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{{Short description|Species of turtle}}
{{Short description|Species of turtle}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
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| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=van Dijk, P.P. |title=''Terrapene carolina'' |volume=2011 |page=e.T21641A97428179 |date=2011}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN Red">{{cite iucn|author=van Dijk, P.P.|title=''Terrapene carolina''|page=e.T21641A97428179|year=2011|errata=2016|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21641A9303747.en|access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_system = CITES
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*''Testudo clausa'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789</small>
*''Testudo clausa'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789</small>
*''Terrapene carolina'' <small>[[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1825</small>
*''Terrapene carolina'' <small>[[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1825</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz2007">{{cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |author=Fritz Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=198 |doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |s2cid=87809001 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz2007">{{cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |author=Fritz Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=198 |doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |s2cid=87809001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''common box turtle''' ('''''Terrapene carolina''''') is a [[species]] of [[box turtle]] with six existing [[subspecies]]. It is found throughout the [[Eastern United States]] and [[Mexico]]. The box turtle has a distinctive hinged lowered shell (the box) that allows it to completely enclose itself. Its upper jaw is long and curved.
The '''common box turtle''' ('''''Terrapene carolina''''') is a [[species]] of [[box turtle]] with five existing [[subspecies]]. It is found throughout the [[Eastern United States]] and [[Mexico]]. The box turtle has a distinctive hinged lower shell that allows it to completely enclose itself, like a box. Its upper jaw is hooked.

The turtle is primarily terrestrial and eats a wide variety of plants and animals. The females lay their eggs in the summer. Turtles in the northern part of their range hibernate over the winter.
The turtle is primarily terrestrial and eats a wide variety of plants and animals. The females lay their eggs in the summer. Turtles in the northern part of their range hibernate over the winter.


Common box turtle numbers are declining because of habitat loss, [[roadkill]], and capture for the pet trade. The species is classified as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] to threats to its survival by the [[IUCN Red List]]. Three U.S. states name subspecies of the common box turtle as their [[official reptile]].
Common box turtle numbers are declining because of habitat loss, [[roadkill]], and capture for the pet trade. The species is classified as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] to threats to its survival by the [[IUCN Red List]]. Three states have chosen subspecies of the common box turtle as their official state reptile: ''[[Eastern box turtle|T. c. carolina]]'' in North Carolina and Tennessee and ''[[Three-toed box turtle|T. c. triunguis]]'' in Missouri.


==Classification==
==Classification==
''Terrapene carolina'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']]. It is the [[type species]] for the genus ''Terrapene'' and has more subspecies than the other three species within that genus. The eastern box turtle subspecies was the one recognized by Linnaeus. The other five subspecies were first classified during the 19th century.<ref name="Fritz196"/> In addition, one extinct subspecies, ''T. c. putnami'', is distinguished.<ref name="Dodd26"/>
''Terrapene carolina'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']]. It is the [[type species]] for the genus ''Terrapene'' and has more subspecies than the other three species within that genus. The eastern box turtle subspecies was the one recognized by Linnaeus. The other four subspecies were first classified during the 19th century.<ref name="Fritz196"/> In addition, one extinct subspecies, ''T. c. putnami'', is distinguished.<ref name="Dodd26"/>


;Subspecies
;Subspecies


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Image
!Country
!Country
!Species
!Species
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!Year
!Year
|-
|-
|[[File:Eastern Box Turtle-27527-1.jpg|120px]]
|United States
|United States
|Eastern box turtle
|Eastern box turtle
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|[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
|[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Box Turtle, NPSPhoto, R. Cammauf (9254982287).jpg|120px]]
|United States
|United States
|Florida box turtle
|Florida box turtle
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|1895
|1895
|-
|-
|[[File:Terrapene carolina major 02.JPG|120px]]
|United States
|United States
|Gulf Coast box turtle
|Gulf Coast box turtle
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|1857
|1857
|-
|-
|[[File:Emydidae - Terrapene mexicana (Mexican Box Turtle) (2).jpg|120px]]
|United States
|Three-toed box turtle
|''[[Terrapene carolina triunguis]]''
|([[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]])
|1857
|-
|Mexico
|Mexico
|Mexican box turtle
|Mexican box turtle
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|1849
|1849
|-
|-
|[[File:Terrapene carolina yucatana.jpg|120px]]
|Mexico
|Mexico
|Yucatán box turtle
|Yucatán box turtle
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|1895
|1895
|-
|-
|
|North America
|North America
|(no common name)
|(no common name)
|''Terrapene carolina putnami''
|{{extinct}}''Terrapene carolina putnami''
|<!--O.P.--> [[Oliver Perry Hay|O.P. Hay]]
|<!--O.P.--> [[Oliver Perry Hay|O.P. Hay]]
|1906
|1906
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The common box turtle has a small to moderately sized head and a distinctive hooked upper jaw.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The majority of adult male common box turtles have red irises, while those of the female are yellowish-brown. Males also differ from females by possessing shorter, stockier and more curved claws on their hind feet, and longer and thicker tails.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/>
The common box turtle has a small to moderately sized head and a distinctive hooked upper jaw.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The majority of adult male common box turtles have red irises, while those of the female are yellowish-brown. Males also differ from females by possessing shorter, stockier and more curved claws on their hind feet, and longer and thicker tails.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/>


