Raja (fish): Difference between revisions

Raja; Temporal range: 70–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Maastrichtian to Present
	Raja brachyura
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Rajiformes
Family:	Rajidae
Genus:	Raja; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Raja miraletus; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	See text

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Raja, also known as Raia, is a genus of skates in the family Rajidae containing 16 species.^[1] Formerly a wastebasket genus, many species historically categorized here have been moved to other genera in the family, such as Amblyraja, Beringraja, Dipturus, Leucoraja and Rostroraja.^[1] Raja are flat-bodied, cartilaginous fish with a rhombic shapes due to their large pectoral fins extending from or near from the snouts to the bases of their tails. Their sharp snouts are produced by a cranial projection of rostral cartilage. The mouth and gills are located on the underside of the body. They may be either solid-coloured or patterned, and most skates have spiny or thornlike structures on the upper surface, while some species contain weak electrical organs within their tails. Mating typically occurs in the spring and the female lays numerous eggs per clutch which are encapsulated in leathery cases, commonly known as "mermaid’s purses". Species vary in size, ranging from about 40 to 140 cm (1.3–4.6 ft) in length.^[2] These bottom-dwellers are active during both day and night, and typically feed on molluscs, crustaceans and fish. Raja skates are found in the East Atlantic, also in the Mediterranean, and western Indian Ocean, ranging from relatively shallow water to a depth of 800 m (2,600 ft).^[2] Skates and related species have fossil records dating from the Upper Cretaceous period, thus this well-adapted species is quite ancient.

Species

There are currently 16 species in this genus:^[1]

Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 (Mediterranean starry ray)
Raja brachyura Lafont, 1873 (blonde ray)
Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 (thornback ray)
Raja eglanteria L. A. G. Bosc, 1800 (clearnose skate)
Raja herwigi G. Krefft, 1965 (Cape Verde skate)
Raja maderensis R. T. Lowe, 1838 (Madeiran ray)
Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke, 2021 (African ray)
Raja microocellata Montagu, 1818 (small-eyed ray)
Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 (brown ray)
Raja montagui Fowler, 1910 (spotted ray)
Raja ocellifera Regan, 1906
Raja parva Last & Séret, 2016 (African brown skate)
Raja pita Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995 (pita ray)
Raja polystigma Regan, 1923 (speckled ray)
Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 (rough ray)
Raja straeleni Poll, 1951 (spotted skate)
Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802 (undulate ray)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Last, P.R.; Weigman, S.; Yang, L. (2016). "Changes to the nomenclature of the skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes)". In Last, P.R.; Yearsley, G.R. (eds.). Rays of the World: Supplementary Information. CSIRO Special Publication. pp. 11–34. ISBN 9781486308019.
^ ^a ^b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Raja". FishBase. January 2016 version.

"skate." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 08 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547322/skate>.

This Rajiformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Last2016-1] Last, P.R.; Weigman, S.; Yang, L. (2016). "Changes to the nomenclature of the skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes)". In Last, P.R.; Yearsley, G.R. (eds.). Rays of the World: Supplementary Information. CSIRO Special Publication. pp. 11–34. ISBN 9781486308019.

