Jaffa Gate: Difference between revisions

Jaffa Gate
Jaffa Gate
	Jaffa Gate
	Location in Old Jerusalem
General information
Town or city	Old City (Jerusalem)
Coordinates	31°46′36″N 35°13′39″E / 31.77661°N 35.22755°E

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Jaffa Gate (Hebrew: שער יפו, romanized: Sha'ar Yafo; Arabic: باب الخليل, romanized: Bāb al-Khalīl, "Hebron Gate") is one of the seven main open gates of the Old City of Jerusalem.

The name Jaffa Gate is currently used for both the historical Ottoman gate from 1538, and for the wide gap in the city wall adjacent to it to the south. The old gate has the layout of a medieval gate tower with an L-shaped entryway, which was secured at both ends (north and east) with heavy doors.

The breach in the wall was created in 1898 by the Ottoman authorities in order to allow German emperor Wilhelm II to enter the city triumphally. The breach and the ramp leading to it now allow cars to access the Old City from the west.

The L-shape of the historical gateway was a classical defensive measure designed to slow oncoming attackers, with its outer gate oriented in the direction of Jaffa Road, from which travellers including pilgrims arrived at the end of their journey from the port of Jaffa.

Names

Both the Jaffa Gate and Jaffa Road are named after the port of Jaffa, from which the Prophet Jonah embarked on his sea journey^[2] and pilgrims debarked on their trip to the Holy City. Now the name Jaffa Road is only used for the city street going through the city of Jerusalem outside the historical Old City, while the multi-lane modern road further connecting it westwards with Tel Aviv-Yafo is part of Israel Highway 1.

The Arabic name for the gate, Bab el-Khalil, literally "Gate of the Friend", refers to Abraham, "the beloved of God". Since by tradition the burial site of Ibrahim/Abraham is in Hebron, whose Arabic name is el-Khalil, so the Arabic name for the Jaffa Gate translates as "Hebron Gate". The Hebrew name Hebron derives from the term חבר haver, “friend”.

In medieval times the Arabs called this gate Bab Mihrab Dawud, or "Gate of David's Chamber or Sanctuary", on the belief that the room atop the Herodian tower stump represented the "private chamber" or "prayer room" of Prophet Dawud, which is specifically mentioned in the Quran (Surah 38. Sad, Ayah 21^[3]).^[4] In Islam, King David is known as the Prophet Dawud.

The Crusaders, who rebuilt the citadel to the south of Jaffa Gate, also built a gate behind the present location of Jaffa Gate, calling it "David's Gate".

Architecture

1538 gate tower

Like the stones used for the rest of the Old City walls, the stones of Jaffa Gate are large, hewn, sand-colored blocks.^[5] The entryway stands about 20 feet (6.1 meters) high, and the wall rises another 20 feet above that.^[6]

1898 breach in the wall

Adjacent to the old gate tower (the 1538 Jaffa Gate proper, which is used only by pedestrians), is a wide breach in the wall, through which the roadway passes. This breach is located between the gate tower and the citadel/Tower of David. Photographs from circa 1870 to 1890 show that originally the city wall was continuous at that point, although the wall segment between the citadel and the gate tower was much lower, because a moat ran around the citadel, and the city wall at that point was constructed from the bottom of the moat up. Therefore, even though the overall height of that wall segment was presumably the same as the rest of the city wall's, therefore providing a similar level of protection from invaders, the top of the wall segment only reached about two metres above the moat, a much lower elevation than both the adjacent city wall and citadel.^[7]^[8] The breach was made by the Ottoman authorities ahead of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany's visit to the city and allowed him and his retinue to comfortably enter Jerusalem riding on horses and in carriages.^[9] Part of the moat also had to be filled in for the purpose.^[9]

Associated structures

The Citadel, aka the "Tower of David"

The Tower of David is an ancient citadel located near the Jaffa Gate entrance to the Old City of Jerusalem. Built to strengthen a strategically weak point in the Old City's defenses, the citadel that stands today was constructed during the 2nd century BCE and subsequently destroyed and rebuilt by, in succession, the Christian, Muslim, Mamluk, and Ottoman conquerors of Jerusalem. The strong bulwarks still seen today surrounding the base of the tower are believed to have been built by king Herod, in memorial of his brother, and was formerly named the Tower of Phasael (Hebrew: מגדל פצאל).^[10]^[11] During the Jewish war with Rome, Simon bar Giora made the tower his place of residence.^[12] Of the original tower itself, some sixteen courses of the original stone ashlars can still be seen rising from ground level, upon which were added smaller stones in a later period, which added significantly to its height. The site contains important archaeological finds dating back 2,700 years, and is a venue for benefit events, craft shows, concerts, and sound-and-light performances.

Ottoman clock tower

In 1907 a clock was placed on the roof of the gate, and in 1908 an ornate clock tower was built on top of Jaffa Gate historical gate tower. Apart from serving the developing business district in the upper part of the Hinnom Valley, it was meant to be one of approximately one hundred such clock towers built throughout the Ottoman Empire in 1900 in celebration of the 25th year of rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II; but because of the high cost of 20,000 francs and the poverty of the city, the money was not raised in time, and the clock tower was not completed until 1908.^[13] The clock mechanism was delivered by the famous Dent company of London,^[14] the creators of the clockwork of Big Ben.

Seven such clock towers were erected in what are now Israel and the Palestinian Territories – in Safed, Acre, Haifa, Nazareth, Nablus, Jerusalem, and Jaffa. The fact that the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem was selected for the clock tower indicates the gate's importance at the time, even more than the Damascus Gate.

The clock tower was built of limestone quarried (a minor quarry activity) from the nearby Zedekiah's Cave.^[15] It stood 13 feet tall, and was topped by four clock faces, oriented to the cardinal compass points. The eastern and western faces showed official time (European time) while the northern and southern faces showed the local ''alaturka'' time [de].^[16] Above the clock faces was a bell and the crescent-and-star symbol of Ottoman rule.^{[citation needed]}

The Turkish clock tower was knocked down by the British in 1922 – for aesthetic reasons,^[13] although some believe it was rather meant as a measure to push forward the Westernisation of Palestine, starting with timekeeping.^[16] The clock itself was re-erected on a modern, less decorated tower at the then- Allenby Square near the British Post Office and Town Hall; this British-built tower was itself ultimately demolished in 1934.^[17]

The British authorities attempted to recreate the historical aspect of the 16th-century city walls and gates and considered the clock tower to be an unaesthetic, disfiguring addition. As part of the same general plan, all recent buildings set against the city walls and gates were demolished as well.

Ottoman sebil

Outside the 1898 breach in the city wall at Jaffa Gate, on its southern side^[18] and near the Bezalel Pavilion,^{[citation needed]} was the so-called "Sultan's Sabil", built in 1900 or shortly before that.^[18] It, too, was removed in 1921 by the British authorities.^[18]

Bezalel Pavilion

The Bezalel Pavilion near Jaffa Gate was a tin-plated wooden structure with a jagged roof and tower, built in 1912 as a shop and showroom of the Bezalel School of Arts. It was designed specifically for tourists and passersby on their way to and exiting the Old City. The pavilion was demolished six years after it was erected.^{[citation needed]}

Kilometre Zero of Mandatory Palestine

After the destruction of Jerusalem and the killing or enslavement of its Jewish population by the Roman Empire in 132 CE, Emperor Hadrian had the city rebuilt as a Roman city called Aelia Capitolina, and a tall pillar in the plaza inside the Damascus Gate was the starting point for measurements to other cities, as indicated in the mosaic Madaba Map. This pillar appears to have fallen or been demolished during the Byzantine period.^{[dubious – discuss]}

In the 20th century, the plaza outside the Jaffa Gate served the same purpose. During the British Mandate for Palestine, a marker outside the doorway served as the zero point for distances to and from Jerusalem. There is no such marker today.