There are six living subspecies of the common box turtle, each differing slightly in appearance, namely in the colour and patterning of the carapace, and the possession of either three or four toes on each hind foot. The subspecies ''Terrapene carolina triunguis'' is particularly distinctive as most males have a bright red head.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/>
There are five living subspecies of the common box turtle, each differing slightly in appearance, namely in the colour and patterning of the carapace, and the possession of either three or four toes on each hind foot.
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The common box turtle inhabits open woodlands, road sides, road middles, marshy meadows, floodplains, scrub forests and brushy grasslands<ref name=Capula/><ref name="Ernst 1997"/> in much of the eastern United States, from [[Maine]] and [[Michigan]] to eastern [[Texas]] and south [[Florida]]. It was once found in Canada in southern [[Ontario]] and is still found in Mexico along the Gulf Coast and in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref name="IUCN Red"/><ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The species range is not continuous as the two Mexican subspecies, ''T. c. mexicana'' (Mexican box turtle) and ''T. c. yucatana'' (Yucatán box turtle), are separated from the US subspecies by a gap in western Texas. Three of the US subspecies; ''T. c. carolina'' (eastern box turtle), ''T. c. major'' (Gulf Coast box turtle) and ''T. c. bauri'' (Florida box turtle); occur roughly in the areas indicated by their names. ''T. c. triunguis'' (three-toed box turtle) is found in the central United States.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The species has become [[extirpated]] from Ontario and Canada as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100312/Terrapene_carolina |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
The common box turtle inhabits open woodlands, marshy meadows, floodplains, scrub forests and brushy grasslands<ref name=Capula/><ref name="Ernst 1997"/> in much of the eastern United States, from [[Maine]] and [[Michigan]] to eastern [[Texas]] and south [[Florida]]. It was once found in Canada in southern [[Ontario]] and is still found in Mexico along the Gulf Coast and in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref name="IUCN Red"/><ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The species range is not continuous as the two Mexican subspecies, ''T. c. mexicana'' (Mexican box turtle) and ''T. c. yucatana'' (Yucatán box turtle), are separated from the US subspecies by a gap in western Texas. Three of the US subspecies; ''T. c. carolina'' (eastern box turtle), ''T. c. major'' (Gulf Coast box turtle) and ''T. c. bauri'' (Florida box turtle); occur roughly in the areas indicated by their names. The species has become [[extirpated]] from Ontario and Canada as a whole.<ref name="Nature Serve">{{cite web |title=''Terrapene carolina''. NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100312/Terrapene_carolina |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
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| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Terrapene carolina major.jpg|250px|border]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Terrapene carolina major.jpg|250px|border]]
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Three-toed box turtle<br />''T. c. triunguis''
! scope="col" |Mexican box turtle <br />''T. c. mexicana''
! scope="col" |Mexican box turtle <br />''T. c. mexicana''
! scope="col" | Yucatán box turtle <br />''T. c. yucatana''
! scope="col" | Yucatán box turtle <br />''T. c. yucatana''
|-
|-
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Three-toed Box Turtle.jpg|250px|border]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:CistudoMexicanaFord.jpg|250px|border]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:CistudoMexicanaFord.jpg|250px|border]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Terrapene carolina yucatana.jpg|250px|border]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Terrapene carolina yucatana.jpg|250px|border]]
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[[File:Eastern Box Turtle 8667.jpg|thumb|alt=angled downward view of a turtle facing to the upper right as she squeezes out an egg out the back. There is a distended part of her body far behind her half covering the egg.|Egg-laying]]
[[File:Eastern Box Turtle 8667.jpg|thumb|alt=angled downward view of a turtle facing to the upper right as she squeezes out an egg out the back. There is a distended part of her body far behind her half covering the egg.|Egg-laying]]


