Jump to content

Sufi Muhammad: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
m Reverted 2 edits by Mian Umar Ashfaq (talk) to last revision by JJMC89 bot III
 
(29 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Pakistani cleric and leader of the Islamist TNSM (1933–2019)}}
{{Short description|Pakistani cleric and leader of the Islamist TNSM (1933–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = '''Sufi Muhammad'''<br>{{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|صوفی محمد}}}}}}
| name = '''Sufi Muhammad'''<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|صوفی محمد}}}}}}
| image = Sufi Muhammad.jpg
| image = Sufi Muhammad.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1933
| birth_date = 1933
| birth_place = [[Maidan, Lower Dir District|Maidan]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_place = [[Maidan, Lower Dir District|Maidan]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|7|11|1933|df=yes}}<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/2010820/1-controversial-cleric-sufi-muhammad-passes-away/ Controversial cleric Sufi Muhammad passes away]</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2019|7|11|86|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Controversial cleric Sufi Muhammad passes away |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2010820/1-controversial-cleric-sufi-muhammad-passes-away/ |newspaper=Express Tribune |date=11 July 2019}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan
| death_place = {{nobr|[[Swat District|Swat]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]],}} Pakistan
| children = At least one daughter
| children = At least one daughter
| blank1 = Religion
| religion = [[Islam]]
| data1 = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| blank2 = Denomination
| jurisprudence = [[Ḥanbalī]]
| creed = [[Athari|Atharī]]<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jeffry R.|last=Halverson| year=2010| title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137473578 |url=https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv |url-access=limited |page=48}}</ref>
| data2 = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| movement = [[Salafi movement|Salafīyyah]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World |first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown |year=2009 |publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition) |page=245}}</ref><br />[[Wahhabism|Wahhābiyyah]]<ref name="Armstrong 2014">{{cite magazine |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |date=27 November 2014 |title=Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |location=London |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>
| blank3 = Jurisprudence
| data3 = [[Ḥanbalī]]
| office1 = Founder and 1st Emir of {{nobr|[[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]}}
| blank4 = Creed
| term_start1 = 1992
| data4 = [[Athari|Atharī]]{{sfn|Halverson|2010|page=48}}
| term_end1 = 2002
| predecessor1 = ''Position created''
| blank5 = [[Religious movement|Movement]]
| successor1 = [[Fazlullah (militant leader)|Maulana Fazlullah]]
| data5 = [[Salafi movement|Salafīyyah]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}<br />[[Wahhabism|Wahhābiyyah]]<ref name="Armstrong 2014">{{cite magazine |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |date=27 November 2014 |title=Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |location=London |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>
| office = Founder and 1st Emir of [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]
| term_start = 1992
| term_end = 2002
| predecessor = Position created
| successor = [[Fazlullah (militant leader)|Maulana Fazlullah]]
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = [[File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg|25px]] [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] <br> <small>(1980s–1992)</small><br>[[File:Tnsm-flag.svg|25px]] [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]] <br> <small>(1992–2002)</small>
| allegiance = [[File:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Flag.svg|25px]] [[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Jamaat]] {{small|(1980s–1992)}}<br>[[File:Tnsm-flag.svg|25px]] [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi|TNSM]] {{small|(1992–2002)}}
| serviceyears = 1980s–2002
|branch =
| rank = [[Emir]] (TNSM)
|serviceyears = 1980s–2002
| battles =
|rank = [[Emir]] of [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]
{{tree list}}
|battles = *[[1994 Malakand Division Revolt]]
* [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi#1994 Malakand Division Revolt|Malakand Division Revolt]]
*[[United States invasion of Afghanistan]]
*[[War in North-West Pakistan]]{{POW}}
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]
** [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Waziristan War]]{{POW}}
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Sufi Muhammad bin Alhazrat Hassan''' (1933 – 11 July 2019) was a Pakistani [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Salafism|Salafi]] [[Islamist]] cleric and militant, the founder of [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]] (TNSM), a militant group (declared a terrorist outfit and banned in 2002) vying for implementation of [[Sharia]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshman
| first = Kanchan
| title = Deep roots to Pakistan's sectarian terror
| publisher = Asia Times
| date = 2003-07-09
| url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG09Df09.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040416073056/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG09Df09.html
| url-status = unfit
| archive-date = 2004-04-16
| access-date = 2009-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Fair
| first = C. Christine
| title = The educated militants of Pakistan: implications for Pakistan's domestic security
| journal = Contemporary South Asia
| volume = 16
| issue = 1
| pages = 99–100
| date = 2007-03-01
| url = http://home.comcast.net/~christine_fair/pubs/Fair_CSA_2008.pdf
| access-date = 2009-02-18
| doi=10.1080/09584930701800446| s2cid = 143810428
}}</ref><ref name=satp>{{cite web
| title = Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws)
| publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal
| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/TNSM.htm
| access-date = 2009-02-18}}</ref><ref name=jand>{{cite news|last=Jan |first=Delawar |title=Nizam-e-Adl Regulation for Malakand, Kohistan announced |publisher=The News International |date=2009-02-17 |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |access-date=2009-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085917/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |archive-date=16 June 2009 }}</ref>
It operates mainly in the [[Dir region]], [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]], and [[Malakand District|Malakand]] districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name=satp/> Sufi Muhammad was jailed for sending thousands of volunteers to Afghanistan to fight the U.S. intervention in 2001.<ref name=rk1>{{cite news
|last=Khan
|first=Riaz
|title= Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain
|publisher=USA Today
|date=2007-10-27
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-27-1647230362_x.htm
|access-date=2009-02-15}}</ref>
However, he was freed in 2008 after he renounced violence.<ref name=bbc2008421>{{cite news
| title = Top Pakistani militant released
| publisher = BBC News
| date = 2008-04-21
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7359523.stm
}}</ref><ref name=toosin>{{cite news|last=Toosi |first=Nahal |title=Taliban to cease fire in Pakistan's Swat Valley |publisher=Yahoo News |date=2009-02-15 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090215/ap_on_re_as/as_pakistan |access-date=2009-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216212653/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090215/ap_on_re_as/as_pakistan |archive-date=16 February 2009 }}</ref> He was the father-in-law of [[Maulana Fazlullah]], who assumed the leadership of TNSM during Sufi's imprisonment.<ref name=satp/><ref name=rk1/><ref name=bbcshariadeal>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7891955.stm BBC News - Pakistan agrees Sharia law deal]</ref> He was described by BBC as a "follower" of [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Wahhabi]] Islamic school of thought,<ref name=bbc-2002>{{cite web|title=Pakistan's militant Islamic groups|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1758534.stm|website=BBC News|access-date=16 November 2014|date=13 January 2002}}</ref> and by the [[Jamestown Foundation]] as one of the "active leaders" of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] in the 1980s.<ref name=nasirsa/>


