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{{Short description|Iranian judge (1967–2023)}}
{{Short description|Iranian judge}}
{{Infobox Judge
{{Infobox Judge
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| predecessor1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
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| birth_date =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|7|16}}
| birth_place = [[Tuyserkan]], [[Imperial State of Iran|Iran]]
| birth_place = [[Tuyserkan]], [[Imperial State of Iran|Iran]]
| death_date =
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| profession =
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| footnotes =
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| nickname = kotlet 2.0, the hanging judge
| nickname = Judge Salavati<br>Iran's Hanging Judge
}}
}}
'''Abolqasem Salavati''' ({{lang-fa|ابوالقاسم صلواتی}}) is an Iranian judge and former head of the 15th branch of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Court]] in [[Tehran]], Iran. In recent years, he had been the [[judge]] of numerous controversial cases.<ref>Judge Salavati, Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8r1YGEtGLrU</ref> He was sanctioned by the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]].
'''Abolqasem Salavati''' ({{langx|fa|ابوالقاسم صلواتی}}) (born 16 July 1967)<ref>https://spreadingjustice.org/fa/individual-violator/sj65036/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> is an Iranian judge and former head of the 15th branch of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Court]] in [[Tehran]], Iran. In recent years, he had been the [[judge]] of numerous controversial cases.<ref>Judge Salavati, Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8r1YGEtGLrU</ref> He has been sanctioned by the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]].


