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{{Cretaceous}}
{{Short description|Fourth age of the Late Cretaceous epoch}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
The '''Santonian''' is an [[age (geology)|age]] in the [[geologic timescale]] or a [[chronostratigraphy|chronostratigraphic]] [[stage (stratigraphy)|stage]]. It is a subdivision of the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]] or [[Upper Cretaceous]] [[series (stratigraphy)|series]]. It spans the time between 85.8 ± 0.7 mya ([[million years ago]]) and 83.5 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the [[Coniacian]] and is followed by the [[Campanian]].<ref>Gradstein ''et al.'' (2004)</ref>
| name = Santonian
| color = Santonian
| time_start = 86.3
| time_start_uncertainty = 0.5
| time_end = 83.6
| time_end_uncertainty = 0.2
| image_map =
| caption_map =
| image_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
| image_art =
| caption_art =
<!--Chronology-->
| timeline = Cretaceous
| formerly_part_of =
| partially_contained_in =
| partially_contains =
<!--Etymology-->
| name_formality = Formal
| name_accept_date =
| alternate_spellings =
| synonym1 =
| synonym1_coined =
| synonym2 =
| synonym2_coined =
| synonym3 =
| synonym3_coined =
| nicknames =
| former_names =
| proposed_names =
<!--Usage Information-->
| celestial_body = earth
| usage = Global ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by =
| not_used_by =
<!--Definition-->
| chrono_unit = Age
| strat_unit = Stage
| proposed_by =
| type_section =
| timespan_formality = Formal
| lower_boundary_def = [[First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Inoceramid]] [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]''
| lower_gssp_location = [[Olazti/Olazagutía|Olazagutia]], [[Spain]]
| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|42.8668|N|2.1968|W}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date = January 2013<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lamolda |first1=M. |last2=Paul |first2=C. |last3=Peryt |first3=D. |last4=Pons |first4=J. |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain |journal=Episodes |date=March 2014 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263378103 |access-date=24 December 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| upper_boundary_def = Base of [[Chronozone|Chron]] C33r<ref name = "campanian gssp">{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Ian |display-authors = etal |title=Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms |journal= Cretaceous Research|date=2023 |volume=143 |page=105415 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14305415J |s2cid=253436620 |doi-access=free |hdl=10871/133015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| upper_gssp_location = Bottaccione, [[Gubbio]], [[Italy]]<ref name = "campanian gssp"/>
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|43.3627|N|12.5828|E|display=inline}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico) |journal=Episodes |date=1 February 2023 |page=6 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048 |url=https://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?uid=2319&vmd=Full |access-date=27 March 2023 |last1=Gale |first1=Andy |last2=Batenburg |first2=Sietske |last3=Coccioni |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Dubicka |first4=Zofia |last5=Erba |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Falzoni |first6=Francesca |last7=Haggart |first7=Jim |last8=Hasegawa |first8=Takishi |last9=Ifrim |first9=Christina |last10=Jarvis |first10=Ian |last11=Jenkyns |first11=Hugh |last12=Jurowska |first12=Agata |last13=Kennedy |first13=Jim |last14=Maron |first14=Matteo |last15=Muttoni |first15=Giovanni |last16=Pearce |first16=Martin |last17=Petrizzo |first17=Maria Rose |last18=Premoli-Silva |first18=Isabella |last19=Thibault |first19=Nicolas |last20=Voigt |first20=Silke |last21=Wagreich |first21=Michael |last22=Walaszczyk |first22=Irek |volume=46 |issue=3 |doi-access=free |s2cid=256539746 |hdl=2434/968946 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| upper_gssp_accept_date = October 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Campanian GSSP Ratified by IUGS |url=https://cretaceous.stratigraphy.org/news/campanian_gssp |website=Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref>
<!--Atmospheric and Climatic Data-->
| o2 =
| co2 =
| temp =
| sea_level =
}}

