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{{Short description|Italian film genre}}
{{Short description|Italian film genre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{italics title}}
[[File:Casadelpeccato.png|thumb|''[[The House of Shame (1938 film)|The House of Shame]]'' by [[Max Neufeld]] (1938)]]
[[File:Casadelpeccato.png|thumb|''[[The House of Shame (1938 film)|The House of Shame]]'' by [[Max Neufeld]] (1938)]]
'''''Telefoni Bianchi''''' ({{IPA-it|teˈlɛːfoni ˈbjaŋki}}; '''white telephones''') [[film]]s, also called '''deco films''', were made by [[Cinema of Italy|Italian film industry]] in the 1930s and the 1940s in imitation of American comedies of the time in a sharp contrast to the other important style of the era, [[calligrafismo]], which was highly artistic.<ref name="Brunetta">{{cite book|first=Gian Piero |last=Brunetta|publisher=Einaudi|year=2000|volume=III|pages=357-359| title=Storia del cinema mondiale|isbn=88-06-14528-2|language=it}}</ref> The cinema of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' was born from the success of the Italian film comedy of the early 1930s: it was a lighter version, cleansed of any intellectualism or veiled social criticism.<ref name="liberaeva">{{cite web|url=https://www.liberaeva.com/2015/CINEMA/telefonibianchi/telefoni.htm|title=Telefoni Bianchi|access-date=14 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
'''''Telefoni Bianchi''''' ({{IPA|it|teˈlɛːfoni ˈbjaŋki|pron}}; '''white telephones''') [[film]]s, also called '''deco films''', were made by the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian film industry]] in the 1930s and the 1940s in imitation of American comedies of the time in a sharp contrast to the other important style of the era, [[calligrafismo]], which was highly artistic.<ref name="Brunetta">{{cite book|first=Gian Piero |last=Brunetta|publisher=Einaudi|year=2000|volume=III|pages=357–359| title=Storia del cinema mondiale|isbn=88-06-14528-2|language=it}}</ref> The cinema of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' was born from the success of the Italian film comedies of the early 1930s; it was a lighter version, cleansed of any intellectualism or veiled social criticism.<ref name="liberaeva">{{cite web|url=https://www.liberaeva.com/2015/CINEMA/telefonibianchi/telefoni.htm|title=Telefoni Bianchi|access-date=14 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>


== Name ==
== Name ==
The name derives from the presence of white telephones in the sequences of the first films produced in this period, symptomatic of social well-being: a [[status symbol]] capable of marking the difference from the "popular" [[bakelite]] telephones, cheaper and therefore more widespread, which instead they were black.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavocenews.it/coronavirus-4/puglia-coronavirus-4/in-evidenza/litalia-dei-telefoni-bianchi/|title=L'Italia dei "Telefoni Bianchi"|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref> Another definition given to these films is "deco cinema" due to the strong presence of furnishing objects that recall the international [[Art Deco|deco style]], in vogue in those years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livornomagazine.it/Livorno-arte-cultura/ATTORI/doris-duranti.htm|title=Doris Duranti|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
The name derives from the presence of white telephones in the sequences of the first films produced in this period, symptomatic of social well-being, a [[status symbol]] capable of marking the difference from the "popular" [[Bakelite]] telephones, cheaper and therefore more widespread, which instead were black.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavocenews.it/coronavirus-4/puglia-coronavirus-4/in-evidenza/litalia-dei-telefoni-bianchi/|title=L'Italia dei "Telefoni Bianchi"|date=23 February 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref> Another definition given to these films is "deco cinema" due to the strong presence of furnishing objects that recall the international [[Art Deco|deco style]], in vogue in those years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livornomagazine.it/Livorno-arte-cultura/ATTORI/doris-duranti.htm|title=Doris Duranti|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>