History

Ottoman period

Jaffa Gate was inaugurated in 1538 as part of the rebuilding of the Old City walls by Suleiman the Magnificent.^[5]

In 1898, a breach was made through the wall connecting the citadel with the gate tower that constituted the Jaffa Gate, ahead of German Emperor Wilhelm II's visit. Rumours have it that the Kaiser insisted on entering the city mounted on his white horse, or, according to some, in his carriage. Local legend said that Jerusalem would be ruled by a king who entered the city's gates on a white horse, so to satisfy the emperor's vanity and avoid the fate foretold by legend, a breach was made in the wall rather than allow him to ride through a gate. As the demolished wall segment was standing inside the citadel moat, a portion of the moat was filled in, creating the ramp that allowed the Emperor to access the breach and enter the city on his horse (or in his carriage). This was one of many other large projects undertaken across the Land in his honour. Contemporaneous accounts of the Emperor's entry, and the Ottoman authorities' destruction of the wall adjacent to the Jaffa Gate, were written by David Yellin, a contributor to the Hebrew-language newspaper Ha-Melitz, in his regular column titled "Letters from Jerusalem", on a number of occasions (e.g., 3 Tamuz, 5658, Hebrew equivalent of June 23, 1898; "middle of Av, 5658" – roughly end of July, 1898; and 28 Elul, 5658 – September 15, 1898).^[19]

There were voices in the French press going against this demolition. The Kaiser verbally opposed the Turkish initiative, to which the German ambassador to the Porte sent a soothing written reply to Berlin, reassuring his monarch that this was just the implementation of long-standing infrastructure plans.^[20]

Just inside the gate, behind an iron grating on the left, lie two tombs. These belong to two Ottoman-era notables, but a folk legend attributes them to the two architects whom Suleiman commissioned to construct the Old City walls. According to legend, when Suleiman saw that the architects had left Mount Zion and the tomb of King David outside of the enclosure, he ordered them executed. However, in deference to their impressive achievement, he had them buried inside the walls next to Jaffa Gate.^[21]

British period

In 1917, British general Edmund Allenby entered the Old City through the Jaffa Gate,^[22] giving a speech at the nearby Tower of David. Allenby entered the city on foot in a show of respect for the city and a desire to avoid comparison with the Kaiser's entry in 1898.

In 1944 the British demolished the row of houses erected against the outer face of the city wall leading down to Jaffa gate from the north, in an attempt to preserve Jerusalem's historic vistas.^[23]

Since 1948

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israeli forces fought hard to connect the Jewish Quarter of the Old City with Israeli-held western Jerusalem by controlling the Jaffa Gate.^{[citation needed]} Israeli forces were not able to gain control of the gate until the Six-Day War in 1967.

In 2000, Pope John Paul II came through Jaffa Gate to the Old City during his visit in Israel in the Holy Year.^{[citation needed]}

Location within the Old City

Inside Jaffa Gate is a small square with entrances to the Christian Quarter (on the left), Muslim Quarter (straight ahead) and the Armenian Quarter (to the right, past the Tower of David). A tourist information office and shops line the square. The entrance to the Muslim Quarter is part of the suq (marketplace).

Topography

The gate's location is determined by the city's topography. It stands at the point where the valley followed by Jaffa Road meets the city wall at the upper end of the Transversal Valley, which bisects the Old City in a roughly west–east direction, between the northwest ridge and the southwest hill known as Mount Zion.^[24]^[25] Inside the city, there are two streets today that follow the Transversal Valley eastward, down into the Central or Tyropoeon Valley and end at the Temple Mount: David Street, continued by the Street of the Chain.^[26] The Transversal Valley with the two streets separates the city into a northern and a southern half, with the Christian and Muslim Quarters to the north, and Armenian and Jewish Quarters to the south.^{[citation needed]}

Renovation

Inside Jaffa Gate (video).

Jaffa Gate is heavily used by pedestrians and vehicles alike. In the early 2000s (decade), the road straddling the gate was moved further west and a plaza constructed in its stead to connect Jaffa Gate with the soon-to-be-built Mamilla shopping mall across the street.^{[citation needed]}

In 2010, the Israel Antiquities Authority completed a two-month restoration and cleaning of Jaffa Gate as part of a $4 million project begun in 2007 to renovate the length of the Old City walls.^[6] The clean-up included replacing broken stones, cleaning the walls of decades of car exhaust, and reattaching an elaborate Arabic inscription erected at the gate's original dedication in 1593. Bullet fragments in the gate, from fighting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, were preserved.^[27] Infrastructure work beside Jaffa Gate also uncovered an ancient aqueduct dating from the 2nd or 3rd century AD.^[28]

A panoramic view of the modern Gate's plaza. Note the gap in the walls, created for Kaiser Wilhelm's visit in 1898, now used for vehicular access to the Old City.

References

^ Eliyahu Wager (1988). Illustrated guide to Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House. p. 121.
^ Jonah 1:3.
^ "Quran, compare translations: Surah 38. Sad, Ayah 21". Alim.org. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
^ Ellenblum, Ronnie (2016). "Frankish Castles, Muslim Castles, and the Medieval Citadel of Jerusalem". In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar. Routledge. ISBN 9781351928243. Retrieved 18 December 2017. The testimonies of the tenth-century Muslim geographers identify the Tower itself with the prayer place of King David (Mihrab Dawud), that was mentioned in the Qur'an...(9) ... At the top is a construction which resembles a room and that is the mihrab." Note 9: Qur'an, xxxviii. 21: "...they ascended over the wall into the upper chamber (mihrab), when they went in unto David...
^ ^a ^b "The Re-Inauguration of Jaffa Gate in the Old City". Israel Antiquities Authority Press Office. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
^ ^a ^b "Jerusalem reopens Jaffa Gate after two-month renovation". Haaretz. 2010-04-21. Archived from the original on 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
^ Bonfils, Félix (12 June 1870). "[Interior of Jaffa Gate from near Hotel Mediterranean]". www.loc.gov.
^ "[The Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, Holy Land]". www.loc.gov. 12 June 1890.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schick, Conrad (January 1899). "Notes and News". Quarterly Statement. 31. London: Palestine Exploration Fund: 3–4. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ Geva, Hillel (1981). "The 'Tower of David'—Phasael or Hippicus?". Israel Exploration Journal. 31 (1/2): 57–65. JSTOR 27925783. While biblical scholar Robinson and archaeologist Geva proposed that the tower known as Hippicus be identified with the "Tower of David," this proposal was not accepted by archaeologists J. Fergusson, Thomas Lewin, Schick, G. A. Smith, C. Warren and C. R. Conder, who held that the tower of Phasael should be identified with the "Tower of David," based on its size.
^ Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Oxford University Press (5th edition), New York 2008, pp. 23–25 ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4; with an illustration showing the contour of the Phasael Tower walls, and walls built in later centuries.
^ Josephus, Wars of the Jews (V.IV.3; VII.II.1)
^ ^a ^b Goldhill, Simon (2009). Jerusalem: City of Longing. Harvard University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0674037724.
^ "Jerusalem's New Clock Tower at the Jaffa Gate". The Times-Dispatch. Richmond, VA. 18 January 1914. Retrieved 26 March 2024. ...one reads the inscription:--"Dent, Cockspur Street, London" on the dial.
^ "Jerusalem Clock Tower". Madain Project. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
^ ^a ^b Matlow, David (18 February 2024). "Treasure Trove goes back in time, to an obscure system of Ottoman timekeeping". The Canadian Jewish News. Toronto. Retrieved 26 March 2024. ...on two sides showed the time in the European style and on the other two sides showed the time in the alaturka system. The British said that the clock tower was destroyed for aesthetic reasons, although some suggest it was done in order to impose the European time system and modernize Palestine.
^ The Palestine Post, 27 September 1934, p. 6 (via National Library of Israel, Tel Aviv University: JPress – collection of historical Jewish press) [1]
^ ^a ^b ^c Fund, The Palestine Exploration (2010-09-30), Breach in the city wall of Jerusalem, between Jaffa Gate and the Citadel., retrieved 2023-10-30
^ "ירושלים שלתמול / דודילין". benyehuda.org.
^ Briese, Olaf (2004). Katrin Callsen; et al. (eds.). Aquarell – Ölbild – Fotografie, Jerusalemzüge deutscher Regeten im medialen Wandel. Volume 3 of Reiseliteratur und Kulturanthropologie. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 59–81 (71). ISBN 978-3-8258-6797-3. Retrieved 23 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Lions in Jerusalem". Jerusalem Municipality. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
^ "Edmund Allenby Entering Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem – Signed Photograph". Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
^ "Demolition at Jaffa Gate to clear city wall, July 1944". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
^ Kean, James (2004). Among the Holy Places: A Pilgrimage Through Palestine. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417963003 – via Google Books.
^ Avigad, Nahman; Geva, Hillel, eds. (2000). Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: The finds from areas A, W, and X–2: final report. Volume 2 of Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982. Israel Exploration Society. p. 503. ISBN 9789652210517. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ Geva, Hillel (2003). Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarter: Introduction. Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature), No. 18. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 183. ISBN 9781589830660. ISSN 1569-3627. Retrieved 23 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate is reopened". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
^ "The 1,800 Year Old High-Level Aqueduct of Jerusalem was Exposed Next to Jaffa Gate in the Old City". Israel Antiquities Authority Press Office. 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