He is one of the judges whom human rights organizations have highlighted as being the instruments of a crackdown on journalists and political activists under the influence of Iran's intelligence and security apparatus. Besides Salavati, the other revolutionary court judges include [[Mohammad Moghiseh]], former justices [[Yahya Pirabbasi]] and [[Hassan Zare Dehnavi]] (known as judge Haddad), judge of Court of Media, Bijan Ghasemzadeh, and appeal judges [[Hassan Babaee]], [[Ahmad Zargar]] and [[Qazi Sadat]]. These judges are accused of overseeing miscarriages of justice in trials in which journalists, lawyers, political activists, and members of Iran's ethnic and religious minorities have been condemned to lengthy prison terms, lashes, and even execution.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = 31 July 2014|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/six-judges-iran-crackdown-journalists-activists|title = Six judges accused of leading role in Iranian crackdown on free speech|author = Saeed Kamali Dehghan}}</ref><ref name="ArtsFreedom">{{Cite web|url=https://freemuse.org/news/iran-musician-sentenced-to-five-years-in-prison-and-74-lashes/|title=Iran: Musician sentenced to five years in prison and 74 lashes|accessdate=Dec 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper = [[Gooya News]]|date = 18 February 2017|url = http://news.gooya.com/2017/02/post-877.php |title =فساد کلان مالی "بیژن قاسم‌زاده" او را به "بردگی" مقامات قضایی کشانده است}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=عماد بهاور، زندانی سیاسی اصلاح‌طلب، از زندان آزاد شد|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f14_emad_behavar_released_from_prison/26750348.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=رادیو فردا|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=عماد بهاور از زندان آزاد شد|url=https://www.ilna.news/بخش-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C-24/234566-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF|access-date=2021-05-29|website=خبرگزاری ایلنا|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-18|title=عماد بهاور آزاد شد|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2014/12/141218_l45_emad_bahavar_freed|access-date=2021-05-29|website=BBC News فارسی|language=fa}}</ref>
He is one of the judges whom human rights organizations have highlighted as being the instruments of a crackdown on journalists and political activists under the influence of Iran's intelligence and security apparatus. Besides Salavati, the other revolutionary court judges include [[Mohammad Moghiseh]], former justices [[Yahya Pirabbasi]] and [[Hassan Zare Dehnavi]] (known as judge Haddad), judge of Court of Media, Bijan Ghasemzadeh, and appeal judges [[Hassan Babaee]], [[Ahmad Zargar]] and [[Qazi Sadat]]. These judges are accused of overseeing miscarriages of justice in trials in which journalists, lawyers, political activists, and members of Iran's ethnic and religious minorities have been condemned to lengthy prison terms, lashes, and even execution.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = 31 July 2014|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/six-judges-iran-crackdown-journalists-activists|title = Six judges accused of leading role in Iranian crackdown on free speech|author = Saeed Kamali Dehghan}}</ref><ref name="ArtsFreedom">{{Cite web|url=https://freemuse.org/news/iran-musician-sentenced-to-five-years-in-prison-and-74-lashes/|title=Iran: Musician sentenced to five years in prison and 74 lashes|accessdate=Dec 12, 2020|archive-date=October 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019015423/https://freemuse.org/news/iran-musician-sentenced-to-five-years-in-prison-and-74-lashes/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper = [[Gooya News]]|date = 18 February 2017|url = http://news.gooya.com/2017/02/post-877.php |title =فساد کلان مالی "بیژن قاسم‌زاده" او را به "بردگی" مقامات قضایی کشانده است}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=عماد بهاور، زندانی سیاسی اصلاح‌طلب، از زندان آزاد شد|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f14_emad_behavar_released_from_prison/26750348.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=رادیو فردا|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=عماد بهاور از زندان آزاد شد|url=https://www.ilna.news/بخش-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C-24/234566-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF|access-date=2021-05-29|website=خبرگزاری ایلنا|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-18|title=عماد بهاور آزاد شد|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2014/12/141218_l45_emad_bahavar_freed|access-date=2021-05-29|website=BBC News فارسی|language=fa}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