== Origins ==
== Origins ==
The roots of the ''Telefoni Bianchi'' film genre can be found in [[Mario Camerini]]'s cinema of the 1920s, in particular in ''[[Rails (film)|Rails]]'' (1929), in which the director photographed - with reverberations of [[German Expressionism (cinema)|German expressionist]] cinema or citing the contemporary Soviet cinematographic [[avant-garde]]s - the reality of the crisis years, in real time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muratore|first=Andrea Giuseppe|title=L'arma più forte. Censura e ricerca del consenso nel cinema del ventennio fascista|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=1_g9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55&lpg=PT55&dq=origine+telefoni+bianchi+mario+camerini+rotaie&source=bl&ots=M7az1TqMhO&sig=ACfU3U2phvl0aLDWqy629-I7LT9-rf1uvw&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk24PCuLX7AhVoi_0HHTNsBTc4HhDoAXoECBgQAw#v=onepage&q=origine%20telefoni%20bianchi%20mario%20camerini%20rotaie&f=false|publisher=Luigi Pellegrini Editore|year=2017|language=it|isbn=978-8868226206}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viv-it.org/schede/mario-camerini|title=Mario Camerini|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref> The cinema of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' was then born from the success of the Italian film comedy of the early 1930s: it was a lighter version, cleansed of any intellectualism or veiled social criticism.<ref name="liberaeva"/> The first film of the genre ''Telefoni Bianchi'' was ''[[The Private Secretary (1931 Italian film)|The Private Secretary]]'' (1931), by [[Goffredo Alessandrini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elsa-merlini_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29/|title=MERLINI, Elsa|access-date=16 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
The roots of the ''Telefoni Bianchi'' film genre can be found in [[Mario Camerini]]'s cinema of the 1920s, in particular in ''[[Rails (film)|Rails]]'' (1929), in which the director photographed — with reverberations of [[German Expressionism (cinema)|German expressionist]] cinema or citing the contemporary Soviet cinematographic [[avant-garde]]s — the reality of the crisis years, in real time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muratore|first=Andrea Giuseppe|title=L'arma più forte. Censura e ricerca del consenso nel cinema del ventennio fascista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_g9DwAAQBAJ&dq=origine+telefoni+bianchi+mario+camerini+rotaie&pg=PT55|publisher=Luigi Pellegrini Editore|year=2017|language=it|isbn=978-8868226206}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viv-it.org/schede/mario-camerini|title=Mario Camerini|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref> The cinema of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' was then born from the success of the Italian film comedies of the early 1930s; it was a lighter version, cleansed of any intellectualism or veiled social criticism.<ref name="liberaeva"/> The first film of the genre ''Telefoni Bianchi'' was ''[[The Private Secretary (1931 Italian film)|The Private Secretary]]'' (1931) by [[Goffredo Alessandrini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elsa-merlini_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29/|title=MERLINI, Elsa|access-date=16 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
[[File:Grandimagazzini-1939-Noris-DeSica.png|thumb|left|''[[Department Store (1939 film)|Department Store]]'' by [[Mario Camerini]] (1939)]]
[[File:Grandimagazzini-1939-Noris-DeSica.png|thumb|left|''[[Department Store (1939 film)|Department Store]]'' by [[Mario Camerini]] (1939)]]


In the 1930s and the 1940s, light comedies known as ''Telefoni Bianchi'' ("white telephones") were predominant in Italian cinema.<ref name=katz>{{Citation|first=Ephraim |last=Katz|year=2001|title=Italy|encyclopedia=The Film Encyclopedia|pages=682–685|publisher=HarperResource|isbn=978-0060742140}}</ref> These films, which featured lavish set designs, promoted conservative values and respect for authority, and thus typically avoided the scrutiny of government censors. ''Telefoni Bianchi'' proved to be the testing ground of numerous screenwriters destined to impose themselves in the following decades (including [[Cesare Zavattini]] and [[Sergio Amidei]]), and above all of numerous set designers such as [[Guido Fiorini]], [[Gino Carlo Sensani]] and [[Antonio Valente]], who, by virtue successful graphic inventions led these productions to become a kind of "summa" of the petty-bourgeois aesthetics of the time.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gian Piero |last=Brunetta|publisher=Einaudi|year=2002|volume=III|page=356| title=Storia del cinema mondiale|isbn=978-88-06-14528-6|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Gian Piero|last=Brunetta|title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano|year=1991|publisher=Laterza|pages=251-257|language=it|isbn=978-8842046899}}</ref>
In the 1930s and the 1940s, light comedies like those of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' were predominant in Italian cinema.<ref name=katz>{{Citation|first=Ephraim |last=Katz|year=2001|title=Italy|encyclopedia=The Film Encyclopedia|pages=682–685|publisher=HarperResource|isbn=978-0060742140}}</ref> These films featured lavish set designs and promoted conservative values and respect for authority, typically avoiding the scrutiny of government censors. ''Telefoni Bianchi'' proved to be the testing ground of numerous screenwriters destined to impose themselves in the following decades (including [[Cesare Zavattini]] and [[Sergio Amidei]]), and above all of numerous set designers such as [[Guido Fiorini]], [[Gino Carlo Sensani]] and [[Antonio Valente]], who, by virtue of successful graphic inventions led these productions to become a kind of "summa" of the [[petite bourgeoisie]] aesthetics of the time.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gian Piero |last=Brunetta|publisher=Einaudi|year=2002|volume=III|page=356| title=Storia del cinema mondiale|isbn=978-88-06-14528-6|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Gian Piero|last=Brunetta|title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano|year=1991|publisher=Laterza|pages=251–257|language=it|isbn=978-8842046899}}</ref>