Common box turtles are predominantly terrestrial reptiles that are often seen early in the day, or after rain, when they emerge from the shelter of rotting leaves, logs, or a mammal burrow to forage. These turtles have an incredibly varied diet of animal and plant matter, including earthworms, snails,<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Terrapene_carolina/ | title=Terrapene carolina (Florida Box Turtle) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> slugs, insects, wild berries,<ref name=Capula/> roots, flowers, fungi, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, birds, eggs,<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> and sometimes even animal carrion<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> (in the form of dead ducks, amphibians, assorted small mammals, and even a dead cow).<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/>
Common box turtles are predominantly terrestrial reptiles that are often seen early in the day, or after rain, when they emerge from the shelter of rotting leaves, logs, or a mammal burrow to forage. These turtles have an incredibly varied diet of animal and plant matter, including earthworms, snails, slugs, insects, wild berries, roots, flowers, fungi, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, birds, eggs, and sometimes even animal carrion (in the form of dead ducks, amphibians, assorted small mammals, and even a dead cow).<ref name=Capula/><ref name="Ernst 1997"/><ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web|last=Niedzielski|first=Steven|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Terrapene_carolina/|title=''Terrapene carolina'' (Florida Box Turtle)|website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]|year=2002|access-date=25 June 2023|editor-last=Wund|editor-first=Matthew}}</ref>


In the warmer summer months, common box turtles are more likely to be seen near the edges of swamps or marshlands,<ref name=Capula/> possibly in an effort to stay cool. If common box turtles do become too hot, (when their body temperature rises to around 32&nbsp;°C), they smear saliva over their legs and head; as the saliva evaporates it leaves them comfortably cooler. Similarly, the turtle may urinate on its hind limbs to cool the body parts it is unable to cover with saliva.<ref name=Alderton/>
In the warmer summer months, common box turtles are more likely to be seen near the edges of swamps or marshlands,<ref name=Capula/> possibly in an effort to stay cool. If common box turtles do become too hot, (when their body temperature rises to around 32&nbsp;°C), they smear saliva over their legs and head; as the saliva evaporates it leaves them comfortably cooler. Similarly, the turtle may urinate on its hind limbs to cool the body parts it is unable to cover with saliva.<ref name=Alderton/>
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Courtship in the common box turtle, which usually takes place in spring, begins with a "circling, biting and shoving" phase. These acts are carried out by the male on the female.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> Following some pushing and shell-biting, the male grips the back of the female's shell with his hind feet to enable him to lean back, slightly beyond the vertical, and mate with the female.<ref name="Halliday 2002"/> Remarkably, female common box turtles can store sperm for up to four years after mating,<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> and thus do not need to mate each year.<ref name="Halliday 2002"/>
Courtship in the common box turtle, which usually takes place in spring, begins with a "circling, biting and shoving" phase. These acts are carried out by the male on the female.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> Following some pushing and shell-biting, the male grips the back of the female's shell with his hind feet to enable him to lean back, slightly beyond the vertical, and mate with the female.<ref name="Halliday 2002"/> Remarkably, female common box turtles can store sperm for up to four years after mating,<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> and thus do not need to mate each year.<ref name="Halliday 2002"/>


In May, June or July, females normally lay a clutch of 1 to 11 eggs into a flask-shaped nest excavated in a patch of sandy or loamy soil. After 70 to 80 days of incubation, the eggs hatch, and the small hatchlings emerge from the nest in late summer. In the northern parts of its range, the common box turtle may enter hibernation in October or November. They burrow into loose soil, sand, vegetable matter, or mud at the bottom of streams and pools, or they may use a mammal burrow, and will remain in their chosen shelter until the cold winter has passed.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The common box turtle has been known to attain the greatest lifespan of any [[vertebrate]] outside of the [[tortoise]]s. One specimen lived to be at least 138 years of age.<ref name = "Wood">{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald | url = https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood | title = The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9 }}</ref>
In May, June or July, females normally lay a clutch of 1 to 11 eggs into a flask-shaped nest excavated in a patch of sandy or loamy soil. After 70 to 80 days of incubation, the eggs hatch, and the small hatchlings emerge from the nest in late summer. In the northern parts of its range, the common box turtle may enter hibernation in October or November. They burrow into loose soil, sand, vegetable matter, or mud at the bottom of streams and pools, or they may use a mammal burrow, and will remain in their chosen shelter until the cold winter has passed.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> The common box turtle has been known to attain the greatest lifespan of any [[vertebrate]] outside of the [[tortoise]]s. One specimen lived to be at least 138 years of age.<ref name = "Wood">{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald | url = https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood | title = The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats | year = 1983 | publisher = Guinness Superlatives | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9 }}</ref>