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On 1 June 2015, judge Salavati convicted the cartoonist [[Atena Farghadani]] to 12 years and nine months in prison on the charges of colluding against national security, spreading propaganda against the system, and insulting members of the parliament through her artwork. She had depicted Iranian government officials as monkeys and goats in protest of a draft law that would outlaw voluntary sterilization and restrict access to measures of birth control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/actions/free-atena-farghadani-iran-prison-drawing-cartoons-artist |title=Free Atena, imprisoned for drawing cartoons in Iran &#124; Amnesty International UK |accessdate=2015-10-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003015940/https://amnesty.org.uk/actions/free-atena-farghadani-iran-prison-drawing-cartoons-artist |archivedate=2015-10-03 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Satirical cartoonist to have 12 year prison term extended over handshake|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/female-cartoonist-could-have-12-year-prison-term-extended-for-shaking-her-lawyers-hand-10492837.html|accessdate = 2015-09-11|date = 2015-09-09|website = The Independent|first = Matilda|last = Battersby}}</ref>
On 1 June 2015, judge Salavati convicted the cartoonist [[Atena Farghadani]] to 12 years and nine months in prison on the charges of colluding against national security, spreading propaganda against the system, and insulting members of the parliament through her artwork. She had depicted Iranian government officials as monkeys and goats in protest of a draft law that would outlaw voluntary sterilization and restrict access to measures of birth control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/actions/free-atena-farghadani-iran-prison-drawing-cartoons-artist |title=Free Atena, imprisoned for drawing cartoons in Iran &#124; Amnesty International UK |accessdate=2015-10-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003015940/https://amnesty.org.uk/actions/free-atena-farghadani-iran-prison-drawing-cartoons-artist |archivedate=2015-10-03 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Satirical cartoonist to have 12 year prison term extended over handshake|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/female-cartoonist-could-have-12-year-prison-term-extended-for-shaking-her-lawyers-hand-10492837.html|accessdate = 2015-09-11|date = 2015-09-09|website = The Independent|first = Matilda|last = Battersby}}</ref>


In November 2022, Salavati presided over the trial of [[Execution of Mohsen Shekari|Mohsen Shekari]]. Shekari was convicted of injuring a member of Iran's [[Basij]] militia during the [[Mahsa Amini protests]]. He was found guilty of drawing a weapon, with the intention of killing, causing terror and disturbing the order and security of society, as well as of ''[[Moharebeh]]'' (waging war against God). Shekari was sentenced to death despite Salavati having the choice to impose a lighter sentence, such as [[deportation]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |last=Engelbrecht |first=Cora |date=8 December 2022 |title=Iran Executes Man Over Nationwide Protests |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/middleeast/iran-protests-execution.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183754/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/middleeast/iran-protests-execution.html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=ستون آخر این جدول را پر نکنید؛ چه کسانی با حکم اعدام مواجه هستند؟+ اسامی |url=https://www.etemadonline.com/بخش-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/586516-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/586516-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=اعتمادآنلاین |language=fa}}</ref>
In November 2022, Salavati presided over the trial of [[Execution of Mohsen Shekari|Mohsen Shekari]]. Shekari was convicted of injuring a member of Iran's [[Basij]] militia during the [[Mahsa Amini protests]]. He was found guilty of drawing a weapon, with the intention of killing, causing terror and disturbing the order and security of society, as well as of ''[[Moharebeh]]'' (waging war against God). Shekari was sentenced to death despite Salavati having the choice to impose a lighter sentence, such as [[deportation]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |last=Engelbrecht |first=Cora |date=8 December 2022 |title=Iran Executes Man Over Nationwide Protests |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/middleeast/iran-protests-execution.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183754/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/middleeast/iran-protests-execution.html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=ستون آخر این جدول را پر نکنید؛ چه کسانی با حکم اعدام مواجه هستند؟+ اسامی |url=https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/586516-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211083351/https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/586516-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=اعتمادآنلاین |language=fa }}</ref> Mohsen was 22 years old when he was executed by hanging on 8 December 2022.