[fishbase-2] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Raja". FishBase. January 2016 version.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genus of cartilaginous fishes}}
-{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Raja'' (genus)}}
+{{Automatic taxobox
-{{Taxobox
+| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|70|0}} [[Maastrichtian]] to Present
 | image = Raja clavata (BPNS).jpg
 | image_caption = ''[[Raja brachyura]]''
+| taxon = Raja
-|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|70|0}} [[Maastrichtian]] to Present
+| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| type_species = ''Raja miraletus''
-| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
+|type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
-| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
-| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
-| superordo = [[Batoidea]]
-| ordo = [[Rajiformes]]
-| familia = [[Rajidae]]
-| genus = '''''Raja'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision = 29, ''see text''.
+| subdivision = See text
 }}
-'''''Raja''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Skate (fish)|skate]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rajidae]] containing nearly 30 species.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Raja| month = January | year = 2016}}</ref> Formerly a [[wastebasket genus]], many species historically placed here have been moved to other genera in the family, such as ''[[Amblyraja]]'', ''[[Dipturus]]'' and ''[[Leucoraja]]''. They are flat-bodied, [[cartilaginous fish]] with a rhombic shapes due to their large pectoral fins extending from or nearly from the snouts to the bases of their tails. Their sharp snouts are produced by a cranial projection of rostral cartilage. The mouth and [[gills]] are located on underside of the body. They may be either solid-coloured or patterned, and most skates have spiny or thorn-like structures on the upper surface, and some species contain weak electrical organs within their tails. Mating typically occurs in the spring and the female lays numerous [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] per clutch which are encapsulated in leathery cases, commonly known as "[[Egg case (Chondrichthyes)|mermaid’s purses]]". Species vary in size, ranging from about {{convert|35|to(-)|250|cm|ft|abbr=on|1}} in length.<ref name=fishbase/> These bottom-dwellers are active during both day and night, and typically feed on molluscs, crustaceans and fish.  Skates are found in most parts of the world, from tropical to near arctic waters. They are mainly found from shallows to a depth of {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but some occur deeper and ''R. inornata'' as down to {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fishbase/> Skates and related species have fossil records dating from the [[Upper Cretaceous]] period, thus this well adapted species is quite ancient.
+'''''Raja''''', also known as '''''Raia''''', is a [[genus]] of [[Skate (fish)|skate]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rajidae]] containing 16 species.<ref name=Last2016>{{cite book| author1=Last, P.R.| author1-link=Peter R. Last|author2=Weigman, S. |author3=Yang, L. | year=2016 | chapter=Changes to the nomenclature of the skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes) | pages=11–34 |editor1=Last, P.R. |editor2=Yearsley, G.R. | title=Rays of the World: Supplementary Information | publisher=CSIRO Special Publication | isbn=9781486308019 }}</ref> Formerly a [[wastebasket genus]], many species historically categorized  here have been moved to other genera in the family, such as ''[[Amblyraja]]'', ''[[Beringraja]]'', ''[[Dipturus]]'', ''[[Leucoraja]]'' and ''[[Rostroraja]]''.<ref name=Last2016/> ''Raja'' are flat-bodied, [[cartilaginous fish]] with a rhombic shapes due to their large pectoral fins extending from or near from the snouts to the bases of their tails. Their sharp snouts are produced by a cranial projection of rostral cartilage. The mouth and [[gills]] are located on the underside of the body. They may be either solid-coloured or patterned, and most skates have spiny or thornlike structures on the upper surface, while some species contain weak electrical organs within their tails. Mating typically occurs in the spring and the female lays numerous [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] per clutch which are encapsulated in leathery cases, commonly known as "[[Egg case (Chondrichthyes)|mermaid’s purses]]". Species vary in size, ranging from about {{convert|40|to(-)|140|cm|ft|abbr=on|1}} in length.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Raja| month = January | year = 2016}}</ref> These bottom-dwellers are active during both day and night, and typically feed on molluscs, crustaceans and fish. ''Raja'' skates are found in the East Atlantic, also in the [[Mediterranean]], and western Indian Ocean, ranging from relatively shallow water to a depth of {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fishbase/> Skates and related species have fossil records dating from the [[Upper Cretaceous]] period, thus this well-adapted species is quite ancient.