==Human interaction==
==Human interaction==
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===Conservation===
===Conservation===


Although the common box turtle has a wide range and was once considered common, many populations are in decline as a result of a number of diverse threats. [[agricultural development|Agricultural]] and [[urban sprawl|urban development]] is [[habitat destruction|destroying habitat]], while human fire management is degrading it.<ref name="IUCN Red"/> Development brings with it an additional threat in the form of increased infrastructure, as common box turtles are frequently killed on roads and highways. Collection for the international pet trade may also impact populations in some areas.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/><ref name="Nature Serve"/> The life history characteristics of the common box turtle ([[r/K selection theory|long lifespan and slow reproductive rate]])<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> make it particularly vulnerable to such threats. The common box turtle is therefore classified as a [[vulnerable species]] on the IUCN Red List.<ref name="IUCN Red"/> The common box turtle is also listed on Appendix II of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] (CITES), meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully monitored to ensure it is compatible with the species' survival.<ref name="CITES" /> In addition, many U.S. states now regulate or prohibit the taking of this species.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> [[NatureServe]] considers it ''Secure''.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Terrapene carolina''. NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100312/Terrapene_carolina |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
Although the common box turtle has a wide range and was once considered common, many populations are in decline as a result of a number of diverse threats. [[agricultural development|Agricultural]] and [[urban sprawl|urban development]] is [[habitat destruction|destroying habitat]], while human fire management is degrading it.<ref name="IUCN Red"/> Development brings with it an additional threat in the form of increased infrastructure, as common box turtles are frequently killed on roads and highways. Collection for the international pet trade may also impact populations in some areas.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/><ref name="Nature Serve"/> The life history characteristics of the common box turtle ([[r/K selection theory|long lifespan and slow reproductive rate]])<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> make it particularly vulnerable to such threats. The common box turtle is therefore classified as a [[vulnerable species]] on the IUCN Red List.<ref name="IUCN Red"/> The common box turtle is also listed on Appendix II of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] (CITES), meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully monitored to ensure it is compatible with the species' survival.<ref name="CITES-Appendices"/> In addition, many U.S. states now regulate or prohibit the taking of this species.<ref name="Ernst 1997"/> [[NatureServe]] considers it ''Secure''.<ref name="Nature Serve"/>


This species also occurs in a number of protected areas, some of which are large enough to protect populations from the threat of development, while it may also occur in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Conservation recommendations for the common box turtle include establishing management practices during urban developments that are sympathetic to this species, as well as further research into its life history and the monitoring of populations.<ref name="IUCN Red"/>
This species also occurs in a number of protected areas, some of which are large enough to protect populations from the threat of development, while it may also occur in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Conservation recommendations for the common box turtle include establishing management practices during urban developments that are sympathetic to this species, as well as further research into its life history and the monitoring of populations.<ref name="IUCN Red"/>
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{{quote box|width=35%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=90%|quote="The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State's unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."|source=North Carolina Secretary of State<ref name = "NC SR"/>}}
{{quote box|width=35%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=90%|quote="The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State's unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."|source=North Carolina Secretary of State<ref name = "NC SR"/>}}