=== Judicial rulings ===
=== Judicial rulings ===

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Home - Breaking News, World News, US News, Sports, Business, Innovation, Climate, Culture, Travel, Video & Audio |url=https://www.bbc.com/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>


* Mohammad Gholamzadeh sentenced to 5 years imprisonment, charged with conspiring by participating in student assemblies.<ref>Ardakani, A. [@Al_Sharifzadeh] [https://twitter.com/Al_Sharifzadeh/status/1592177108603764736?s=20 <nowiki>[Tweet].</nowiki>]Twitter. Retrieved 2022-1-7.</ref>
* Mohammad Gholamzadeh sentenced to 5 years imprisonment, charged with conspiring by participating in student assemblies.<ref>Ardakani, A. [@Al_Sharifzadeh] [https://twitter.com/Al_Sharifzadeh/status/1592177108603764736?s=20 <nowiki>[Tweet].</nowiki>]Twitter. Retrieved 2022-1-7.</ref>
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** Mohsen Rezazadeh Gharogholou charged with [[moharebeh]], assembly, and conspiring to act against national security.
** Mohsen Rezazadeh Gharogholou charged with [[moharebeh]], assembly, and conspiring to act against national security.
* [[Mostafa Tajzadeh]] sentenced to a total of 8 years imprisonment, charged with assembly and conspiring to act against national security (5 years), distribution of false information (2 years), and advertising against the government (1 year). Tajzadeh's lawyer, Houshang Pourbabaee, tweeted that his client did not appeal the sentence and will be serving 5 years per law.<ref>Pourbabaee, H. [@HoushangPourba1] [https://twitter.com/HoushangPourba1/status/1579842870689005568?s=20 <nowiki>[Tweet].</nowiki>]Twitter.</ref>
* [[Mostafa Tajzadeh]] sentenced to a total of 8 years imprisonment, charged with assembly and conspiring to act against national security (5 years), distribution of false information (2 years), and advertising against the government (1 year). Tajzadeh's lawyer, Houshang Pourbabaee, tweeted that his client did not appeal the sentence and will be serving 5 years per law.<ref>Pourbabaee, H. [@HoushangPourba1] [https://twitter.com/HoushangPourba1/status/1579842870689005568?s=20 <nowiki>[Tweet].</nowiki>]Twitter.</ref>
* Erfan Mobaraki was accused of espionage, collaborating with hostile governments and ''[[Mofsed-e-filarz|Efsad-E-Fel Arz]]'', or corruption on earth, sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and execution. According to [[Tasnim News Agency|Tasnim]] News, he has been providing classified documents to European countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdollahi |first=Kian |date= |title=آخرین اخبار روز ایران و جهان ؛ خبرهای امروز {{!}} خبرگزاری تسنیم {{!}} Tasnim |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.tasnimnews.com |language=fa}}</ref>
* Reza Eslami, professor of human rights at [[Shahid Beheshti University]], sentenced to 7 years imprisonment and banned from teaching and leaving the country. Eslami had previously been accused of cooperating with the US against the [[Iran|Islamic Republic]] by hosting a workshop in the [[Czech Republic]]. He denies having any involvement with the [[United States|US government]], stating that the American party was an NGO and he was unaware of any affiliations between the NGO and the US government. 14 of his 15 students were pardoned; however, one person was referred to the general parquet on the basis of removing the mandatory [[hijab]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=رضا اسلامی، شهروند ایرانی-کانادایی و مدرس حقوق بشر به ۷ سال زندان محکوم شد |work=Harana |url=https://www.hra-news.org/?p=273640 |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
* Reza Eslami, professor of human rights at [[Shahid Beheshti University]], sentenced to 7 years imprisonment and banned from teaching and leaving the country. Eslami had previously been accused of cooperating with the US against the [[Iran|Islamic Republic]] by hosting a workshop in the [[Czech Republic]]. He denies having any involvement with the [[United States|US government]], stating that the American party was an NGO and he was unaware of any affiliations between the NGO and the US government. 14 of his 15 students were pardoned; however, one person was referred to the general parquet on the basis of removing the mandatory [[hijab]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=رضا اسلامی، شهروند ایرانی-کانادایی و مدرس حقوق بشر به ۷ سال زندان محکوم شد |work=Harana |url=https://www.hra-news.org/?p=273640 |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
* [[Kameel Ahmady]], sentenced to 9 years imprisonment and a 60,000€ fine, charged with cooperation with the government of the enemy. He has allegedly been pushing for socio-cultural reforms, such as raising the minimum age requirement for marriage. According to [[Tasnim News Agency|Tasnim News]], Ahmady had been in contact with several European embassies in Iran, had submitted a falsified report to the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] against the Islamic Republic, and traveled to Israel disguised as a BBC reporter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-13 |title="کامیل احمدی" به ۹ سال حبس محکوم شد+عکس |work=[[Tasnim News Agency]] |url=https://tn.ai/2409665 |access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref>
* Hoda Amid, women's rights activist, sentenced to 8 years imprisonment, a 2 year limitation imposed on her social rights, and a 2 year ban from practicing law. She was charged with cooperating with the US government against the Islamic Republic on affairs pertaining to women and the family, according to section 508 of the Islamic Prosecution Laws.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-13 |title=محکومیت دو فعال حقوق زنان به مجموعا ۱۵ سال زندان |work=[[Iran Human Rights]] |url=https://iranhr.net/fa/articles/4530/ |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref>
* Najme Vahedi, women's right activist, sentenced to 7 years imprisonment, and a 2 year limitation imposed on her social rights. She was similarly charged as Hoda Amid, during the same court session, with cooperation with the US against the Islamic Republic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-13 |title=محکومیت دو فعال حقوق زنان به مجموعا ۱۵ سال زندان |work=[[Iran Human Rights]] |url=https://iranhr.net/fa/articles/4530/ |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref>
* [[Emad Shargi|Emad Sharghi]], an Iranian-American, sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, charged with [[espionage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-18 |title=تداوم بازداشت و بی خبری از وضعیت عماد شرقی شهروند دو تابعیتی |work=HRNA News Agency |url=https://www.hra-news.org/2021/hranews/a-28391/ |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref>