Among the authors, [[Mario Camerini]] is the most representative director of the genre. After having practiced the most diverse trends in the 1930s, he happily moved into the territory of sentimental comedy with ''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'' (1932), ''[[Il signor Max]]'' (1937) and ''[[Department Store (1939 film)|Department Store]]'' (1939). In other films he compares himself with the Hollywood-style comedy on the model of [[Frank Capra]] (''[[Heartbeat (1939 film)|Heartbeat]]'', 1939) and the surreal one of [[René Clair]] (''[[I'll Give a Million (1935 film)|I'll Give a Million]]'', 1936). Camerini is interested in the figure of the typical and popular Italian, so much so that he anticipates some elements of the future Italian comedy.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alberto|last=Farassino|title=Mario Camerini|publisher=Editions du Festival International du Film de Locarno|year=1992|language=fr}}{{No ISBN}}</ref> His major interpreter, [[Vittorio De Sica]], will continue his lesson in ''[[Maddalena, Zero for Conduct]]'' (1940) and ''[[Teresa Venerdì]]'' (1941), emphasizing above all the direction of the actors and the care for the settings.
Among the authors, [[Mario Camerini]] is the most representative director of the genre. After having practiced the most diverse trends in the 1930s, he happily moved into the territory of sentimental comedy with ''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'' (1932), ''[[Il signor Max]]'' (1937) and ''[[Department Store (1939 film)|Department Store]]'' (1939). In other films he compares himself with the Hollywood-style comedy on the model of [[Frank Capra]] (''[[Heartbeat (1939 film)|Heartbeat]]'', 1939) and the surreal one of [[René Clair]] (''[[I'll Give a Million (1935 film)|I'll Give a Million]]'', 1936). Camerini is interested in the figure of the typical and popular Italian, so much so that he anticipates some elements of the future Italian comedy.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alberto|last=Farassino|title=Mario Camerini|publisher=Editions du Festival International du Film de Locarno|year=1992|language=fr}}{{No ISBN}}</ref> His major interpreter, [[Vittorio De Sica]], will continue his lesson in ''[[Maddalena, Zero for Conduct]]'' (1940) and ''[[Teresa Venerdì]]'' (1941), emphasizing above all the direction of the actors and the care for the settings.
[[File:IlsignorMax fotoscena.jpg|thumb|''[[Il signor Max]]'' by [[Mario Camerini]] (1937)]]
[[File:Il signor Max (film 1937) Noris e De Sica (5).jpg|thumb|''[[Il signor Max]]'' by [[Mario Camerini]] (1937)]]