Common box turtles are official [[state reptile]]s of four U.S. states. North Carolina and Tennessee honor the eastern box turtle,<ref name="Shearer321"/><ref name= "NC Library">{{cite web | title= Official State Symbols of North Carolina | publisher= State of North Carolina | url= http://ncpedia.org/symbols/reptile | work= North Carolina State Library | access-date= 26 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name='Tennessee'/> Missouri names the three-toed box turtle,<ref name='Missouri'/> and Kansas adopted the ornate box turtle in 1986.<ref name="KQF">{{cite web |title=Kansas Quick Facts |url=https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125749/https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/kansas/state-reptile/ornate-box-turtle|title=Ornate Box Turtle State Symbols USA|website=statesymbolsusa.org|access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref>
Common box turtles are official [[state reptile]]s of three U.S. states. North Carolina and Tennessee honor the eastern box turtle,<ref name="Shearer321"/><ref name= "NC Library">{{cite web | title= Official State Symbols of North Carolina | publisher= State of North Carolina | url= http://ncpedia.org/symbols/reptile | work= North Carolina State Library | access-date= 26 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name='Tennessee'/> Kansas adopted the ornate box turtle in 1986.<ref name="KQF">{{cite web |title=Kansas Quick Facts |url=https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125749/https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/kansas/state-reptile/ornate-box-turtle|title=Ornate Box Turtle State Symbols USA|website=statesymbolsusa.org|date=23 May 2014 |access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref>


In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009.<ref name="Pennsylvania failure"/> In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009. Although a sponsor of the original failed 1998 bill,<ref>https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?981+ful+HB1109+pdf</ref> in 2009, Delegate [[Frank Hargrove]], of Hanover, asked why Virginia would make an official emblem of an animal that retreats into its shell when frightened and dies by the thousands crawling across roads. However, the main problem in Virginia was that the creature was too closely linked to neighbor state North Carolina.<ref name="VA SB1504"/><ref name="VA AP"/>
In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009.<ref name="Pennsylvania failure"/> In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009. Although a sponsor of the original failed 1998 bill,<ref>https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?981+ful+HB1109+pdf {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref> in 2009, Delegate [[Frank Hargrove]], of Hanover, asked why Virginia would make an official emblem of an animal that retreats into its shell when frightened and dies by the thousands crawling across roads. However, the main problem in Virginia was that the creature was too closely linked to neighbor state North Carolina.<ref name="VA SB1504"/><ref name="VA AP"/>
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


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{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="IUCN Red">{{Cite iucn | author = van Dijk, P.P. | title = ''Terrapene carolina'' | volume = 2011 | page = e.T21641A97428179 | date = 2011 | doi = <!-- 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21641A9303747.en-->}}</ref>


<ref name="Dodd26">{{Harnvb|Dodd|pp=24–30}}</ref>
<ref name="Dodd26">{{Harnvb|Dodd|pp=24–30}}</ref>
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<ref name=Capula>{{cite book|last=Capula|first=M.|title=The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Amphibians and Reptiles|year=1990|publisher=Macdonald and Co Ltd.|location=London}}</ref>
<ref name=Capula>{{cite book|last=Capula|first=M.|title=The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Amphibians and Reptiles|year=1990|publisher=Macdonald and Co Ltd.|location=London}}</ref>

<ref name="CITES">{{cite web|title=CITES|url=http://www.cites.org|publisher=CITES|access-date=<!-- June 2007 -->}}</ref>


<ref name="Ernst 1997">{{cite book|last1=Ernst|first1=C. H.|last2=Altenbourgh|first2=R. G. M.|last3=Barbour|first3=R. W.|title=Turtles of the World|year=1997|publisher=ETI Information Systems Ltd.|location=Netherlands|url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/turtles.php|access-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628040040/http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/bis/turtles.php|archive-date=28 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Ernst 1997">{{cite book|last1=Ernst|first1=C. H.|last2=Altenbourgh|first2=R. G. M.|last3=Barbour|first3=R. W.|title=Turtles of the World|year=1997|publisher=ETI Information Systems Ltd.|location=Netherlands|url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/turtles.php|access-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628040040/http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/bis/turtles.php|archive-date=28 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<ref name="Halliday 2002">{{cite book|last=Halliday|first=T.|title=The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|author2=Adler, K.}}</ref>
<ref name="Halliday 2002">{{cite book|last=Halliday|first=T.|title=The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|author2=Adler, K.}}</ref>


<ref name = "NC SR">{{cite web | url = http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/pubsweb/symbols/sy-turtl.htm | title = Eastern Box Turtle – North Carolina State Reptiles | access-date = 13 February 2011 | publisher = North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State | archive-date = 25 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110125193159/https://www.secretary.state.nc.us/pubsweb/symbols/sy-turtl.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Nature Serve">{{cite web|title=Nature Serve|url=http://www.natureserve.org|access-date=<!-- March 2008-->}}</ref>