=== Controversy ===
=== Controversy ===
Salavati is among the 32 officials sanctioned by the [[European Union]] in April 2011 who have committed human rights abuses after the 2009 disputed election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/eu-ban-32-iranian-officials-for-human-rights-abuses/2011/04/14/AFNs3paD_story.html|title=EU ban 32 Iranian officials for human rights abuses|first=Thomas|last=Erdbrink|date=Apr 14, 2011|accessdate=Dec 12, 2020|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:100:0001:0011:EN:PDF |title=COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 359/2011 |date=12 April 2011 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |format=PDF}}</ref>
Salavati is among the 32 officials sanctioned by the [[European Union]] in April 2011 who have committed human rights abuses after the 2009 disputed election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/eu-ban-32-iranian-officials-for-human-rights-abuses/2011/04/14/AFNs3paD_story.html|title=EU ban 32 Iranian officials for human rights abuses|first=Thomas|last=Erdbrink|date=Apr 14, 2011|accessdate=Dec 12, 2020|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:100:0001:0011:EN:PDF |title=COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 359/2011 |date=12 April 2011 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |format=PDF}}</ref>


In December 2019, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Department]] sanctioned Salavati for "censorship or other activities that prohibit, limit, or penalize the exercise of freedom of expression or assembly by citizens of Iran".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/press-releases/sm862|title=Treasury Sanctions Two Judges Who Penalize Iranians for Exercising Freedoms of Expression and Assembly|date= December 19, 2019|website=home.treasury.gov|accessdate=December 21, 2019}}</ref>
In December 2019, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Department]] sanctioned Salavati for "censorship or other activities that prohibit, limit, or penalize the exercise of freedom of expression or assembly by citizens of Iran".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/press-releases/sm862|title=Treasury Sanctions Two Judges Who Penalize Iranians for Exercising Freedoms of Expression and Assembly|date=December 19, 2019|website=home.treasury.gov|accessdate=December 21, 2019|archive-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221061306/https://home.treasury.gov/index.php/news/press-releases/sm862|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| class = infobox vcard
| title = A political prisoner's remark on Salavati
| quote = He [Salavati] is an awfully calm person and issues serious rulings, such as death sentences with a smile on his lips. His court sessions are very short, at times, as short as five minutes.
| author = Ramin Chavoshi
| source = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coVkFgQFOj8&#124; Source]
| fontsize = 100%
| qstyle = font-style: italic;
| quoted = true
| salign = right
}}


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
His daughter, Samaneh Salavati, is an artist. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcircleagency.com/index.php/illustrators|title=Judge Salavati's Daughter Samaneh Salavati}}</ref>
His daughter, Samaneh Salavati, is an artist. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcircleagency.com/index.php/illustrators|title=Judge Salavati's Daughter Samaneh Salavati}}</ref>

=== Alleged assassination ===
Salavati is claimed to have been assassinated in his house on 5 January 2023 located at the end of Aban Street, cornering Shariati Street, [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. The assassin(s) drove up to Salavati's house at 22:00 and were able to enter his garage, armed with a 9mm [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]] [[pistol]]. They exclaimed, "This one is for our brothers and sisters, you murderer", before shooting him to death with 5 bullets.<ref>Jupiter [@jupiter_rad_2] (2023-1-5)''قاضی صلواتی با پنج تیر خنثی شد'' [https://twitter.com/jupiter_rad_2/status/1611191096394104835?s=20&t=PdIqiY19KX5CHuvBTBsQIw <nowiki>[Tweet].</nowiki>]Twitter. Retrieved 2023-1-6.</ref>

Government officials have not yet made any announcements regarding his alleged death. Mehdi Keshtdar, CEO of Mizan News Agency, which is closely affiliated with the [[Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic's judicial system]], dismisses Salavati's death as fake news propagated by the critics of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic]]. In a recent tweet, he claims to have spoken with Salavati after the alleged assassination, and that Salavati is safe and sound. Keshtdar writes, "[Salavati] found out about his assassination after my phone call".<ref>Keshtdar, M. [@MKeshtdar] (2023-1-5) ''قاضی صلواتی در صحت و سلامت است'' [https://twitter.com/MKeshtdar/status/1611232426721775616?s=20&t=W0C-x0qkUWp4Tl9ghrEuNg <nowiki>[Tweet].</nowiki>]Twitter. Retrieved 2023-1-6.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aboutalebi |first=Fatemeh |date=6 January 2023 |title=تکذیب ترور قاضی صلواتی |work=[[Iranian Students' News Agency]] |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1401101610078/تکذیب-ترور-قاضی-صلواتی |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:21st-century Iranian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Iranian judges]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Iranian individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Iranian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]

Latest revision as of 04:38, 14 December 2024

Abolqasem Salavati
Head of the 15th branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Court
Incumbent
Assumed office
5 December 2009
Appointed bySadeq Larijani
Preceded byMohammad Moghiseh
Judge of the Islamic Revolutionary Court
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 July 2002
Appointed byMahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
Personal details
Born (1967-07-16) 16 July 1967 (age 57)
Tuyserkan, Iran
Alma materUniversity of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services
University of Tehran
Nickname(s)Judge Salavati
Iran's Hanging Judge

Abolqasem Salavati (Persian: ابوالقاسم صلواتی) (born 16 July 1967)[1] is an Iranian judge and former head of the 15th branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Court in Tehran, Iran. In recent years, he had been the judge of numerous controversial cases.[2] He has been sanctioned by the United States and the European Union.

