waxahachie]] dam spillway, [[Texas]], [[United States|USA]] |
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==Stratigraphic definition== |
==Stratigraphic definition== |
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The Santonian Stage was established by [[France|French]] geologist [[Henri Coquand]] in 1857. It is named after the city of [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]] in the region of [[Saintonge (region)|Saintonge]], where the original [[Type locality (geology)|type locality]] is located. |
The Santonian Stage was established by [[France|French]] geologist [[Henri Coquand]] in 1857. It is named after the city of [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]] in the region of [[Saintonge (region)|Saintonge]], where the original [[Type locality (geology)|type locality]] is located.<ref name="GeolTimeScale2020" /> |
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The base of the Santonian Stage is defined by the appearance of the [[Inoceramidae|inoceramid]] [[bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]''. |
The base of the Santonian Stage is defined by the appearance of the [[Inoceramidae|inoceramid]] [[bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]''. The [[GSSP]] (official reference profile) for the base of the Santonian Stage is located near [[Olazti/Olazagutía|Olazagutia]], Spain; it was ratified by the Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in 2012.<ref name="GeolTimeScale2020">{{cite book | title=Geologic Time Scale 2020 | publisher=Elsevier | date=2020 | editor1-first=F.M. | editor1-last=Gradstein | editor2-first=J.G. | editor2-last=Ogg | editor3-first=M.D. | editor3-last=Schmitz | editor4-first=G.M. | editor4-last=Ogg | page=1038 | isbn=978-0-12-824360-2}}</ref> The Santonian's top (the base of the Campanian Stage) is informally marked by the [[extinct]]ion of the [[crinoid]] ''[[Marsupites|Marsupites testudinarius]]''.<ref name="GeolTimeScale2020Camp">{{cite book | title=Geologic Time Scale 2020 | publisher=Elsevier | date=2020 | editor1-first=F.M. | editor1-last=Gradstein | editor2-first=J.G. | editor2-last=Ogg | editor3-first=M.D. | editor3-last=Schmitz | editor4-first=G.M. | editor4-last=Ogg | page=1040 | isbn=978-0-12-824360-2}}</ref> A GSSP for the top of the Santonian was ratified in October 2022 in Bottaccione, [[Gubbio]], [[Italy]].<ref name = "campanian gssp"/> |
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===Subdivision=== |
===Subdivision=== |
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{{Cretaceous Footer}} |
{{Cretaceous Footer}} |
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{{Geological history|p|m}} |
{{Geological history|p|m}} |
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[[Category:Santonian| ]] |
[[Category:Santonian| ]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:21, 13 December 2024
| Santonian | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronology | |||||||||
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| Etymology | |||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||
| Celestial body | Earth | ||||||||
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||
| Definition | |||||||||
| Chronological unit | Age | ||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage | ||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | FAD of the Inoceramid Bivalve Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus | ||||||||
| Lower boundary GSSP | Olazagutia, Spain 42°52′00″N 2°11′48″W / 42.8668°N 2.1968°W | ||||||||
| Lower GSSP ratified | January 2013[2] | ||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | Base of Chron C33r[3] | ||||||||
| Upper boundary GSSP | Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy[3] 43°21′46″N 12°34′58″E / 43.3627°N 12.5828°E[4] | ||||||||
| Upper GSSP ratified | October 2022[5] | ||||||||
The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the Coniacian and is followed by the Campanian.[6]
Stratigraphic definition
[edit]The Santonian Stage was established by French geologist Henri Coquand in 1857. It is named after the city of Saintes in the region of Saintonge, where the original type locality is located.[7]
The base of the Santonian Stage is defined by the appearance of the inoceramid bivalve Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus. The GSSP (official reference profile) for the base of the Santonian Stage is located near Olazagutia, Spain; it was ratified by the Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in 2012.[7] The Santonian's top (the base of the Campanian Stage) is informally marked by the extinction of the crinoid Marsupites testudinarius.[8] A GSSP for the top of the Santonian was ratified in October 2022 in Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy.[3]
Subdivision
[edit]The Santonian is sometimes subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper Substages. In the Tethys domain the Santonian is coeval with a single ammonite biozone: that of Placenticeras polyopsis. Biostratigraphy based on inoceramids, nanoplankton or forams is more detailed.
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "ICS - Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org.
- ^ Lamolda, M.; Paul, C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. (March 2014). "The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain". Episodes. 37 (1): 2–13. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ a b c Jarvis, Ian; et al. (2023). "Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms". Cretaceous Research. 143: 105415. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14305415J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415. hdl:10871/133015. S2CID 253436620.
- ^ Gale, Andy; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Dubicka, Zofia; Erba, Elisabetta; Falzoni, Francesca; Haggart, Jim; Hasegawa, Takishi; Ifrim, Christina; Jarvis, Ian; Jenkyns, Hugh; Jurowska, Agata; Kennedy, Jim; Maron, Matteo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pearce, Martin; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Premoli-Silva, Isabella; Thibault, Nicolas; Voigt, Silke; Wagreich, Michael; Walaszczyk, Irek (1 February 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)". Episodes. 46 (3): 6. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048. hdl:2434/968946. S2CID 256539746. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ "Campanian GSSP Ratified by IUGS". Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ Gradstein et al. (2004)
- ^ a b Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2020). Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier. p. 1038. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2.
- ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2020). Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier. p. 1040. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2.
Literature
[edit]- Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
External links
[edit]- GeoWhen Database - Santonian
- Late Cretaceous timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
- Stratigraphic chart of the Late Cretaceous, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