Other directors include [[Mario Mattoli]] (''[[Schoolgirl Diary]]'', 1941), [[Jean de Limur]] (''Apparition'', 1944) and [[Max Neufeld]] (''[[The House of Shame (1938 film)|The House of Shame]]'', 1938; ''[[A Thousand Lire a Month]]'', 1939). The realist comedies of [[Mario Bonnard]] (''[[Before the Postman]]'', 1942; ''[[The Peddler and the Lady]]'', 1943) are partially different in character, which partially deviate from the imprint of ''Telefoni Bianchi''. Soon the subjects began to become repetitive and more and more predictable and banal; later, with the worsening of [[World War II]], the production of this genre became more and more sparse and discontinuous until it disappeared completely with the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|fall of the Fascist regime]] (1943).<ref name="liberaeva"/>
Other directors include [[Mario Mattoli]] (''[[Schoolgirl Diary]]'', 1941), [[Jean de Limur]] (''Apparition'', 1944) and [[Max Neufeld]] (''[[The House of Shame (1938 film)|The House of Shame]]'', 1938; ''[[A Thousand Lire a Month]]'', 1939). The realist comedies of [[Mario Bonnard]] (''[[Before the Postman]]'', 1942; ''[[The Peddler and the Lady]]'', 1943) are partially different in character, which partially deviate from the imprint of ''Telefoni Bianchi''. Soon the subjects began to become repetitive and more and more predictable and banal; later, with the worsening of [[World War II]], the production of this genre became more and more sparse and discontinuous until it disappeared completely with the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|fall of the Fascist regime]] (1943).<ref name="liberaeva"/>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
The most important symbol in these films are the quite expensive [[Art Deco]] sets featuring white [[telephone]]s ([[status symbol]] of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] wealth generally unavailable to the movie-going public),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tactnyc.org/two-dozen-red-roses-notes/|title=TACT NYC - Two Dozen Red Roses Notes|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> and children wearing ''[[Shirley Temple]]'' curls. The films tended to be socially [[Conservatism|conservative]], promoting [[family values]], respect for authority, a rigid [[Social class|class hierarchy]] and country life, all stances perfectly in line with the ideology of the [[Italian Fascism|fascist regime]]. The genre is also referred by modern film critics as "Hungarian style comedies", because the scripts were often [[adaptation]]s of [[Play (theatre)|stage plays]] written by [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] authors (a popular source material also for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood productions]] of the time).
The most important symbol in these films are the quite expensive Art Deco sets featuring white telephones, a status symbol of bourgeois wealth generally unavailable to the movie-going public,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tactnyc.org/two-dozen-red-roses-notes/|title=TACT NYC - Two Dozen Red Roses Notes|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> and children wearing ''[[Shirley Temple]]'' curls. The films tended to be socially [[Conservatism|conservative]], promoting [[family values]], respect for authority, a rigid [[Social class|class hierarchy]] and country life. The genre is also referred by modern film critics as "Hungarian style comedies", because the scripts were often [[adaptation]]s of [[Play (theatre)|stage plays]] written by [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] authors (a popular source material also for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood productions]] of the time).


The [[Modern architecture|functionalism]] of the [[Bauhaus]] also arrived in Italy and, as can be seen in these films, there was a reflection of an Italy that was "rebuilding" its own modern and efficient image and in which the [[consumerism]] was timidly beginning to spread; she felt represented by the [[Rationalism (architecture)|rationalist architectural style]] and the industrial ferment that the fascist regime was promoting; in these light films there was a fascination that glimpsed hope in the future.<ref name="liberaeva"/>
The [[Modern architecture|functionalism]] of the [[Bauhaus]] also arrived in Italy and, as can be seen in these films, there was a reflection of an Italy that was "rebuilding" its own modern and efficient image and in which the [[consumerism]] was timidly beginning to spread. It was represented by the [[Rationalism (architecture)|rationalist architectural style]] and the industrial ferment that the fascist regime was promoting; in these light films there was a fascination that glimpsed hope in the future.<ref name="liberaeva"/>
[[File:Uominichemascalzoni-1932-DeSica-Franca.png|thumb|''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'' by [[Mario Camerini]] (1932)]]
[[File:Gli uomini, che mascalzoni… (film 1932) Franca e De Sica (5a).png|thumb|''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'' by [[Mario Camerini]] (1932)]]


The bourgeois setting aesthetically echoed American film comedies, especially [[Frank Capra]]. The hopes of the petty-bourgeois could only become reality: films like ''[[A Thousand Lire a Month]]'', as well as the song of the same name, went down in history for their explicit lightheartedness and equally irreverent evocation. The melodic element often returned to peep out, many of these films contained at least one hit song (just think ''Parlami d'amore Mariù'' composed for the film ''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'' which later became much more famous than the film itself).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giltmagazine.it/lifestyle/teatro-e-cinema/attori-melodia-il-cinema-dei-telefoni-bianchi/|title=Attori e melodia: è il Cinema dei telefoni bianchi|access-date=14 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
The bourgeois setting aesthetically echoed American film comedies, especially Frank Capra. The hopes of the petty-bourgeois could only become reality. Films like ''[[A Thousand Lire a Month]]'', as well as the song of the same name, went down in history for their explicit lightheartedness and equally irreverent evocation. The melodic element often returned to peep out, many of these films contained at least one hit song (just think ''[[Parlami d'amore Mariù]]'' composed for the film ''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'' which later became much more famous than the film itself).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giltmagazine.it/lifestyle/teatro-e-cinema/attori-melodia-il-cinema-dei-telefoni-bianchi/|title=Attori e melodia: è il Cinema dei telefoni bianchi|date=8 October 2014 |access-date=14 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>