'''Sufi Muhammad bin Alhazrat Hassan''' ([[Urdu]]: {{Script/Nastaliq|صوفی محمد بن الحضرت حسن}}; born 1933 – 11 July 2019) was a Pakistani [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islamist]] cleric and militant, and the founder of [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]] (TNSM), a militant group (declared a terrorist outfit and banned in 2002) vying for implementation of [[Sharia]] in [[Pakistan]].'''<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Kanchan |date=2003-07-09 |title=Deep roots to Pakistan's sectarian terror |publisher=Asia Times |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG09Df09.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040416073056/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EG09Df09.html |archive-date=2004-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The educated militants of Pakistan: implications for Pakistan's domestic security |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=99–100 |date=2007-03-01 |url=http://home.comcast.net/~christine_fair/pubs/Fair_CSA_2008.pdf |access-date=2009-02-18 |doi=10.1080/09584930701800446 |s2cid=143810428}}</ref><ref name="satp">{{cite web |title=Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws) |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/TNSM.htm |access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref><ref name="jand">{{cite news |last=Jan |first=Delawar |date=2009-02-17 |title=Nizam-e-Adl Regulation for Malakand, Kohistan announced |publisher=[[The News International]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616085917/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20372 |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> '''
== Background ==
It operated mainly in the [[Dir District|Dir]], [[Swat District|Swat]], and [[Malakand District|Malakand]] districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name=satp/>
Sufi Muhammad, born in [[Maidan, Lower Dir District|Maidan]], [[Lower Dir District]], received religious education at Panj Pir, Swabi.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=492|isbn=9780199927319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyh_DBV1bMC&q=sufi+muhammad+born+1933&pg=PA492}}</ref>

Sufi Muhammad was jailed for sending thousands of volunteers to Afghanistan to fight the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|U.S. intervention in 2001]].<ref name="rk1">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Riaz |date=2007-10-27 |title=Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain |publisher=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-27-1647230362_x.htm |access-date=2009-02-15}}</ref> However, he was freed in 2008 after he renounced violence.<ref name="bbc2008421">{{cite news |date=2008-04-21 |title=Top Pakistani militant released |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7359523.stm |access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref><ref name="toosin">{{cite news|last=Toosi |first=Nahal |title=Taliban to cease fire in Pakistan's Swat Valley |publisher=Yahoo News |date=2009-02-15 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090215/ap_on_re_as/as_pakistan |access-date=2009-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216212653/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090215/ap_on_re_as/as_pakistan |archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref>

He was the father-in-law of [[Fazlullah (militant leader)|Mullah Fazlullah]], who assumed the leadership of TNSM during Sufi's imprisonment.<ref name="satp" /><ref name="rk1" /><ref name="bbcshariadeal">{{Cite news |date=2009-02-16 |title=Pakistan agrees Sharia law deal |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7891955.stm |access-date=2023-10-14}}</ref>