External links

Mashiah A., Avraham Y., Kacho E., Avrahami M., Yogev A. (2008). Conserving the Engineers’ Tombs in the Jaffa Gate Plaza, Conservation Department – Israel Antiquities Authority.
Photos of the Jaffa Gate at the Manar al-Athar photo archive

Virtual tours

Jaffa Gate virtual tour Archived 2008-01-16 at the Wayback Machine

[Wager-1] Eliyahu Wager (1988). Illustrated guide to Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House. p. 121.

[2] Jonah 1:3.

[3] "Quran, compare translations: Surah 38. Sad, Ayah 21". Alim.org. Retrieved 2024-06-13.

[Lauda-4] Ellenblum, Ronnie (2016). "Frankish Castles, Muslim Castles, and the Medieval Citadel of Jerusalem". In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar. Routledge. ISBN 9781351928243. Retrieved 18 December 2017. The testimonies of the tenth-century Muslim geographers identify the Tower itself with the prayer place of King David (Mihrab Dawud), that was mentioned in the Qur'an...(9) ... At the top is a construction which resembles a room and that is the mihrab." Note 9: Qur'an, xxxviii. 21: "...they ascended over the wall into the upper chamber (mihrab), when they went in unto David...

[IAA-5] "The Re-Inauguration of Jaffa Gate in the Old City". Israel Antiquities Authority Press Office. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

[Haaretz-6] "Jerusalem reopens Jaffa Gate after two-month renovation". Haaretz. 2010-04-21. Archived from the original on 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

[7] Bonfils, Félix (12 June 1870). "[Interior of Jaffa Gate from near Hotel Mediterranean]". www.loc.gov.

[8] "[The Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, Holy Land]". www.loc.gov. 12 June 1890.

[Schick-9] Schick, Conrad (January 1899). "Notes and News". Quarterly Statement. 31. London: Palestine Exploration Fund: 3–4. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

[10] Geva, Hillel (1981). "The 'Tower of David'—Phasael or Hippicus?". Israel Exploration Journal. 31 (1/2): 57–65. JSTOR 27925783. While biblical scholar Robinson and archaeologist Geva proposed that the tower known as Hippicus be identified with the "Tower of David," this proposal was not accepted by archaeologists J. Fergusson, Thomas Lewin, Schick, G. A. Smith, C. Warren and C. R. Conder, who held that the tower of Phasael should be identified with the "Tower of David," based on its size.

[11] Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Oxford University Press (5th edition), New York 2008, pp. 23–25 ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4; with an illustration showing the contour of the Phasael Tower walls, and walls built in later centuries.

[12] Josephus, Wars of the Jews (V.IV.3; VII.II.1)

[Goldhill-13] Goldhill, Simon (2009). Jerusalem: City of Longing. Harvard University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0674037724.

[Rich-14] "Jerusalem's New Clock Tower at the Jaffa Gate". The Times-Dispatch. Richmond, VA. 18 January 1914. Retrieved 26 March 2024. ...one reads the inscription:--"Dent, Cockspur Street, London" on the dial.

[madain-15] "Jerusalem Clock Tower". Madain Project. Retrieved 7 December 2019.

[Trove-16] Matlow, David (18 February 2024). "Treasure Trove goes back in time, to an obscure system of Ottoman timekeeping". The Canadian Jewish News. Toronto. Retrieved 26 March 2024. ...on two sides showed the time in the European style and on the other two sides showed the time in the alaturka system. The British said that the clock tower was destroyed for aesthetic reasons, although some suggest it was done in order to impose the European time system and modernize Palestine.

[17] The Palestine Post, 27 September 1934, p. 6 (via National Library of Israel, Tel Aviv University: JPress – collection of historical Jewish press) [1]

[PEF-18] Fund, The Palestine Exploration (2010-09-30), Breach in the city wall of Jerusalem, between Jaffa Gate and the Citadel., retrieved 2023-10-30

[19] "ירושלים שלתמול / דודילין". benyehuda.org.

[20] Briese, Olaf (2004). Katrin Callsen; et al. (eds.). Aquarell – Ölbild – Fotografie, Jerusalemzüge deutscher Regeten im medialen Wandel. Volume 3 of Reiseliteratur und Kulturanthropologie. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 59–81 (71). ISBN 978-3-8258-6797-3. Retrieved 23 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[21] "Lions in Jerusalem". Jerusalem Municipality. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

[22] "Edmund Allenby Entering Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem – Signed Photograph". Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-26.

[Matson1944-23] "Demolition at Jaffa Gate to clear city wall, July 1944". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-10-30.

[24] Kean, James (2004). Among the Holy Places: A Pilgrimage Through Palestine. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417963003 – via Google Books.

[JQE-25] Avigad, Nahman; Geva, Hillel, eds. (2000). Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: The finds from areas A, W, and X–2: final report. Volume 2 of Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982. Israel Exploration Society. p. 503. ISBN 9789652210517. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[Geva-26] Geva, Hillel (2003). Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarter: Introduction. Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature), No. 18. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 183. ISBN 9781589830660. ISSN 1569-3627. Retrieved 23 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[27] "Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate is reopened". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