<ref name = "NC SR">{{cite web | url = http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/pubsweb/symbols/sy-turtl.htm | title = Eastern Box Turtle – North Carolina State Reptiles | access-date = 13 February 2011 | publisher = North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State}}</ref>


<ref name="Shearer321">{{Harvnb|Shearer|1994|p=321}}</ref>
<ref name="Shearer321">{{Harvnb|Shearer|1994|p=321}}</ref>
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<ref name='Tennessee'>{{cite journal | title = Tennessee Symbols And Honor | journal = Tennessee Blue Book | page = 526| url = http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/07-08/46-Symbols%20&%20Honors.pdf | access-date = 22 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name='Tennessee'>{{cite journal | title = Tennessee Symbols And Honor | journal = Tennessee Blue Book | page = 526| url = http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/07-08/46-Symbols%20&%20Honors.pdf | access-date = 22 January 2011}}</ref>


<ref name='Missouri'>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=reptile | title = State Symbols of Missouri: State Reptile | access-date = 21 January 2011 | publisher = Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnihan}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name='Missouri'>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=reptile | title = State Symbols of Missouri: State Reptile | access-date = 21 January 2011 | publisher = Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnihan}}</ref> -->


<ref name="Pennsylvania failure">{{cite web|title=Regular Session 2009–2010: House Bill 621|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/bill_history.cfm?syear=2009&sind=0&body=H&type=B&bn=621|publisher=Pennsylvania State Legislature|access-date=25 February 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Pennsylvania failure">{{cite web|title=Regular Session 2009–2010: House Bill 621|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/bill_history.cfm?syear=2009&sind=0&body=H&type=B&bn=621|publisher=Pennsylvania State Legislature|access-date=25 February 2011}}</ref>
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===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
*{{Anchor|CITEREFDodd}}{{cite book | title = North American Box Turtles: A Natural History | first = C. Kenneth | last = Dodd Jr. | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8061-3501-4}}
*{{Anchor|CITEREFDodd}}{{cite book | title = North American Box Turtles: A Natural History | first = C. Kenneth | last = Dodd Jr. | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8061-3501-4}}
*{{Anchor|CITEREFFritz2007}}{{cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |first=Uwe |last=Fritz |author2=Havaš, Peter |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=149–368 |doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |s2cid=87809001 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |access-date=23 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Anchor|CITEREFFritz2007}}{{cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |first=Uwe |last=Fritz |author2=Havaš, Peter |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=149–368 |doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |s2cid=87809001 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Anchor|CITEREFShearer1994}}{{cite book | last1 = Shearer | first1 = Benjamin F. | last2 = Shearer | first2 = Barbara S. | title = State names, seals, flags, and symbols | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 1994 | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-28862-3 | edition = 2nd | url = https://archive.org/details/statenamessealsf00shea }}
*{{Anchor|CITEREFShearer1994}}{{cite book | last1 = Shearer | first1 = Benjamin F. | last2 = Shearer | first2 = Barbara S. | title = State names, seals, flags, and symbols | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 1994 | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-28862-3 | edition = 2nd | url = https://archive.org/details/statenamessealsf00shea }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons|Terrapene carolina}}
{{Commons}}


{{Emydidae}}
{{Emydidae}}
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{{Taxonbar |from=Q1044378}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q1044378}}


[[Category:Common box turtle| ]]
[[Category:Terrapene]]
[[Category:Terrapene]]
[[Category:Turtles of North America]]
[[Category:Turtles of North America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Species endangered by the pet trade]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by the pet trade]]
[[Category:Species endangered by roadkill]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by roadkill]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 02:41, 14 December 2024

Common box turtle
1842 drawing
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Emydidae
Genus: Terrapene
Species:
T. carolina
Binomial name
Terrapene carolina
Subspecies

See text

Synonyms[3]
  • Testudo carolina Linnaeus, 1758
  • Testudo clausa Gmelin, 1789
  • Terrapene carolina Bell, 1825

The common box turtle (Terrapene carolina) is a species of box turtle with five existing subspecies. It is found throughout the Eastern United States and Mexico. The box turtle has a distinctive hinged lower shell that allows it to completely enclose itself, like a box. Its upper jaw is hooked. The turtle is primarily terrestrial and eats a wide variety of plants and animals. The females lay their eggs in the summer. Turtles in the northern part of their range hibernate over the winter.