The '''Santonian''' is an [[age (geology)|age]] in the [[geologic timescale]] or a [[chronostratigraphy|chronostratigraphic]] [[stage (stratigraphy)|stage]]. It is a subdivision of the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[epoch (geology)|Epoch]] or [[Upper Cretaceous]] [[series (stratigraphy)|Series]]. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya ([[million years ago]]) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the [[Coniacian]] and is followed by the [[Campanian]].<ref>Gradstein ''et al.'' (2004)</ref>


==Stratigraphic definition==
==Stratigraphic definition==
The Santonian stage was established by [[France|French]] geologist [[Henri Coquand]] in 1857. It is named after the city of [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]] in the region of [[Saintonge]], where the original [[Type locality (geology)|type locality]] is located.
The Santonian Stage was established by [[France|French]] geologist [[Henri Coquand]] in 1857. It is named after the city of [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]] in the region of [[Saintonge (region)|Saintonge]], where the original [[Type locality (geology)|type locality]] is located.<ref name="GeolTimeScale2020" />


The base of the Santonian stage is defined by the appearance of the [[Inoceramidae|inoceramid]] [[bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]''. Its top (the base of the Campanian stage) is marked by the [[extinct]]ion of the [[crinoid]] ''[[Marsupites|Marsupites testudinarius]]''.<ref name="geowhen">{{Cite web | url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Barremian.html | title=GeoWhen Database - Barremian | accessdate=2007-12-02|quote=Version 1.1.0. |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071022060736/http://stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Barremian.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-22}}</ref> In 2009, a [[GSSP]] (official reference profile) for both base and top had not yet been appointed.
The base of the Santonian Stage is defined by the appearance of the [[Inoceramidae|inoceramid]] [[bivalve]] ''[[Cladoceramus|Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus]]''. The [[GSSP]] (official reference profile) for the base of the Santonian Stage is located near [[Olazti/Olazagutía|Olazagutia]], Spain; it was ratified by the Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in 2012.<ref name="GeolTimeScale2020">{{cite book | title=Geologic Time Scale 2020 | publisher=Elsevier | date=2020 | editor1-first=F.M. | editor1-last=Gradstein | editor2-first=J.G. | editor2-last=Ogg | editor3-first=M.D. | editor3-last=Schmitz | editor4-first=G.M. | editor4-last=Ogg | page=1038 | isbn=978-0-12-824360-2}}</ref> The Santonian's top (the base of the Campanian Stage) is informally marked by the [[extinct]]ion of the [[crinoid]] ''[[Marsupites|Marsupites testudinarius]]''.<ref name="GeolTimeScale2020Camp">{{cite book | title=Geologic Time Scale 2020 | publisher=Elsevier | date=2020 | editor1-first=F.M. | editor1-last=Gradstein | editor2-first=J.G. | editor2-last=Ogg | editor3-first=M.D. | editor3-last=Schmitz | editor4-first=G.M. | editor4-last=Ogg | page=1040 | isbn=978-0-12-824360-2}}</ref> A GSSP for the top of the Santonian was ratified in October 2022 in Bottaccione, [[Gubbio]], [[Italy]].<ref name = "campanian gssp"/>


===Subdivision===
===Subdivision===
The Santonian is sometimes subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper substages. In the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys domain]] the Santonian is coeval with a single [[ammonite]] [[biozone]]: that of ''[[Placenticeras|Placenticeras polyopsis]]''. [[Biostratigraphy]] based on inoceramids, [[nannoplankton]] or [[foram]]s is more detailed.
The Santonian is sometimes subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper Substages. In the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys domain]] the Santonian is coeval with a single [[ammonite]] [[biozone]]: that of ''[[Placenticeras|Placenticeras polyopsis]]''. [[Biostratigraphy]] based on inoceramids, [[Plankton#Size groups|nanoplankton]] or [[foram]]s is more detailed.