[28] "The 1,800 Year Old High-Level Aqueduct of Jerusalem was Exposed Next to Jaffa Gate in the Old City". Israel Antiquities Authority Press Office. 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2010-05-03.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Gate in Jerusalem's Old City walls}}
+{{Short description|Gate of the Old City of Jerusalem}}
 {{Infobox building
 |name            = Jaffa Gate
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 |location_town   = [[Old City (Jerusalem)]]
 |location_country=
-|coordinates     = {{coord|31|46|35.5|N|35|13|39.7|E|display=inline}}
+|coordinates     = {{coord|31.77661|35.22755|format=dms|region:IL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
 |start_date=
 |completion_date=
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 |references=
 }}
-[[File:OldCityMap.PNG|thumb|360px|[[Old City (Jerusalem)#Gates|Old City Gates]]]]
+[[File:OldCityMap.PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Old City (Jerusalem)#Gates|Old City Gates]]]]
-'''Jaffa Gate''' ({{lang-he|שער יפו|Sha'ar Yafo}}; {{lang-ar|باب الخليل|Bāb al-Khalīl}}, "Hebron Gate") is one of the seven main open [[Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem]].
+'''Jaffa Gate''' ({{langx|he|שער יפו|Sha'ar Yafo}}; {{langx|ar|باب الخليل|Bāb al-Khalīl}}, "Hebron Gate") is one of the seven main open [[gates of the Old City of Jerusalem]].
-The name Jaffa Gate is currently used for both the historical Ottoman gate from 1538, and for the wide gap in the city wall adjacent to it to the south. The old gate has the shape of a medieval [[gate tower]] with an L-shaped entryway, which was secured at both ends (north and east) with heavy doors.
+The name Jaffa Gate is currently used for both the historical [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] gate from 1538, and for the wide gap in the city wall adjacent to it to the south. The old gate has the layout of a medieval [[gate tower]] with an L-shaped entryway, which was secured at both ends (north and east) with heavy doors.
-The breach in the wall was created in 1898 by the Ottoman authorities in order to allow German emperor [[Wilhelm II]] to [[Wilhelm II's voyage to the Levant in 1898|enter the city triumphally]]. The breach and the ramp leading up to it now allow cars to access the Old City from the west.
+The breach in the wall was created in 1898 by the Ottoman authorities in order to allow German emperor [[Wilhelm II]] to [[Wilhelm II's voyage to the Levant in 1898|enter the city triumphally]]. The breach and the ramp leading to it now allow cars to access the Old City from the west.
-The L-shape of the historical gateway was a classical defensive measure designed to slow down oncoming attackers, with its outer gate oriented in the direction of [[Jaffa Road]], from which travellers including pilgrims arrived at the end of their journey from the port of [[Jaffa]].
+The L-shape of the historical gateway was a classical defensive measure designed to slow oncoming attackers, with its outer gate oriented in the direction of [[Jaffa Road]], from which travellers including pilgrims arrived at the end of their journey from the port of [[Jaffa]].
 ==Names==
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 [[File:Jaffa Gate, 1854.jpg|thumb|Inscription on the wall adjacent to, and north of, the outer gate, praising [[Allah]] and his servant, [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]<ref name=Wager>{{cite book |title= Illustrated guide to Jerusalem |author=Eliyahu Wager |year=1988 |location=Jerusalem |publisher=The Jerusalem Publishing House |page=121 }}</ref> (1854 photograph)]]
-Both the Jaffa Gate and Jaffa Road are named after the port of [[Jaffa]], from which the Prophet [[Jonah]] embarked on his sea journey<ref>[[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] 1:3.</ref> and pilgrims debarked on their trip to the Holy City. Nowadays the name Jaffa Road is only used for the city street going through the city of Jerusalem outside the historical Old City, while the multi-lane modern road further connecting it westwards with [[Tel Aviv-Yafo]] is part of Israel's [[Highway 1 (Israel)|Highway 1]].
+Both the Jaffa Gate and Jaffa Road are named after the port of [[Jaffa]], from which the Prophet [[Jonah]] embarked on his sea journey<ref>[[Book of Jonah|Jonah]] 1:3.</ref> and pilgrims debarked on their trip to the Holy City. Now the name Jaffa Road is only used for the city street going through the city of Jerusalem outside the historical Old City, while the multi-lane modern road further connecting it westwards with [[Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv-Yafo]] is part of Israel [[Highway 1 (Israel–Palestine)|Highway 1]].
-The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name for the gate, ''Bab el-Khalil'', literally "Gate of the Friend", refers to [[Abraham]], "the beloved of God". Since by tradition the burial site of Ibrahim/Abraham is in Hebron, whose Arabic name is El-Khalil, so the Arabic name for the Jaffa Gate translates as "'''Hebron Gate'''".
+The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name for the gate, ''Bab el-Khalil'', literally "Gate of the Friend", refers to [[Abraham]], "the beloved of God". Since by tradition the burial site of Ibrahim/Abraham is in Hebron, whose Arabic name is el-Khalil, so the Arabic name for the Jaffa Gate translates as "'''Hebron Gate'''". The Hebrew name Hebron derives from the term חבר haver, “friend”.
-In medieval times the Arabs used to call this gate ''Bab [[Mihrab]] Dawud'', or "'''Gate of David's Chamber''' or '''Sanctuary'''", out of the belief that the room atop the Herodian tower stump represented the "private chamber" or "prayer room" of [[Prophet]] Dawud, which is specifically mentioned in the [[Koran|Quran]] ([[Surah]] 38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]], [[Ayah]] 21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/38/21/story-of-prophet-dawood--mountains-and-birds-used-to-sing-the-rhymes-of-allah-and-story-of-the-two-litigants-who-came-to-dawood-for-a-decision|title=Al-Quran Compare Translation - Al-Quran Surah 38. Sad, Ayah 21 - Alim|website=www.alim.org|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142838/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/38/21/story-of-prophet-dawood--mountains-and-birds-used-to-sing-the-rhymes-of-allah-and-story-of-the-two-litigants-who-came-to-dawood-for-a-decision|url-status=dead}}</ref>).<ref name=Ellenblum>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDaoDQAAQBAJ&q=%22mihrab+dawud%22&pg=PT132 |title=Frankish Castles, Muslim Castles, and the Medieval Citadel of Jerusalem |author=Ronnie Ellenblum |work=In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar |publisher= Routledge |isbn=9781351928243 |date=2016 |access-date=18 December 2017 |quote=The testimonies of the tenth-century Muslim geographers identify the Tower itself with the prayer place of King David (Mihrab Dawud), that was mentioned in the Qur'an....(9) .... At the top is a construction which resembles a room and that is the ''mihrab''." Note 9: ''Qur'an'', xxxviii. 21: "....they ascended over the wall into the upper chamber (''mihrab''), when they went in unto David....}}</ref> Prophet Dawud is how [[David|King David]] is known in [[Islam]].
+In medieval times the Arabs called this gate ''Bab [[Mihrab]] Dawud'', or "'''Gate of David's Chamber''' or '''Sanctuary'''", on the belief that the room atop the [[Tower of David (northeast tower)| Herodian tower stump]] represented the "private chamber" or "prayer room" of [[Prophet]] Dawud, which is specifically mentioned in the [[Koran|Quran]] ([[Surah]] 38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]], [[Ayah]] 21<ref>{{cite web |title= Quran, compare translations: Surah 38. Sad, Ayah 21 |website= Alim.org |url=https://www.alim.org/quran/compare/surah/38/21/ |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>).<ref name= Lauda>{{cite book |last1= Ellenblum |first1= Ronnie |chapter= Frankish Castles, Muslim Castles, and the Medieval Citadel of Jerusalem |title= In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar |year= 2016 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781351928243 |quote=The testimonies of the tenth-century Muslim geographers identify the Tower itself with the prayer place of King David (Mihrab Dawud), that was mentioned in the Qur'an...(9) ... At the top is a construction which resembles a room and that is the ''mihrab''." Note 9: ''Qur'an'', xxxviii. 21: "...they ascended over the wall into the upper chamber (''mihrab''), when they went in unto David... |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDaoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT160 |access-date= 18 December 2017}}</ref> In [[Islam]], [[David|King David]] is known as the Prophet Dawud.
 The [[Crusades|Crusaders]], who rebuilt the [[Tower of David|citadel]] to the south of Jaffa Gate, also built a gate behind the present location of Jaffa Gate, calling it "'''David's Gate'''".
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 [[File:Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, 1891.jpg|thumb|upright|Jaffa Gate from northwest (1891)]]
-Like the stones used for the rest of the Old City walls, the stones of Jaffa Gate are large, hewn, sand-colored blocks.<ref name=IAA>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/about_eng.asp?Modul_id=14 |title=The Re-Inauguration of Jaffa Gate in the Old City |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=[[Israel Antiquities Authority]] Press Office}}</ref> The entryway stands about {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} high, and the wall rises another 20 feet above that.<ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1164419.html |title=Jerusalem reopens Jaffa Gate after two-month renovation |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref>