Common box turtle numbers are declining because of habitat loss, roadkill, and capture for the pet trade. The species is classified as vulnerable to threats to its survival by the IUCN Red List. Three states have chosen subspecies of the common box turtle as their official state reptile: T. c. carolina in North Carolina and Tennessee and T. c. triunguis in Missouri.

Classification

[edit]

Terrapene carolina was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is the type species for the genus Terrapene and has more subspecies than the other three species within that genus. The eastern box turtle subspecies was the one recognized by Linnaeus. The other four subspecies were first classified during the 19th century.[4] In addition, one extinct subspecies, T. c. putnami, is distinguished.[5]

Subspecies
Image Country Species Scientific name Classified by Year
United States Eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus) 1758
United States Florida box turtle Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor 1895
United States Gulf Coast box turtle Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz) 1857
Mexico Mexican box turtle Terrapene carolina mexicana (Gray) 1849
Mexico Yucatán box turtle Terrapene carolina yucatana (Boulenger) 1895
North America (no common name) Terrapene carolina putnami O.P. Hay 1906

Parentheses around the name of an authority indicate that he originally described the subspecies in a genus other than Terrapene.

Description

[edit]
hand holding a turtle up so that we see the bottom of it. It has a pleated look with noticeable hinging and bending of the lower shell, running crosswise.
The hinges of the box turtle's lower shell

The common box turtle (Terrapene carolina) gets its common name from the structure of its shell which consists of a high domed carapace (upper shell), and large, hinged plastron (lower shell) which allows the turtle to close the shell, sealing its vulnerable head and limbs safely within an impregnable box.[6] The carapace is brown, often adorned with a variable pattern of orange or yellow lines, spots, bars or blotches. The plastron is dark brown and may be uniformly coloured, or show darker blotches or smudges.[7]

The common box turtle has a small to moderately sized head and a distinctive hooked upper jaw.[7] The majority of adult male common box turtles have red irises, while those of the female are yellowish-brown. Males also differ from females by possessing shorter, stockier and more curved claws on their hind feet, and longer and thicker tails.[7]

There are five living subspecies of the common box turtle, each differing slightly in appearance, namely in the colour and patterning of the carapace, and the possession of either three or four toes on each hind foot.

Distribution

[edit]

The common box turtle inhabits open woodlands, marshy meadows, floodplains, scrub forests and brushy grasslands[6][7] in much of the eastern United States, from Maine and Michigan to eastern Texas and south Florida. It was once found in Canada in southern Ontario and is still found in Mexico along the Gulf Coast and in the Yucatán Peninsula.[1][7] The species range is not continuous as the two Mexican subspecies, T. c. mexicana (Mexican box turtle) and T. c. yucatana (Yucatán box turtle), are separated from the US subspecies by a gap in western Texas. Three of the US subspecies; T. c. carolina (eastern box turtle), T. c. major (Gulf Coast box turtle) and T. c. bauri (Florida box turtle); occur roughly in the areas indicated by their names. The species has become extirpated from Ontario and Canada as a whole.[8]

Eastern box turtle
Terrapene carolina carolina
Florida box turtle
T. c. bauri
Gulf Coast box turtle
T. c. major
Mexican box turtle
T. c. mexicana
Yucatán box turtle
T. c. yucatana

Behavior

[edit]
angled downward view of a turtle facing to the upper right as she squeezes out an egg out the back. There is a distended part of her body far behind her half covering the egg.
Egg-laying

Common box turtles are predominantly terrestrial reptiles that are often seen early in the day, or after rain, when they emerge from the shelter of rotting leaves, logs, or a mammal burrow to forage. These turtles have an incredibly varied diet of animal and plant matter, including earthworms, snails, slugs, insects, wild berries, roots, flowers, fungi, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, birds, eggs, and sometimes even animal carrion (in the form of dead ducks, amphibians, assorted small mammals, and even a dead cow).[6][7][9]

In the warmer summer months, common box turtles are more likely to be seen near the edges of swamps or marshlands,[6] possibly in an effort to stay cool. If common box turtles do become too hot, (when their body temperature rises to around 32 °C), they smear saliva over their legs and head; as the saliva evaporates it leaves them comfortably cooler. Similarly, the turtle may urinate on its hind limbs to cool the body parts it is unable to cover with saliva.[10]