However, this representation of well-being and progress was far from the Italian reality of the time; the representation of a wealthy (in some cases even opulent), advanced, emancipated and educated society was enormously contrasting with the real situation of Italy, which, at that time, was instead a substantially poor country, materially and morally backward and with the majority of the illiterate population, as well as the enthusiastic, cheerful and carefree atmosphere of these films, it seemed to clash with the gloomy situation of the nation, subjugated by the fascist dictatorship and which would soon enter the [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soroptimist.it/club/livorno/attivita/le-socie-scrivono-vivi-gioi-40556/|title=Un mito livornese|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
However, this representation of well-being and progress was far from the Italian reality of the time; the representation of a wealthy (in some cases even opulent), advanced, emancipated and educated society was enormously contrasting with the real situation of Italy, which, at that time, was instead a substantially poor country, materially and morally backward and with the majority of the illiterate population. As well as the enthusiastic, cheerful and carefree atmosphere of these films, it seemed to clash with the gloomy situation of the nation, subjugated by the fascist dictatorship and which would soon enter World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soroptimist.it/club/livorno/attivita/le-socie-scrivono-vivi-gioi-40556/|title=Un mito livornese|access-date=17 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>


== Major figures ==
== Major figures ==
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== Effect on neorealism ==
== Effect on neorealism ==
The [[Italian neorealism|Neorealist]] filmmakers saw their gritty films as a reaction to the idealized (and poor quality of the)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2017/10-reasons-why-italian-neorealism-is-the-most-important-film-movement-in-history/2/|title=10 Reasons Why Italian Neorealism is the Most Important Film Movement in History - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ''Telefoni Bianchi'' style.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/filmadrid-mubi-the-video-essay-telefoni-neri|title=FILMADRID & MUBI: The Video Essay - "Telefoni Neri" on Notebook|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movementsinfilm.com/italian-neorealism|title=What is Italian Neorealism? A beginner's guide - Movements In Film|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> They compared and contrasted the high-and-almighty gimmicks of set and studio production, with the dishevelled beauty of everyday life, the rigorous depiction of human life and its sufferings, and chose instead to work on location and with non-professional actors.
The [[Italian neorealism|Neorealist]] filmmakers saw their gritty films as a reaction to the idealized and mainstream quality of the ''Telefoni Bianchi'' style.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/filmadrid-mubi-the-video-essay-telefoni-neri|title=FILMADRID & MUBI: The Video Essay - "Telefoni Neri" on Notebook|date=9 June 2017 |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movementsinfilm.com/italian-neorealism|title=What is Italian Neorealism? A beginner's guide - Movements In Film|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=10 Reasons Why Italian Neorealism is the Most Important Film Movement in History - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema |date=16 July 2017 |url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2017/10-reasons-why-italian-neorealism-is-the-most-important-film-movement-in-history/2/ |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> They compared and contrasted the high-and-almighty gimmicks of set and studio production, with the dishevelled beauty of everyday life, the rigorous depiction of human life and its sufferings, and chose instead to work on location and with non-professional actors.


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
In [[Federico Fellini]]'s film ''[[Amarcord]]'' (1973), the popular film movement is satirized in Gradisca's sex dream with the Prince.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.criterionchannel.com/amarcord/videos/peter-brunette-and-frank-burke-commentary|title=Peter Brunette and Frank Burke Commentary - Amarcord}}</ref> The era of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' films is remembered in the 1976 film ''[[The Career of a Chambermaid]]'', directed by [[Dino Risi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmscoop.org/tag/lino-toffolo/|title=Telefoni bianchi|access-date=14 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
In [[Federico Fellini]]'s film ''[[Amarcord]]'' (1973), the popular film movement is satirized in Gradisca's sex dream with the Prince.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.criterionchannel.com/amarcord/videos/peter-brunette-and-frank-burke-commentary|title=Peter Brunette and Frank Burke Commentary - Amarcord|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> The era of ''Telefoni Bianchi'' films is remembered in the 1976 film ''[[The Career of a Chambermaid]]'', directed by [[Dino Risi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmscoop.org/tag/lino-toffolo/|title=Telefoni bianchi|access-date=14 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>