+Like the stones used for the rest of the Old City walls, the stones of Jaffa Gate are large, hewn, sand-colored blocks.<ref name=IAA>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/about_eng.asp?Modul_id=14 |title=The Re-Inauguration of Jaffa Gate in the Old City |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=[[Israel Antiquities Authority]] Press Office}}</ref> The entryway stands about {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} high, and the wall rises another 20 feet above that.<ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1164419.html |title=Jerusalem reopens Jaffa Gate after two-month renovation |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=2010-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424054014/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1164419.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 {{anchor|wall gap}}
 ===1898 breach in the wall===
-Adjacent to the old gate tower (the 1538 Jaffa Gate proper, which is used only by pedestrians), is a wide breach in the wall, through which the roadway passes. This breach is located between the gate tower and the citadel/Tower of David. Photographs from circa 1870 to 1890 show that originally the city wall was continuous at that point, although the wall segment between the citadel and the gate tower was much lower, owing to the fact that a moat ran around the citadel, and the city wall at that point was constructed from the bottom of the moat up. Therefore, even though the overall height of that wall segment was presumably the same as the rest of the city wall's, therefore providing a similar level of protection from invaders, the top of the wall segment only reached about two metres above the moat, a much lower elevation than both the adjacent city wall and citadel.<ref>{{cite web|title=[Interior of Jaffa Gate from near Hotel Mediterranean]|author=Bonfils, Félix |date=12 June 1870|website=www.loc.gov|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3c04804/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[The Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, Holy Land]|date=12 June 1890|website=www.loc.gov|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.02688/}}</ref> The breach was made by the Ottoman authorities ahead of Emperor [[Wilhelm II]] of Germany's visit to the city and allowed him and his retinue to comfortably enter Jerusalem riding on horses and in carriages.<ref name=Schick>{{cite journal |last= Schick |first= Conrad |author-link= Conrad Schick |title= Notes and News |pages= 3–4 |journal= [[Palestine Exploration Fund#Palestine Exploration Quarterly|Quarterly Statement]] |publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund]] |location= London |volume= 31 |date= January 1899 |url= https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme31pale/page/3/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date= 13 August 2021}}</ref> Part of the moat also had to be filled in for the purpose.<ref name=Schick/>
+Adjacent to the old gate tower (the 1538 Jaffa Gate proper, which is used only by pedestrians), is a wide breach in the wall, through which the roadway passes. This breach is located between the gate tower and the citadel/Tower of David. Photographs from circa 1870 to 1890 show that originally the city wall was continuous at that point, although the wall segment between the citadel and the gate tower was much lower, because a moat ran around the citadel, and the city wall at that point was constructed from the bottom of the moat up. Therefore, even though the overall height of that wall segment was presumably the same as the rest of the city wall's, therefore providing a similar level of protection from invaders, the top of the wall segment only reached about two metres above the moat, a much lower elevation than both the adjacent city wall and citadel.<ref>{{cite web|title=[Interior of Jaffa Gate from near Hotel Mediterranean]|author=Bonfils, Félix |date=12 June 1870|website=www.loc.gov|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3c04804/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[The Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, Holy Land]|date=12 June 1890|website=www.loc.gov|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.02688/}}</ref> The breach was made by the Ottoman authorities ahead of Emperor [[Wilhelm II]] of Germany's visit to the city and allowed him and his retinue to comfortably enter Jerusalem riding on horses and in carriages.<ref name=Schick>{{cite journal |last= Schick |first= Conrad |author-link= Conrad Schick |title= Notes and News |pages= 3–4 |journal= [[Palestine Exploration Fund#Palestine Exploration Quarterly|Quarterly Statement]] |publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund]] |location= London |volume= 31 |date= January 1899 |url= https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme31pale/page/3/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date= 13 August 2021}}</ref> Part of the moat also had to be filled in for the purpose.<ref name=Schick/>
 ==Associated structures==
 ===The Citadel, aka the "Tower of David"===
 {{main|Tower of David}}
-The [[Tower of David]] is an ancient [[citadel]] located near the Jaffa Gate entrance to the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]]. Built to strengthen a strategically weak point in the Old City's defenses, the citadel that stands today was constructed during the 2nd century BCE and subsequently destroyed and rebuilt by, in succession, the [[Christians|Christian]], [[Muslim]], [[Mamluk]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquerors of Jerusalem. The strong bulwarks still seen today surrounding the base of the tower are believed to have been built by king [[Herod the Great|Herod]], in memorial of his brother, and was formerly named the ''Tower of Phasael'' ({{Lang-he|מגדל פצאל}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Geva |first=Hillel |title=The 'Tower of David'—Phasael or Hippicus? |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=31 |issue=1/2 |pages= 57–65 |jstor=27925783 |date=1981 }} While biblical scholar [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Robinson]] and archaeologist Geva proposed that the tower known as Hippicus be identified with the "Tower of David," this proposal was not accepted by archaeologists J. Fergusson, Thomas Lewin, Schick, G.A. Smith, C. Warren and [[C. R. Conder|C.R. Conder]], who held that the tower of Phasael should be identified with the "Tower of David," based on its size.</ref><ref>Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, ''The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700'', Oxford University Press (5th edition), New York 2008, pp. 23–25 {{ISBN|978-0-19-923666-4}}; with an illustration showing the contour of the ''Phasael Tower'' walls, and walls built in later centuries.</ref> During the [[First Jewish-Roman War|Jewish war]] with Rome, [[Simon bar Giora]] made the tower his place of residence.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Wars of the Jews]]'' (V.IV.3; VII.II.1)</ref> Of the original tower itself, some sixteen courses of the original stone [[ashlars]] can still be seen rising from ground level, upon which were added smaller stones in a later period, which added significantly to its height. The site contains important archaeological finds dating back 2,700 years, and is a popular venue for benefit events, craft shows, concerts, and sound-and-light performances.
+The [[Tower of David]] is an ancient [[citadel]] located near the Jaffa Gate entrance to the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]]. Built to strengthen a strategically weak point in the Old City's defenses, the citadel that stands today was constructed during the 2nd century BCE and subsequently destroyed and rebuilt by, in succession, the [[Christians|Christian]], [[Muslim]], [[Mamluk]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquerors of Jerusalem. The strong bulwarks still seen today surrounding the base of the tower are believed to have been built by king [[Herod the Great|Herod]], in memorial of his brother, and was formerly named the ''Tower of Phasael'' ({{Langx|he|מגדל פצאל}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Geva |first=Hillel |date=1981 |title=The 'Tower of David'—Phasael or Hippicus? |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=31 |issue=1/2 |pages=57–65 |jstor=27925783}} While biblical scholar [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Robinson]] and archaeologist Geva proposed that the tower known as Hippicus be identified with the "Tower of David," this proposal was not accepted by archaeologists J. Fergusson, Thomas Lewin, Schick, G. A. Smith, C. Warren and [[C. R. Conder]], who held that the tower of Phasael should be identified with the "Tower of David," based on its size.</ref><ref>Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, ''The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700'', Oxford University Press (5th edition), New York 2008, pp. 23–25 {{ISBN|978-0-19-923666-4}}; with an illustration showing the contour of the ''Phasael Tower'' walls, and walls built in later centuries.</ref> During the [[First Jewish-Roman War|Jewish war]] with Rome, [[Simon bar Giora]] made the tower his place of residence.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Wars of the Jews]]'' (V.IV.3; VII.II.1)</ref> Of the original tower itself, some sixteen courses of the original stone [[ashlars]] can still be seen rising from ground level, upon which were added smaller stones in a later period, which added significantly to its height. The site contains important archaeological finds dating back 2,700 years, and is a venue for [[Benefit concert|benefit events]], [[Craft|craft shows]], [[concert|concerts]], and [[Performance art|sound-and-light performances]].