Courtship in the common box turtle, which usually takes place in spring, begins with a "circling, biting and shoving" phase. These acts are carried out by the male on the female.[7] Following some pushing and shell-biting, the male grips the back of the female's shell with his hind feet to enable him to lean back, slightly beyond the vertical, and mate with the female.[11] Remarkably, female common box turtles can store sperm for up to four years after mating,[7] and thus do not need to mate each year.[11]

In May, June or July, females normally lay a clutch of 1 to 11 eggs into a flask-shaped nest excavated in a patch of sandy or loamy soil. After 70 to 80 days of incubation, the eggs hatch, and the small hatchlings emerge from the nest in late summer. In the northern parts of its range, the common box turtle may enter hibernation in October or November. They burrow into loose soil, sand, vegetable matter, or mud at the bottom of streams and pools, or they may use a mammal burrow, and will remain in their chosen shelter until the cold winter has passed.[7] The common box turtle has been known to attain the greatest lifespan of any vertebrate outside of the tortoises. One specimen lived to be at least 138 years of age.[12]

Human interaction

[edit]

Conservation

[edit]

Although the common box turtle has a wide range and was once considered common, many populations are in decline as a result of a number of diverse threats. Agricultural and urban development is destroying habitat, while human fire management is degrading it.[1] Development brings with it an additional threat in the form of increased infrastructure, as common box turtles are frequently killed on roads and highways. Collection for the international pet trade may also impact populations in some areas.[7][8] The life history characteristics of the common box turtle (long lifespan and slow reproductive rate)[7] make it particularly vulnerable to such threats. The common box turtle is therefore classified as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List.[1] The common box turtle is also listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully monitored to ensure it is compatible with the species' survival.[2] In addition, many U.S. states now regulate or prohibit the taking of this species.[7] NatureServe considers it Secure.[8]

This species also occurs in a number of protected areas, some of which are large enough to protect populations from the threat of development, while it may also occur in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Conservation recommendations for the common box turtle include establishing management practices during urban developments that are sympathetic to this species, as well as further research into its life history and the monitoring of populations.[1]

State reptiles

[edit]

"The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State's unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."

North Carolina Secretary of State[13]

Common box turtles are official state reptiles of three U.S. states. North Carolina and Tennessee honor the eastern box turtle,[14][15][16] Kansas adopted the ornate box turtle in 1986.[17][18]

In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009.[19] In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009. Although a sponsor of the original failed 1998 bill,[20] in 2009, Delegate Frank Hargrove, of Hanover, asked why Virginia would make an official emblem of an animal that retreats into its shell when frightened and dies by the thousands crawling across roads. However, the main problem in Virginia was that the creature was too closely linked to neighbor state North Carolina.[21][22]

References

[edit]

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Common box turtle" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e van Dijk, P.P. (2016) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Terrapene carolina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T21641A97428179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21641A9303747.en. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 198. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001.
  4. ^ Fritz 2007, p. 196
  5. ^ Dodd, pp. 24–30
  6. ^ a b c d Capula, M. (1990). The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Amphibians and Reptiles. London: Macdonald and Co Ltd.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ernst, C. H.; Altenbourgh, R. G. M.; Barbour, R. W. (1997). Turtles of the World. Netherlands: ETI Information Systems Ltd. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  8. ^ a b c "Terrapene carolina. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  9. ^ Niedzielski, Steven (2002). Wund, Matthew (ed.). "Terrapene carolina (Florida Box Turtle)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  10. ^ Alderton, D. (1988). Turtles and Tortoises of the World. London: Blandford Press.
  11. ^ a b Halliday, T.; Adler, K. (2002). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  12. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  13. ^ "Eastern Box Turtle – North Carolina State Reptiles". North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  14. ^ Shearer 1994, p. 321
  15. ^ "Official State Symbols of North Carolina". North Carolina State Library. State of North Carolina. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  16. ^ "Tennessee Symbols And Honor" (PDF). Tennessee Blue Book: 526. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  17. ^ "Kansas Quick Facts". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Ornate Box Turtle State Symbols USA". statesymbolsusa.org. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  19. ^ "Regular Session 2009–2010: House Bill 621". Pennsylvania State Legislature. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  20. ^ https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?981+ful+HB1109+pdf [bare URL]
  21. ^ "SB 1504 Eastern Box Turtle; designating as official state reptile". Virginia State Legislature. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  22. ^ "Virginia House crushes box turtle's bid to be state reptile". NBC Washington. Associated Press. 20 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2011.

Bibliography

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[edit]