== Notable films ==
== Notable films ==
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[[File:Gennaro_Righelli.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Gennaro Righelli]]]]
[[File:Gennaro_Righelli.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Gennaro Righelli]]]]
* ''[[The Private Secretary (1931 Italian film)|The Private Secretary]]'', by [[Goffredo Alessandrini]] (1931)
* ''[[The Private Secretary (1931 Italian film)|The Private Secretary]]'', by [[Goffredo Alessandrini]] (1931)
* ''[[The Charmer (1931 film)|The Charmer]]'', by [[Guido Brignone]] (1931)
* ''[[Two Happy Hearts]]'', by [[Baldassarre Negroni]] (1932)
* ''[[Two Happy Hearts]]'', by [[Baldassarre Negroni]] (1932)
* ''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'', by [[Mario Camerini]] (1932)
* ''[[What Scoundrels Men Are!]]'', by [[Mario Camerini]] (1932)
* ''[[One Night with You (1932 film)|One Night with You]]'', by [[Ferruccio Bianchini]] and [[Emmerich Wojtek Emo]] (1932)
* ''[[One Night with You (1932 film)|One Night with You]]'', by [[Ferruccio Biancini]] and [[Emmerich Wojtek Emo]] (1932)
* ''[[Model Wanted]]'', by [[Ferruccio Bianchini]] and [[Emmerich Wojtek Emo]] (1933)
* ''[[Paradise (1932 film)|Paradise]]'', by [[Guido Brignone]] (1932)
* ''[[Model Wanted]]'', by [[Ferruccio Biancini]] and [[Emmerich Wojtek Emo]] (1933)
* ''[[Nini Falpala]]'', by [[Amleto Palermi]] (1933)
* ''[[Nini Falpala]]'', by [[Amleto Palermi]] (1933)
* ''[[Paprika (1933 Italian film)|Paprika]]'', by [[Carl Boese]] (1933)
* ''[[Paprika (1933 Italian film)|Paprika]]'', by [[Carl Boese]] (1933)
Line 94: Line 98:
* ''[[At Your Orders, Madame]]'', by [[Mario Mattoli]] (1939)
* ''[[At Your Orders, Madame]]'', by [[Mario Mattoli]] (1939)
* ''[[We Were Seven Sisters]]'', by [[Nunzio Malasomma]] (1939)
* ''[[We Were Seven Sisters]]'', by [[Nunzio Malasomma]] (1939)
* ''[[Backstage (1939 film)|Backstage]]'', by [[Alessandro Blasetti]] (1939)
* ''[[Heartbeat (1939 film)|Heartbeat]]'', by [[Mario Camerini]] (1939)
* ''[[Heartbeat (1939 film)|Heartbeat]]'', by [[Mario Camerini]] (1939)
* ''[[Unjustified Absence]]'', by [[Max Neufeld]] (1939)
* ''[[Unjustified Absence]]'', by [[Max Neufeld]] (1939)
Line 163: Line 168:


== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923232747/http://www.italica.rai.it/cinema/schede/telefoni6.htm|title=La rinascita del cinema italiano. Il cinema dei telefoni bianchi|trans-title=The revival of Italian cinema. The cinema of white telephones|language=it}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.italica.rai.it/cinema/schede/telefoni6.htm|title=La rinascita del cinema italiano. Il cinema dei telefoni bianchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923232747/http://www.italica.rai.it/cinema/schede/telefoni6.htm |archive-date=23 September 2009 |trans-title=The revival of Italian cinema. The cinema of white telephones|language=it}}
*{{commonscatinline}}


{{Italian film genres}}
{{Italian film genres}}

Latest revision as of 13:51, 14 December 2024

The House of Shame by Max Neufeld (1938)

Telefoni Bianchi (pronounced [teˈlɛːfoni ˈbjaŋki]; white telephones) films, also called deco films, were made by the Italian film industry in the 1930s and the 1940s in imitation of American comedies of the time in a sharp contrast to the other important style of the era, calligrafismo, which was highly artistic.[1] The cinema of Telefoni Bianchi was born from the success of the Italian film comedies of the early 1930s; it was a lighter version, cleansed of any intellectualism or veiled social criticism.[2]

Name

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The name derives from the presence of white telephones in the sequences of the first films produced in this period, symptomatic of social well-being, a status symbol capable of marking the difference from the "popular" Bakelite telephones, cheaper and therefore more widespread, which instead were black.[3] Another definition given to these films is "deco cinema" due to the strong presence of furnishing objects that recall the international deco style, in vogue in those years.[4]