 {{anchor|Jaffa Gate clock tower}}
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 [[File:Jerusalem Jaffa Gate-19th-clock.jpg|thumb|upright|The Ottoman clock tower stood between 1908 and 1922.]]
-In 1907 a clock was placed on the roof of the gate, and in 1908 a very ornate [[clock tower]] was built on top of Jaffa Gate' historical gate tower. Apart from serving the developing business district in the upper part of the Hinnom Valley, it was meant to be one of approximately one hundred such clock towers built throughout the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1900 in celebration of the 25th year of rule of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]; but because of the high cost of 20,000 francs and the poverty of the city, the money was not raised in time, and the clock tower was not completed until 1908.<ref name=Goldhill/>
+In 1907 a clock was placed on the roof of the gate, and in 1908 an ornate [[clock tower]] was built on top of Jaffa Gate historical gate tower. Apart from serving the developing business district in the upper part of the [[Gehenna|Hinnom Valley]], it was meant to be one of approximately one hundred such clock towers built throughout the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1900 in celebration of the 25th year of rule of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]; but because of the high cost of 20,000 francs and the poverty of the city, the money was not raised in time, and the clock tower was not completed until 1908.<ref name=Goldhill/> The clock mechanism was delivered by the famous [[Dent (clocks and watches) |Dent company]] of London,<ref name =Rich>{{cite news |title= Jerusalem's New Clock Tower at the Jaffa Gate |date= 18 January 1914 |newspaper=[[The Times-Dispatch]] |location=[[Richmond, VA]] |quote= ...one reads the inscription:--"Dent, Cockspur Street, London" on the dial. |url= https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=TD19140118.1.18&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------- |access-date= 26 March 2024}}</ref> the creators of the clockwork of [[Big Ben]].
-Seven such clock towers were erected in what are now Israel and the Palestinian Territories – in [[Safed]], [[Acre (city)|Acre]], [[Haifa]], [[Nazareth]], [[Nablus]], [[Jerusalem]], and [[Jaffa]]. The fact that the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem was selected for the clock tower indicates the gate's importance at the time, even more than the Damascus Gate.
+Seven such clock towers were erected in what are now Israel and the Palestinian Territories – in [[Safed]], [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Haifa]], [[Nazareth]], [[Nablus]], [[Jerusalem]], and [[Jaffa]]. The fact that the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem was selected for the clock tower indicates the gate's importance at the time, even more than the Damascus Gate.
-The clock tower was built of limestone quarried (a minor quarry activity) from the nearby [[Zedekiah's Cave]].<ref name=madain>{{cite web |title=Jerusalem Clock Tower |url=https://madainproject.com/jerusalem_clock_tower |website=Madain Project |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> It stood 13 feet tall, and was topped by four clock faces, oriented to the cardinal compass points. The eastern and western faces showed official time (European time) while the northern and southern faces showed local time. Above the clock faces was a bell and the crescent-and-star symbol of Ottoman rule.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
+The clock tower was built of limestone quarried (a minor quarry activity) from the nearby [[Zedekiah's Cave]].<ref name=madain>{{cite web |title=Jerusalem Clock Tower |url=https://madainproject.com/jerusalem_clock_tower |website=Madain Project |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> It stood 13 feet tall, and was topped by four clock faces, oriented to the cardinal compass points. The eastern and western faces showed official time (European time) while the northern and southern faces showed the local {{ill|''alaturka'' time|de|Alaturka-Uhrzeit}}.<ref name =Trove>{{cite news |author= Matlow, David |title= Treasure Trove goes back in time, to an obscure system of Ottoman timekeeping |date= 18 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Canadian Jewish News]] |location=[[Toronto]] |quote= ...on two sides showed the time in the European style and on the other two sides showed the time in the ''alaturka'' system. The British said that the clock tower was destroyed for aesthetic reasons, although some suggest it was done in order to impose the European time system and modernize Palestine. |url= https://thecjn.ca/perspectives/treasure-trove/treasure-trove-goes-back-in-time-to-an-obscure-system-of-ottoman-timekeeping/ |access-date= 26 March 2024}}</ref> Above the clock faces was a bell and the crescent-and-star symbol of Ottoman rule.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
-The Turkish clock tower only lasted for a decade and was knocked down by the British in 1922 &ndash; for aesthetical reasons.<ref name=Goldhill>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGbyr5h4OsQC&pg=PA146 | pages=146–147 | title=Jerusalem: City of Longing | first=Simon | last=Goldhill | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | year=2009 | isbn=978-0674037724 }}</ref> The clock itself was re-erected on a modern, far less decorated tower at [[Allenby Square]] near the British Post Office and City Hall; this British-built tower was itself ultimately demolished in 1934 <ref>The Palestine Post, 27 September 1934, p. 6 (via National Library of Israel, Tel Aviv University: JPress - collection of historical Jewish press)  [http://www.jpress.org.il/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=UExTLzE5MzQvMDkvMjcjQXIwMDYwMQ==&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom]</ref>
+The Turkish clock tower was knocked down by the British in 1922 &ndash; for aesthetic reasons,<ref name=Goldhill>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGbyr5h4OsQC&pg=PA146 | pages=146–147 | title=Jerusalem: City of Longing | first=Simon | last=Goldhill | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | year=2009 | isbn=978-0674037724 }}</ref> although some believe it was rather meant as a measure to push forward the Westernisation of Palestine, starting with timekeeping.<ref name =Trove/> The clock itself was re-erected on a modern, less decorated tower at the then-[[Allenby Square#The first Allenby Square, now IDF Square| Allenby Square]] near the British Post Office and [[Jerusalem Old Town Hall |Town Hall]]; this British-built tower was itself ultimately demolished in 1934.<ref>''[[The Palestine Post]]'', 27 September 1934, p. 6 (via National Library of Israel, Tel Aviv University: JPress – collection of historical Jewish press) [http://www.jpress.org.il/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=UExTLzE5MzQvMDkvMjcjQXIwMDYwMQ==&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom]</ref>
-The British authorities attempted to recreate the historical aspect of the 16th-century city walls and gates and considered the clock tower to be an unaesthetical, disfiguring addition. As part of the same general plan, all recent buildings set against the city walls and gates, were demolished as well.
+The British authorities attempted to recreate the historical aspect of the 16th-century city walls and gates and considered the clock tower to be an unaesthetic, disfiguring addition. As part of the same general plan, all recent buildings set against the city walls and gates were demolished as well.
 ===Ottoman sebil===
 [[File:Jaffa Gate from Outside. Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|upright|The striped round kiosk on the right housed the Ottoman ''sebil'', or drinking fountain]]
-Outside the 1898 breach in the city wall at Jaffa Gate, on its southern side<ref name=PEF/> and near the Bezalel Pavilion,{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} was the so-called "Sultan's [[Sebil (drinking water facility)|Sabil]]", built in 1900 or shortly before that.<ref name=PEF/> It, too, was removed in 1921 by the British authorities.<ref name=PEF>The Palestine Exploration Fund: Breach in the city wall of Jerusalem, between Jaffa Gate and the Citadel.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/palestineexplorationfund/5226259335]</ref>
+Outside the 1898 breach in the city wall at Jaffa Gate, on its southern side<ref name=PEF/> and near the Bezalel Pavilion,{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} was the so-called "Sultan's [[Sebil (fountain)|Sabil]]", built in 1900 or shortly before that.<ref name=PEF/> It, too, was removed in 1921 by the British authorities.<ref name="PEF">{{Citation |last=Fund |first=The Palestine Exploration |title=Breach in the city wall of Jerusalem, between Jaffa Gate and the Citadel. |date=2010-09-30 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/palestineexplorationfund/5226259335/ |access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref>