==Paleontology==

===†Ankylosaurs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Ankylosaurs]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Hungarosaurus]]''<ref name="endemic" />
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
|-
|
* ''[[Pinacosaurus]]''
|
|
|-
|
* ''[[Tsagantegia]]''
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Birds===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Birds]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
†''[[Apatornis]]''<ref name="uncertain" />
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
|-
|
†''[[Neuquenornis]]''<ref name="endemic" />
|
|
|
|-
|
†''[[Parahesperornis]]''<ref name="uncertain" />
|
|
|
|-
|
†''[[Patagopteryx]]''<ref name="endemic" />
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Cartilaginous Fish===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Cartilaginous Fish]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* †''[[Hexanchus microdon]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
|-
|
* †''[[Notidanodon]]''
|
|
|-
|
* †''[[Notidanoides]]''<ref name="uncertain">Dating uncertain</ref>
|
|
|
|-
|}

===†Ceratopsians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Ceratopsians]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Craspedodon]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" | [[Image:Graciliceratops BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px| ''[[Graciliceratops]]'']]
[[Image:Udanoceratops sketch2.jpg|thumb|center|200px| Reconstruction of ''[[Udanoceratops]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Graciliceratops]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
* ''[[Udanoceratops]]''<ref name="uncertain" />
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Crocodylomorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Crocodylomorphs]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* †''[[Notosuchus]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" | [[Image:Notosuchus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Reconstruction of ''[[Notosuchus]]'', a relative of the crocodiles]]
|-
|
* †''[[Shamosuchus]]''
|
|
|-
|}

===Mammals===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Mammals]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''Paracimexomys''
# †''[[Paracimexomys magister]]''<ref name="endemic" />
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
|-
|}

===†Ornithopods===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Ornithopods]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* †''[[Arstanosaurus]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" | [[Image:Claosaurus yale.JPG|thumb|center|200px|Claosaurus]]
[[Image:Gryposaurus-notabilis jconway.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Gryposaurus]]'']]
[[Image:Nipponosaurus dinosaur.png|thumb|center|200px| Reconstruction of ''[[Nipponosaurus]]'', a duck-billed dinosaur]]
|-
|
* †''[[Claosaurus]]''<ref name="endemic">Only known from this stage</ref>
|
|
|-
|
* †''[[Gryposaurus]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
* †''[[Nipponosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|-
|}

===†Plesiosaurs===

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Plesiosauria]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* †''[[Dolichorhynchops]]''
| ''Dolichorhynchops osborni'' from [[Coniacian]] to [[Campanian]]
| [[Fort Hays Limestone]], Kansas, USA
|
| rowspan="99" | [[Image:Dolichorhynchops BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px| Reconstruction of ''[[Dolichorhynchops]]'']]
|-
|}

===†Pterosaurs===

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Pterosaurs]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* †''[[Aralazhdarcho]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" | [[Image:Bakonydraco BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px| Reconstruction of ''[[Bakonydraco]]'']]
|-
|
* †''[[Bakonydraco]]''
|
|
|
|-
|}

===†Sauropods===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Sauropoda|Sauropods]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* †''[[Quaesitosaurus]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
|-
|}

===Squamates===

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''[[Squamates]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
†''[[Eonatator]]''
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" | [[Image:Tylosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Reconstruction of ''[[Tylosaurus]]'', a mosasaur]]
|-
|
*''[[Madtsoia]]''
# †''[[Madtsoia madagascariensis]]''<ref name="uncertain" />
|
|
|-
|
†''[[Pannoniasaurus]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
†''[[Tylosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|-
|}

===†Theropods (non-avian)===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |'''†[[Paraphyly|Non-avian]] [[Theropoda|theropods]] of the Santonian'''
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
†''[[Achillesaurus]]''<ref name="endemic" />
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
|-
|
†''[[Achillobator]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
†''[[Alectrosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
†''[[Aucasaurus]]''<ref name="endemic" />
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Flora===
*[[Magnoliopsida]]