He is one of the judges whom human rights organizations have highlighted as being the instruments of a crackdown on journalists and political activists under the influence of Iran's intelligence and security apparatus. Besides Salavati, the other revolutionary court judges include Mohammad Moghiseh, former justices Yahya Pirabbasi and Hassan Zare Dehnavi (known as judge Haddad), judge of Court of Media, Bijan Ghasemzadeh, and appeal judges Hassan Babaee, Ahmad Zargar and Qazi Sadat. These judges are accused of overseeing miscarriages of justice in trials in which journalists, lawyers, political activists, and members of Iran's ethnic and religious minorities have been condemned to lengthy prison terms, lashes, and even execution.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Career

[edit]

Iranian human rights and political activists call him Iran's Hanging Judge[9] along with Mohammad Moghiseh and Yahya Pirabbasi.

In September 2014 he presided over the case of a man, Mohsen Amiraslani, executed for heresy for describing Jonah and the Whale as an allegory.[10][11]

On 1 June 2015, judge Salavati convicted the cartoonist Atena Farghadani to 12 years and nine months in prison on the charges of colluding against national security, spreading propaganda against the system, and insulting members of the parliament through her artwork. She had depicted Iranian government officials as monkeys and goats in protest of a draft law that would outlaw voluntary sterilization and restrict access to measures of birth control.[12][13]

In November 2022, Salavati presided over the trial of Mohsen Shekari. Shekari was convicted of injuring a member of Iran's Basij militia during the Mahsa Amini protests. He was found guilty of drawing a weapon, with the intention of killing, causing terror and disturbing the order and security of society, as well as of Moharebeh (waging war against God). Shekari was sentenced to death despite Salavati having the choice to impose a lighter sentence, such as deportation.[14][15] Mohsen was 22 years old when he was executed by hanging on 8 December 2022.

Judicial rulings

[edit]

Source:[16]

  • Mohammad Gholamzadeh sentenced to 5 years imprisonment, charged with conspiring by participating in student assemblies.[17]
  • Supervised a preliminary session for several detainees of the Mahsa Amini protests, issuing charges for 315 people, including:[18]
    • Mohammad Ghobadlou and Saeed Shirazi charged with Efsad-E-Fel Arz, or loosely translated, as Corruption on Earth.
    • Saman Seyyedi charged with assembly and conspiring to act against national security.
    • Mohammad Boroughani charged with moharebeh.
    • Abdolfazl Mehri-Hossein Hajilou charged with opposing the Islamic government by setting a public transport vehicle ablaze.
    • Mohsen Rezazadeh Gharogholou charged with moharebeh, assembly, and conspiring to act against national security.
  • Mostafa Tajzadeh sentenced to a total of 8 years imprisonment, charged with assembly and conspiring to act against national security (5 years), distribution of false information (2 years), and advertising against the government (1 year). Tajzadeh's lawyer, Houshang Pourbabaee, tweeted that his client did not appeal the sentence and will be serving 5 years per law.[19]
  • Erfan Mobaraki was accused of espionage, collaborating with hostile governments and Efsad-E-Fel Arz, or corruption on earth, sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and execution. According to Tasnim News, he has been providing classified documents to European countries.[20]
  • Reza Eslami, professor of human rights at Shahid Beheshti University, sentenced to 7 years imprisonment and banned from teaching and leaving the country. Eslami had previously been accused of cooperating with the US against the Islamic Republic by hosting a workshop in the Czech Republic. He denies having any involvement with the US government, stating that the American party was an NGO and he was unaware of any affiliations between the NGO and the US government. 14 of his 15 students were pardoned; however, one person was referred to the general parquet on the basis of removing the mandatory hijab in Turkey.[21]
  • Kameel Ahmady, sentenced to 9 years imprisonment and a 60,000€ fine, charged with cooperation with the government of the enemy. He has allegedly been pushing for socio-cultural reforms, such as raising the minimum age requirement for marriage. According to Tasnim News, Ahmady had been in contact with several European embassies in Iran, had submitted a falsified report to the United Nations special rapporteur against the Islamic Republic, and traveled to Israel disguised as a BBC reporter.[22]
  • Hoda Amid, women's rights activist, sentenced to 8 years imprisonment, a 2 year limitation imposed on her social rights, and a 2 year ban from practicing law. She was charged with cooperating with the US government against the Islamic Republic on affairs pertaining to women and the family, according to section 508 of the Islamic Prosecution Laws.[23]
  • Najme Vahedi, women's right activist, sentenced to 7 years imprisonment, and a 2 year limitation imposed on her social rights. She was similarly charged as Hoda Amid, during the same court session, with cooperation with the US against the Islamic Republic.[24]
  • Emad Sharghi, an Iranian-American, sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, charged with espionage.[25]

Controversy

[edit]

Salavati is among the 32 officials sanctioned by the European Union in April 2011 who have committed human rights abuses after the 2009 disputed election.[26][27]

In December 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Salavati for "censorship or other activities that prohibit, limit, or penalize the exercise of freedom of expression or assembly by citizens of Iran".[28]

A political prisoner's remark on Salavati

He [Salavati] is an awfully calm person and issues serious rulings, such as death sentences with a smile on his lips. His court sessions are very short, at times, as short as five minutes.