 ===Bezalel Pavilion===
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 [[File:Jaffa Gate Jerusalem 03.JPG|thumb|The site of Kilometre Zero, at the plaza in front of Jaffa Gate.]]
-After the recapture of Jerusalem in 132 CE Emperor Hadrian had the city rebuilt as a Roman city called Aelia Capitolina and a tall pillar in the plaza inside the [[Damascus Gate]] was the starting point for measurements to other cities, as indicated in the mosaic [[Madaba Map]]. This pillar appears to have fallen or been demolished during the Byzantine period.{{dubious|According to what source? Not the only theory.|date=June 2020}}
+After the destruction of Jerusalem and the killing or enslavement of its Jewish population by the Roman Empire in 132 CE, Emperor Hadrian had the city rebuilt as a Roman city called [[Aelia Capitolina]], and a tall pillar in the plaza inside the [[Damascus Gate]] was the starting point for measurements to other cities, as indicated in the mosaic [[Madaba Map]]. This pillar appears to have fallen or been demolished during the Byzantine period.{{dubious|According to what source? Not the only theory.|date=June 2020}}
-In the 20th century the plaza outside the Jaffa Gate served the same purpose. During the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]] a marker outside the doorway served as the zero point for distances to and from Jerusalem. There is no such marker today.
+In the 20th century, the plaza outside the Jaffa Gate served the same purpose. During the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]], a marker outside the doorway served as the zero point for distances to and from Jerusalem. There is no such marker today.
 ==History==
 ===Ottoman period===
-Jaffa Gate was inaugurated in 1538 as part of the rebuilding of the Old City walls by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref name=IAA/>
+Jaffa Gate was inaugurated in 1538 as part of the rebuilding of the Old City walls by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref name=IAA />
-[[File:Conrad Schick's diagram of the breach in the wall of Jerusalem at Jaffa Gate made in 1898 for the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm.jpg|thumb|left| Conrad Schick's diagram of the breach in the wall of Jerusalem at Jaffa Gate made in 1898 for the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm<ref name=Schick/>]]
+[[File:Conrad Schick's diagram of the breach in the wall of Jerusalem at Jaffa Gate made in 1898 for the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4| Conrad Schick's diagram of the breach in the wall of Jerusalem at Jaffa Gate made in 1898 for the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm<ref name=Schick />]]
-In 1898, a breach was made through the wall connecting the citadel with the gate tower that constituted the Jaffa Gate, ahead of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor Wilhelm II]]'s visit. Rumours have it that the Kaiser insisted on entering the city mounted on his white horse, or, according to some, in his carriage. Local legend said that Jerusalem would be ruled by a king who entered the city's gates on a white horse, so to satisfy the emperor's vanity and avoid the fate foretold by legend, a breach was made in the wall rather than allow him to ride through a gate. As the demolished wall segment was standing inside the citadel moat, a portion of the moat was filled in, creating the ramp that allowed the Emperor to access the breach and enter the city on his horse (or in his carriage). This was one of many other large projects undertaken across the Land in his honour. Contemporaneous accounts of the Emperor's entry, and the Ottoman authorities' destruction of the wall adjacent to the Jaffa Gate, were written by [[David Yellin]], a contributor to the Hebrew-language newspaper "[[Ha-Melitz]]", in his regular column titled "Letters from Jerusalem", on a number of occasions (e.g. 3 Tamuz, 5658, Hebrew equivalent of June 23, 1898; "middle of Av, 5658" - roughly end of July, 1898; and 28 Elul, 5658 - September 15, 1898).
+In 1898, a breach was made through the wall connecting the citadel with the gate tower that constituted the Jaffa Gate, ahead of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|German Emperor Wilhelm II]]'s visit. Rumours have it that the Kaiser insisted on entering the city mounted on his white horse, or, according to some, in his carriage. Local legend said that Jerusalem would be ruled by a king who entered the city's gates on a white horse, so to satisfy the emperor's vanity and avoid the fate foretold by legend, a breach was made in the wall rather than allow him to ride through a gate. As the demolished wall segment was standing inside the citadel moat, a portion of the moat was filled in, creating the ramp that allowed the Emperor to access the breach and enter the city on his horse (or in his carriage). This was one of many other large projects undertaken across the Land in his honour. Contemporaneous accounts of the Emperor's entry, and the Ottoman authorities' destruction of the wall adjacent to the Jaffa Gate, were written by [[David Yellin]], a contributor to the Hebrew-language newspaper ''[[Ha-Melitz]]'', in his regular column titled "Letters from Jerusalem", on a number of occasions (e.g., 3 Tamuz, 5658, Hebrew equivalent of June 23, 1898; "middle of Av, 5658" – roughly end of July, 1898; and 28 Elul, 5658 – September 15, 1898).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://benyehuda.org/yellin/temol.html|title=ירושלים שלתמול / דודילין|website=benyehuda.org}}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://benyehuda.org/yellin/temol.html|title=ירושלים שלתמול / דודילין|website=benyehuda.org}}</ref>
-There were voices in the French press going against this demolition. The Kaiser verbally opposed the Turkish initiative, to which the German ambassador to the [[High Porte|Porte]] sent a soothing written reply to Berlin, reassuring his monarch that this was just the implementation of long-standing infrastructure plans.<ref>{{cite book |first= Olaf |last= Briese |title= Aquarell - Ölbild - Fotografie, Jerusalemzüge deutscher Regeten im medialen Wandel |editor=Katrin Callsen |display-editors=etal |work= Von hier nach "Medium": Reisezeugnis und Mediendifferenz |publisher= LIT Verlag |location= Münster |series=Volume 3 of Reiseliteratur und Kulturanthropologie  |year= 2004 |pages= 59–81 (71) |isbn= 9783825867973 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FMdqwg43hZsC&pg=PA7171 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
+There were voices in the French press going against this demolition. The Kaiser verbally opposed the Turkish initiative, to which the German ambassador to the [[High Porte|Porte]] sent a soothing written reply to Berlin, reassuring his monarch that this was just the implementation of long-standing infrastructure plans.<ref>{{cite book |first=Olaf |last=Briese |title=Aquarell – Ölbild – Fotografie, Jerusalemzüge deutscher Regeten im medialen Wandel |editor=Katrin Callsen |display-editors=etal |work=Von hier nach "Medium": Reisezeugnis und Mediendifferenz |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Münster |series=Volume 3 of Reiseliteratur und Kulturanthropologie  |year=2004 |pages=59–81 (71) |isbn=978-3-8258-6797-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMdqwg43hZsC&pg=PA7171 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:Old City architects tombs.jpg|thumb|These two Ottoman tombs are attributed by a baseless local legend to the architects of the Old City walls]]
+[[File:Old City architects tombs.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|These two Ottoman tombs are attributed by a local legend to the architects of the Old City walls]]
 Just inside the gate, behind an iron grating on the left, lie two tombs. These belong to two Ottoman-era notables, but a folk legend attributes them to the two architects whom Suleiman commissioned to construct the Old City walls. According to legend, when Suleiman saw that the architects had left [[Mount Zion]] and the [[David's Tomb|tomb of King David]] outside of the enclosure, he ordered them executed. However, in deference to their impressive achievement, he had them buried inside the walls next to Jaffa Gate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/toursite_form_atareng.asp?site_id=1802&pic_cat=4&icon_cat=6&york_cat=9&type_id=283 |title=Lions in Jerusalem |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=Jerusalem Municipality}}</ref>
 ===British period===
-[[File:BRITISH GENERAL EDMOND ALLENBY, WHO CONQUERED JERUSALEM FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, REVIEWING AN HONOR GUARD OF BRITISH SOLDIERS IN JERUSALEM'S OLD CITY.D638-028.jpg|thumb|left|Allenby enters the Jaffa Gate on foot]]
+[[File:BRITISH GENERAL EDMOND ALLENBY, WHO CONQUERED JERUSALEM FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, REVIEWING AN HONOR GUARD OF BRITISH SOLDIERS IN JERUSALEM'S OLD CITY.D638-028.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Allenby enters the Jaffa Gate on foot]]
 In 1917, British general [[Edmund Allenby]] entered the Old City through the Jaffa Gate,<ref>{{cite web|title=Edmund Allenby Entering Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem – Signed Photograph|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?signed-photo-of-edmund-allenby-entering-jaffa-gate-1917|work=Shapell Manuscript Collection|publisher=SMF|access-date=2013-11-26|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203102537/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?signed-photo-of-edmund-allenby-entering-jaffa-gate-1917|url-status=dead}}</ref> giving a speech at the nearby Tower of David. Allenby [[Edmund Allenby#Honouring Jerusalem on foot|entered the city on foot]] in a show of respect for the city and a desire to avoid comparison with the Kaiser's entry in 1898.