 ==Species==
+There are currently 16 species in this genus:<ref name=Last2016/>
-* ''[[Raja ackleyi]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1881</small> (ocellate skate)
-* ''[[Raja africana]]'' <small>[[Christian Capapé|Capapé]], 1977</small> (African skate)
 * ''[[Raja asterias]]'' <small>[[François Étienne Delaroche|Delaroche]], 1809</small> (Mediterranean starry ray)
-* ''[[Raja bahamensis]]'' <small>[[Henry Bryant Bigelow|Bigelow]] & [[William Charles Schroeder|Schroeder]], 1965</small> (Bahama skate)
-* ''[[Raja binoculata]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1855</small> (big skate)
 * ''[[Raja brachyura]]'' <small>[[Alexandre Lafont|Lafont]], 1873</small> (blonde ray)
-* ''[[Raja cervigoni]]'' <small>[[Henry Bryant Bigelow|Bigelow]] & [[William Charles Schroeder|Schroeder]], 1964</small> (finspot ray)
-* ''[[Raja chinensis]]'' <small>[[Stepan Ivanovich Basilewsky|Basilewsky]], 1855</small>
 * ''[[Raja clavata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (thornback ray)
-* ''[[Raja cortezensis]]'' <small>[[John D. McEachran|McEachran]] & [[Tsutomu Miyaki|Miyake]], 1988</small> (Cortez' ray)
 * ''[[Raja eglanteria]]'' <small>[[Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc|L. A. G. Bosc]], 1800</small> (clearnose skate)
-* ''[[Raja equatorialis]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Harvey Bollman|Bollman]], 1890</small> (equatorial ray)
 * ''[[Raja herwigi]]'' <small>[[Gerhard Krefft|G. Krefft]], 1965</small> (Cape Verde skate)
-* ''[[Raja inornata]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1881</small> (California ray)
 * ''[[Raja maderensis]]'' <small>[[Richard Thomas Lowe|R. T. Lowe]], 1838</small> (Madeiran ray)
+* ''[[Raja mauritaniensis]]'' <small>[[William Toby White|White]] & [[Ronald Fricke|Fricke]], 2021</small> (African ray)
 * ''[[Raja microocellata]]'' <small>[[George Montagu (naturalist)|Montagu]], 1818</small> (small-eyed ray)
-* ''[[Raja miraletus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (brown ray)
+* ''[[Raja miraletus]]'' <small>Linnaeus, [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> (brown ray)
 * ''[[Raja montagui]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1910</small> (spotted ray)
-* ''[[Raja polystigma]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1923</small> (speckled ray)
+* ''[[Raja ocellifera]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1906</small>
-* ''[[Raja pulchra]]'' <small>[[Liu Fah-Hsuen|F. H. Liu]], 1932</small> (mottled skate)
+* ''[[Raja parva]]'' <small>[[Peter R. Last|Last]] & [[Bernard Séret|Séret]], 2016</small> (African brown skate)
-* ''[[Raja radula]]'' <small>[[François Étienne Delaroche|Delaroche]], 1809</small> (rough ray)
+* ''[[Raja pita]]'' <small>Fricke & [[Laith Abd Jalil Jawad Al-Hassan|Al-Hassan]], 1995</small> (pita ray)
-* ''[[Raja rhina]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1880</small> (longnose skate)
+* ''[[Raja polystigma]]'' <small>Regan, 1923</small> (speckled ray)
-* ''[[Raja rondeleti]]'' <small>[[Paul Bougis|Bougis]], 1959</small> (Rondelet's ray)
+* ''[[Raja radula]]'' <small>Delaroche, 1809</small> (rough ray)
-* ''[[Raja rouxi]]'' <small>[[Christian Capapé|Capapé]], 1977</small>
-* ''[[Raja stellulata]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1880</small> (starry skate)
 * ''[[Raja straeleni]]'' <small>[[Max Poll|Poll]], 1951</small> (spotted skate)
-* ''[[Raja texana]]'' <small>[[Asa Crawford Chandler|A. C. Chandler]], 1921</small> (Roundel skate)
 * ''[[Raja undulata]]'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1802</small> (undulate ray)
-* ''[[Raja velezi]]'' <small>[[Norma Victoria Chirichigno Fonseca|Chirichigno F.]], 1973</small> (Velez ray)
 ==See also==
@@ Line 54: / Line 39: @@
 ==References==
+{{Wikispecies|Raja}}
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 * "skate." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 08 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547322/skate>.
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q1834465}}
-{{Wikispecies|Raja}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Rajiformes-stub}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja (Genus)}}
+[[Category:Raja (fish)| ]]
 [[Category:Rajidae]]
-[[Category:Raja (genus)| ]]
 [[Category:Ray genera]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
+{{Rajiformes-stub}}