Ramin Chavoshi, Source

Personal life

[edit]

His daughter, Samaneh Salavati, is an artist. [29]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ https://spreadingjustice.org/fa/individual-violator/sj65036/ [bare URL]
  2. ^ Judge Salavati, Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8r1YGEtGLrU
  3. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (31 July 2014). "Six judges accused of leading role in Iranian crackdown on free speech". The Guardian.
  4. ^ "Iran: Musician sentenced to five years in prison and 74 lashes". Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved Dec 12, 2020.
  5. ^ "فساد کلان مالی "بیژن قاسم‌زاده" او را به "بردگی" مقامات قضایی کشانده است". Gooya News. 18 February 2017.
  6. ^ "عماد بهاور، زندانی سیاسی اصلاح‌طلب، از زندان آزاد شد". رادیو فردا (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  7. ^ "عماد بهاور از زندان آزاد شد". خبرگزاری ایلنا (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  8. ^ "عماد بهاور آزاد شد". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  9. ^ "خانه حقوق بشر ایران منتشر میکند". Retrieved Dec 12, 2020.
  10. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (29 September 2014). "Iran executes man for heresy". The Guardian.
  11. ^ "Iran Executes Man For "Innovations" On Religion And Insulting Job". Jonathanturley.org. 30 September 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  12. ^ "Free Atena, imprisoned for drawing cartoons in Iran | Amnesty International UK". Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
  13. ^ Battersby, Matilda (2015-09-09). "Satirical cartoonist to have 12 year prison term extended over handshake". The Independent. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  14. ^ Engelbrecht, Cora (8 December 2022). "Iran Executes Man Over Nationwide Protests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  15. ^ "ستون آخر این جدول را پر نکنید؛ چه کسانی با حکم اعدام مواجه هستند؟+ اسامی". اعتمادآنلاین (in Persian). 2022-12-08. Archived from the original on 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2022-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ "BBC Home - Breaking News, World News, US News, Sports, Business, Innovation, Climate, Culture, Travel, Video & Audio". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  17. ^ Ardakani, A. [@Al_Sharifzadeh] [Tweet].Twitter. Retrieved 2022-1-7.
  18. ^ "دادگاه اغتشاشگران تهران برگزار شد؛ لیدر اغتشاشات پاکدشت که بود؟ + فیلم". Tasnim News Agency. 29 October 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  19. ^ Pourbabaee, H. [@HoushangPourba1] [Tweet].Twitter.
  20. ^ Abdollahi, Kian. "آخرین اخبار روز ایران و جهان ؛ خبرهای امروز | خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim". www.tasnimnews.com (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  21. ^ "رضا اسلامی، شهروند ایرانی-کانادایی و مدرس حقوق بشر به ۷ سال زندان محکوم شد". Harana. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  22. ^ ""کامیل احمدی" به ۹ سال حبس محکوم شد+عکس". Tasnim News Agency. 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  23. ^ "محکومیت دو فعال حقوق زنان به مجموعا ۱۵ سال زندان". Iran Human Rights. 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  24. ^ "محکومیت دو فعال حقوق زنان به مجموعا ۱۵ سال زندان". Iran Human Rights. 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  25. ^ "تداوم بازداشت و بی خبری از وضعیت عماد شرقی شهروند دو تابعیتی". HRNA News Agency. 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  26. ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (Apr 14, 2011). "EU ban 32 Iranian officials for human rights abuses". Retrieved Dec 12, 2020 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  27. ^ "COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 359/2011" (PDF). eur-lex.europa.eu. 12 April 2011.
  28. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Two Judges Who Penalize Iranians for Exercising Freedoms of Expression and Assembly". home.treasury.gov. December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  29. ^ "Judge Salavati's Daughter Samaneh Salavati".
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