-In 1944 the British demolished the row of houses erected against the outer face of the city wall leading down to Jaffa gate from the north, in an attempt to preserve Jerusalem's historic vistas.<ref name=Matson1944>Library of Congress, Matson Collection, ''Demolition at Jaffa Gate to clear city wall, July 1944'' [https://www.loc.gov/item/mpc2004000748/PP/], retrieved 17 December 2017</ref>
+In 1944 the British demolished the row of houses erected against the outer face of the city wall leading down to Jaffa gate from the north, in an attempt to preserve Jerusalem's historic vistas.<ref name="Matson1944">{{Cite web |title=Demolition at Jaffa Gate to clear city wall, July 1944 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2019692156/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>
 ===Since 1948===
@@ Line 134: / Line 133: @@
 ==Location within the Old City==
-[[File:Jaffa Gate and Tower of David.jpg|thumb|View of Jaffa Gate (left) and the [[Tower of David]] (right).]]
+[[File:Jaffa Gate and Tower of David.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View of Jaffa Gate (left) and the [[Tower of David]] (right).]]
 Inside Jaffa Gate is a small square with entrances to the [[Christian Quarter]] (on the left), [[Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)|Muslim Quarter]] (straight ahead) and the [[Armenian Quarter]] (to the right, past the [[Tower of David]]). A tourist information office and shops line the square. The entrance to the Muslim Quarter is part of the [[suq]] (marketplace).
 ==Topography==
-The gate's location is determined by the city's topography. It stands at the point where the valley followed by Jaffa Road meets the city wall at the upper end of the Transversal Valley, which bisects the Old City in a roughly west–east direction, between the northwest ridge and the southwest hill known as [[Mount Zion]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Kean|title=Among the Holy Places: A Pilgrimage Through Palestine|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|via=Google Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8rfiaDuDmEC&pg=PA30|year=2004|isbn=9781417963003}}</ref><ref name=JQE>{{cite book |title= Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: The finds from areas A, W, and X-2 : final report |editor-first1= Nahman |editor-last1= Avigad |editor-first2= Hillel |editor-last2= Geva |publisher= Israel Exploration Society |series= Volume 2 of Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969-1982 |year= 2000 |page= 503 |isbn= 9789652210517 |url= https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Jewish+Quarter+Excavations+in+the+Old+City+of+Jerusalem%3A+The+finds+from+areas+A%2C+W%2C+and+X-2%22+%22Transversal+Valley%22+%22jaffa+gate%22 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> Inside the city, there are two streets today that follow the Transversal Valley eastward, down into the Central or [[Tyropoeon Valley]] and end at the [[Temple Mount]]: David Street, continued by the Street of the Chain.<ref name=Geva>{{cite book |first= Hillel |last= Geva |title= Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewih Quarter: Introduction |editor-first1= Andrew G. |editor-last1= Vaughn |editor-first2= Ann E. |editor-last2= Killebrew |work= Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period |publisher= Society of Biblical Literature |series= Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature), No. 18 |year= 2003 |page= 183 |issn= 1569-3627 |isbn= 9781589830660 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C&pg=PA183 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> The Transversal Valley with the two streets separates the city into a northern and a southern half, with the Christian and Muslim Quarters to the north, and Armenian and [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarters]] to the south.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
+The gate's location is determined by the city's topography. It stands at the point where the valley followed by Jaffa Road meets the city wall at the upper end of the Transversal Valley, which bisects the Old City in a roughly west–east direction, between the northwest ridge and the southwest hill known as [[Mount Zion]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Kean|title=Among the Holy Places: A Pilgrimage Through Palestine|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|via=Google Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8rfiaDuDmEC&pg=PA30|year=2004|isbn=9781417963003}}</ref><ref name="JQE">{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Jewish+Quarter+Excavations+in+the+Old+City+of+Jerusalem%3A+The+finds+from+areas+A%2C+W%2C+and+X-2%22+%22Transversal+Valley%22+%22jaffa+gate%22 |title=Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: The finds from areas A, W, and X–2: final report |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |year=2000 |isbn=9789652210517 |editor-last1=Avigad |editor-first1=Nahman |series=Volume 2 of Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 |page=503 |access-date=23 June 2020 |editor-last2=Geva |editor-first2=Hillel}}</ref> Inside the city, there are two streets today that follow the Transversal Valley eastward, down into the Central or [[Tyropoeon Valley]] and end at the [[Temple Mount]]: David Street, continued by the Street of the Chain.<ref name=Geva>{{cite book |first= Hillel |last= Geva |title= Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the Excavations in the Jewish Quarter: Introduction |editor-first1= Andrew G. |editor-last1= Vaughn |editor-first2= Ann E. |editor-last2= Killebrew |work= Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period |publisher= Society of Biblical Literature |series= Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature), No. 18 |year= 2003 |page= 183 |issn= 1569-3627 |isbn= 9781589830660 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C&pg=PA183 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> The Transversal Valley with the two streets separates the city into a northern and a southern half, with the Christian and Muslim Quarters to the north, and Armenian and [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarters]] to the south.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
 ==Renovation==
-[[File:The Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem.ogv|thumb|Inside Jaffa Gate (video).]]
+[[File:The Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem.ogv|thumb|upright=1.2|Inside Jaffa Gate (video).]]
 Jaffa Gate is heavily used by pedestrians and vehicles alike. In the early 2000s (decade), the road straddling the gate was moved further west and a plaza constructed in its stead to connect Jaffa Gate with the soon-to-be-built [[Mamilla Mall|Mamilla shopping mall]] across the street.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
 In 2010, the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] completed a two-month restoration and cleaning of Jaffa Gate as part of a $4 million project begun in 2007 to renovate the length of the Old City walls.<ref name=Haaretz/> The clean-up included replacing broken stones, cleaning the walls of decades of car exhaust, and reattaching an elaborate Arabic inscription erected at the gate's original dedication in 1593. Bullet fragments in the gate, from fighting in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arab–Israeli war]], were preserved.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://jta.org/news/article/2010/04/21/1011689/jerusalems-jaffa-gate-is-reopened |title= Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate is reopened |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> Infrastructure work beside Jaffa Gate also uncovered an ancient [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] dating from the 2nd or 3rd century AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1679&module_id=#as |title=The 1,800 Year Old High-Level Aqueduct of Jerusalem was Exposed Next to Jaffa Gate in the Old City |date=2010-02-19 |access-date=2010-05-03 |publisher=[[Israel Antiquities Authority]] Press Office}}</ref>
-{{Wide image|Jerusalem Jaffa Gate-panorama.JPG|1000px|A panoramic view of the modern Gate's plaza. Note the gap in the walls, created for Kaiser Wilhelm's visit in 1898, now used for vehicular access to the Old City.}}
+{{Wide image|Jerusalem Jaffa Gate-panorama.JPG|950px|A panoramic view of the modern Gate's plaza. Note the gap in the walls, created for Kaiser Wilhelm's visit in 1898, now used for vehicular access to the Old City.}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 159: / Line 158: @@
 *[http://www.3disrael.com/jerusalem/Jaffa_gate.cfm Jaffa Gate virtual tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116231958/http://www.3disrael.com/jerusalem/Jaffa_gate.cfm |date=2008-01-16 }}
-{{coord|31|46|35.5|N|35|13|39.7|E|region:IL_type:landmark|display=title}}
 {{Old City (Jerusalem)}}
 {{Jaffa Road}}
@@ Line 165: / Line 163: @@
 {{authority control}}
-[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1898]]
+[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1898]]
 [[Category:Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls]]
 [[Category:Historic sites in Jerusalem]]

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