Advanced [[dicotyledon]]s
**'''[[Droseraceae]]:''' †''[[Palaeoaldrovanda]]''


== References ==
== References ==
Line 392: Line 79:
*[http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Santonian.html GeoWhen Database - Santonian]
*[http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Santonian.html GeoWhen Database - Santonian]
*[http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/3_Late_Cret.pdf Late Cretaceous timescale], at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
*[http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/3_Late_Cret.pdf Late Cretaceous timescale], at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
*[http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig18.1_Cret_colA.pdf Stratigraphic chart of the Late Cretaceous], at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040511104934/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig18.1_Cret_colA.pdf Stratigraphic chart of the Late Cretaceous], at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy


{{Cretaceous Footer}}
{{Cretaceous Footer}}
{{Geological history|p|m}}
{{Geological history|p|m}}


[[Category:Cretaceous]]
[[Category:Santonian| ]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous|*04]]
[[Category:Geological ages]]
[[Category:Cretaceous geochronology]]

Latest revision as of 15:21, 13 December 2024

Santonian
86.3 ± 0.5 – 83.6 ± 0.2 Ma
↓
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionFAD of the Inoceramid Bivalve Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus
Lower boundary GSSPOlazagutia, Spain
42°52′00″N 2°11′48″W / 42.8668°N 2.1968°W / 42.8668; -2.1968
Lower GSSP ratifiedJanuary 2013[2]
Upper boundary definitionBase of Chron C33r[3]
Upper boundary GSSPBottaccione, Gubbio, Italy[3]
43°21′46″N 12°34′58″E / 43.3627°N 12.5828°E / 43.3627; 12.5828[4]
Upper GSSP ratifiedOctober 2022[5]

The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the Coniacian and is followed by the Campanian.[6]

Stratigraphic definition

[edit]

The Santonian Stage was established by French geologist Henri Coquand in 1857. It is named after the city of Saintes in the region of Saintonge, where the original type locality is located.[7]

The base of the Santonian Stage is defined by the appearance of the inoceramid bivalve Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus. The GSSP (official reference profile) for the base of the Santonian Stage is located near Olazagutia, Spain; it was ratified by the Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in 2012.[7] The Santonian's top (the base of the Campanian Stage) is informally marked by the extinction of the crinoid Marsupites testudinarius.[8] A GSSP for the top of the Santonian was ratified in October 2022 in Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy.[3]

Subdivision

[edit]

The Santonian is sometimes subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper Substages. In the Tethys domain the Santonian is coeval with a single ammonite biozone: that of Placenticeras polyopsis. Biostratigraphy based on inoceramids, nanoplankton or forams is more detailed.

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "ICS - Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org.
  2. ^ Lamolda, M.; Paul, C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. (March 2014). "The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain". Episodes. 37 (1): 2–13. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Jarvis, Ian; et al. (2023). "Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms". Cretaceous Research. 143: 105415. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14305415J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415. hdl:10871/133015. S2CID 253436620.
  4. ^ Gale, Andy; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Dubicka, Zofia; Erba, Elisabetta; Falzoni, Francesca; Haggart, Jim; Hasegawa, Takishi; Ifrim, Christina; Jarvis, Ian; Jenkyns, Hugh; Jurowska, Agata; Kennedy, Jim; Maron, Matteo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pearce, Martin; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Premoli-Silva, Isabella; Thibault, Nicolas; Voigt, Silke; Wagreich, Michael; Walaszczyk, Irek (1 February 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)". Episodes. 46 (3): 6. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048. hdl:2434/968946. S2CID 256539746. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  5. ^ "Campanian GSSP Ratified by IUGS". Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  6. ^ Gradstein et al. (2004)
  7. ^ a b Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2020). Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier. p. 1038. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2.
  8. ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2020). Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier. p. 1040. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2.

Literature

[edit]
  • Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
[edit]
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