Origins

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The roots of the Telefoni Bianchi film genre can be found in Mario Camerini's cinema of the 1920s, in particular in Rails (1929), in which the director photographed — with reverberations of German expressionist cinema or citing the contemporary Soviet cinematographic avant-gardes — the reality of the crisis years, in real time.[5][6] The cinema of Telefoni Bianchi was then born from the success of the Italian film comedies of the early 1930s; it was a lighter version, cleansed of any intellectualism or veiled social criticism.[2] The first film of the genre Telefoni Bianchi was The Private Secretary (1931) by Goffredo Alessandrini.[7]

Overview

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Department Store by Mario Camerini (1939)

In the 1930s and the 1940s, light comedies like those of Telefoni Bianchi were predominant in Italian cinema.[8] These films featured lavish set designs and promoted conservative values and respect for authority, typically avoiding the scrutiny of government censors. Telefoni Bianchi proved to be the testing ground of numerous screenwriters destined to impose themselves in the following decades (including Cesare Zavattini and Sergio Amidei), and above all of numerous set designers such as Guido Fiorini, Gino Carlo Sensani and Antonio Valente, who, by virtue of successful graphic inventions led these productions to become a kind of "summa" of the petite bourgeoisie aesthetics of the time.[9][10]

Among the authors, Mario Camerini is the most representative director of the genre. After having practiced the most diverse trends in the 1930s, he happily moved into the territory of sentimental comedy with What Scoundrels Men Are! (1932), Il signor Max (1937) and Department Store (1939). In other films he compares himself with the Hollywood-style comedy on the model of Frank Capra (Heartbeat, 1939) and the surreal one of René Clair (I'll Give a Million, 1936). Camerini is interested in the figure of the typical and popular Italian, so much so that he anticipates some elements of the future Italian comedy.[11] His major interpreter, Vittorio De Sica, will continue his lesson in Maddalena, Zero for Conduct (1940) and Teresa Venerdì (1941), emphasizing above all the direction of the actors and the care for the settings.

Il signor Max by Mario Camerini (1937)

Other directors include Mario Mattoli (Schoolgirl Diary, 1941), Jean de Limur (Apparition, 1944) and Max Neufeld (The House of Shame, 1938; A Thousand Lire a Month, 1939). The realist comedies of Mario Bonnard (Before the Postman, 1942; The Peddler and the Lady, 1943) are partially different in character, which partially deviate from the imprint of Telefoni Bianchi. Soon the subjects began to become repetitive and more and more predictable and banal; later, with the worsening of World War II, the production of this genre became more and more sparse and discontinuous until it disappeared completely with the fall of the Fascist regime (1943).[2]

Characteristics

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The most important symbol in these films are the quite expensive Art Deco sets featuring white telephones, a status symbol of bourgeois wealth generally unavailable to the movie-going public,[12] and children wearing Shirley Temple curls. The films tended to be socially conservative, promoting family values, respect for authority, a rigid class hierarchy and country life. The genre is also referred by modern film critics as "Hungarian style comedies", because the scripts were often adaptations of stage plays written by Hungarian authors (a popular source material also for Hollywood productions of the time).

The functionalism of the Bauhaus also arrived in Italy and, as can be seen in these films, there was a reflection of an Italy that was "rebuilding" its own modern and efficient image and in which the consumerism was timidly beginning to spread. It was represented by the rationalist architectural style and the industrial ferment that the fascist regime was promoting; in these light films there was a fascination that glimpsed hope in the future.[2]

What Scoundrels Men Are! by Mario Camerini (1932)

The bourgeois setting aesthetically echoed American film comedies, especially Frank Capra. The hopes of the petty-bourgeois could only become reality. Films like A Thousand Lire a Month, as well as the song of the same name, went down in history for their explicit lightheartedness and equally irreverent evocation. The melodic element often returned to peep out, many of these films contained at least one hit song (just think Parlami d'amore Mariù composed for the film What Scoundrels Men Are! which later became much more famous than the film itself).[13]

However, this representation of well-being and progress was far from the Italian reality of the time; the representation of a wealthy (in some cases even opulent), advanced, emancipated and educated society was enormously contrasting with the real situation of Italy, which, at that time, was instead a substantially poor country, materially and morally backward and with the majority of the illiterate population. As well as the enthusiastic, cheerful and carefree atmosphere of these films, it seemed to clash with the gloomy situation of the nation, subjugated by the fascist dictatorship and which would soon enter World War II.[14]

Major figures

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Among the most relevant directors for this genre are: Mario Camerini, Alessandro Blasetti, Mario Bonnard, Mario Mattoli, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, Max Neufeld and Gennaro Righelli. Among the most representative actors and actresses: Caterina Boratto, Assia Noris, Cesco Baseggio, Elsa Merlini, Rossano Brazzi, Clara Calamai, Lilia Silvi, Vera Carmi, Gino Cervi, Valentina Cortese, Vittorio De Sica, Doris Duranti, Luisa Ferida, Fosco Giachetti, Amedeo Nazzari, Alida Valli, Carlo Campanini and Checco Rissone.

Censorship

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Schoolgirl Diary by Mario Mattoli (1941)

To avoid the limitations imposed by the censorship of the authorities, with potentially controversial topics in the plot (for instance divorce, at the time illegal in Italy, or adultery, a punishable offence by the contemporary Italian laws), the action was often set in various foreign – sometimes imaginary – Eastern European countries, but always with Italian protagonists.

Effect on neorealism

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The Neorealist filmmakers saw their gritty films as a reaction to the idealized and mainstream quality of the Telefoni Bianchi style.[15][16][17] They compared and contrasted the high-and-almighty gimmicks of set and studio production, with the dishevelled beauty of everyday life, the rigorous depiction of human life and its sufferings, and chose instead to work on location and with non-professional actors.

Aftermath

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In Federico Fellini's film Amarcord (1973), the popular film movement is satirized in Gradisca's sex dream with the Prince.[18] The era of Telefoni Bianchi films is remembered in the 1976 film The Career of a Chambermaid, directed by Dino Risi.[19]

Notable films

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Mario Camerini
Alessandro Blasetti
Mario Bonnard
Mario Mattoli
Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
Max Neufeld
Gennaro Righelli

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Due to the events of 25 July 1943, the making of the film was interrupted or temporarily suspended. The film was only released in public cinemas at the end of 1945, after World War II ended.

References

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  1. ^ Brunetta, Gian Piero (2000). Storia del cinema mondiale (in Italian). Vol. III. Einaudi. pp. 357–359. ISBN 88-06-14528-2.
  2. ^ a b c d "Telefoni Bianchi" (in Italian). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  3. ^ "L'Italia dei "Telefoni Bianchi"" (in Italian). 23 February 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  4. ^ "Doris Duranti" (in Italian). Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  5. ^ Muratore, Andrea Giuseppe (2017). L'arma più forte. Censura e ricerca del consenso nel cinema del ventennio fascista (in Italian). Luigi Pellegrini Editore. ISBN 978-8868226206.
  6. ^ "Mario Camerini" (in Italian). Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  7. ^ "MERLINI, Elsa" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  8. ^ Katz, Ephraim (2001), "Italy", The Film Encyclopedia, HarperResource, pp. 682–685, ISBN 978-0060742140
  9. ^ Brunetta, Gian Piero (2002). Storia del cinema mondiale (in Italian). Vol. III. Einaudi. p. 356. ISBN 978-88-06-14528-6.
  10. ^ Brunetta, Gian Piero (1991). Cent'anni di cinema italiano (in Italian). Laterza. pp. 251–257. ISBN 978-8842046899.
  11. ^ Farassino, Alberto (1992). Mario Camerini (in French). Editions du Festival International du Film de Locarno.[ISBN unspecified]
  12. ^ "TACT NYC - Two Dozen Red Roses Notes". Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  13. ^ "Attori e melodia: è il Cinema dei telefoni bianchi" (in Italian). 8 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Un mito livornese" (in Italian). Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  15. ^ "FILMADRID & MUBI: The Video Essay - "Telefoni Neri" on Notebook". 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  16. ^ "What is Italian Neorealism? A beginner's guide - Movements In Film". Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  17. ^ "10 Reasons Why Italian Neorealism is the Most Important Film Movement in History - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema". 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  18. ^ "Peter Brunette and Frank Burke Commentary - Amarcord". Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  19. ^ "Telefoni bianchi" (in Italian). Retrieved 14 November 2022.

Bibliography

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  • Bispuri, Ennio (2020). Il cinema dei telefoni bianchi [The cinema of white telephones] (in Italian). Bulzoni. ISBN 978-8868972127.
  • Massimo, Mida (1980). Dai telefoni bianchi al neorealismo [From white telephones to neorealism] (in Italian). Laterza. ISBN 978-8842017219.
  • Savio, Francesco (1975). Ma l'amore no: realismo, formalismo, propaganda e telefoni bianchi nel cinema italiano di regime 1930-1943 [But love, no: realism, formalism, propaganda and white telephones in the Italian cinema of the regime 1930-1943] (in Italian). Sonzogno.[ISBN unspecified]
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