He was described by BBC as a "follower" of [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] [[Salafist]] Islamic school of thought,<ref name="bbc-2002">{{cite web |date=13 January 2002 |title=Pakistan's militant Islamic groups |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1758534.stm |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> and by the [[Jamestown Foundation]] as one of the "active leaders" of [[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Jamaat-e-Islami]] in the 1980s.<ref name="nasirsa" />

== Early life ==
Sufi Muhammad, born in 1933 in [[Maidan, Lower Dir District|Maidan]], [[Lower Dir District]],<ref name=":0" /> and received religious education at [[Panjpir]], [[Swabi District|Swabi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=492|isbn=9780199927319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyh_DBV1bMC&q=sufi+muhammad+born+1933&pg=PA492}}</ref>

His son, Matiul Haq, would become an influential ideologue of the [[Pakistani Taliban|Tehreek-e-Taliban]], which would at one time be led by his son-in-law Mullah Fazlullah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Mona Kanwal |title=Guardians of God: Inside the Religious Mind of the Pakistani Taliban |publisher=OUP India |year=2016 |pages=75}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
During the 1980s, Sufi Muhammad actively participated in [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]], an [[Islamist]] political party of Pakistan. In 1992 he split from the group to form TNSM.<ref name=satp/><ref name=nasirsa>{{cite journal
|last = Nasir
|first = Sohail Abdul
|title = Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan
|journal = Terrorism Focus
|volume = 3
|issue = 19
|publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
|date = 2006-05-17
|url = http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=740&tx_ttnews[backPid]=239&no_cache=1
|access-date = 2009-02-09
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1
|archive-date = 3 September 2014
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> From its stronghold of [[Malakand Division]] Districts in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|northwestern]] Pakistan, Sufi Muhammad and his group engaged in violent agitation for the enforcement of [[Sharia]] law.<ref name=bbc-2002/>


=== Early activities ===
In October 2001, following the [[9/11 attacks]], Sufi Mohammad crossed into Afghanistan with thousands of his followers to help the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Taliban fight]] the US-led forces.<ref name=bbc-2002/> In 2001 he issued an edict, or fatwa, for holy war against U.S.-led forces in Afghanistan. After the [[Taliban]] was ousted from power in 2001, he returned to Pakistan, he was arrested.<ref name=satp/><ref name=rk1/><ref name=bbc-2002/><ref name=nasirsa/>
{{Main|Malakand insurrection (1994-1995)}}
During the 1980s, Sufi Muhammad actively participated in Jamaat-e-Islami, an [[Islamist]] political party of Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /> In 1992 he split from the group to form TNSM.<ref name="satp" /><ref name="nasirsa">{{cite journal|title=Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan |last=Nasir |first=Sohail Abdul |journal=Terrorism Focus |volume=3 |issue=19 |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=2006-05-17 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=740&tx_ttnews[backPid]=239&no_cache=1 |access-date=2009-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> From its stronghold of [[Malakand Division]] districts in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|northwestern Pakistan]], Sufi Muhammad and his group engaged in [[Malakand insurrection (1994-1995)|violent agitation]] for the enforcement of [[Sharia]] law.<ref name="bbc-2002" />


=== After 9/11 ===
Sufi Muhammad remained in prison until 2008 when he agreed in talks with the Government of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to use his influence to work towards peace in the region.<ref name=bbc2008421/><ref name=toosin/>
In October 2001, following the [[September 11 attacks]], Sufi Muhammad crossed into [[Afghanistan]] with thousands of his followers to help the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Taliban fight the US-led forces]].<ref name=bbc-2002/> In 2001 he issued an edict, or [[fatwa]], for [[Jihad|holy war]] against U.S.-led forces in Afghanistan. After the [[Taliban]] was ousted from power in 2001, he returned to [[Pakistan]], and was arrested.<ref name=satp/><ref name=rk1/><ref name=bbc-2002/><ref name=nasirsa/>


Sufi Muhammad remained in prison until 2008, when he agreed in talks with the [[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] to use his influence to work towards peace in the region.<ref name=bbc2008421/><ref name=toosin/>
==Ceasefire==
Maulana Sufi Muhammad took part in negotiations with the government that led to the announcement of a temporary ceasefire in the Malakand region on 16 February 2009. The Pakistani government agreed to allow the implementation of Sharia in the region once violence had stopped.<ref name=jand/><ref name=bbcshariadeal/><ref>{{cite news
| last = Ali
| first = Zulfiqar
|author2=Laura King
| title = Pakistan officials allow Sharia in volatile region
| work = Los Angeles Times
| date = 2009-02-17
| url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-pact17-2009feb17,0,6631935.story
| access-date = 2009-02-17}}</ref> Muhammad bin hassan agreed to travel to [[Swat valley|Swat]] to discuss peace with Fazlullah and his followers. He told reporters, "We will soon open dialogue with the Taliban. We will ask them to lay down their weapons. We are hopeful that they will not let us down. We will stay here in the [Swat] valley until peace is restored."<ref>{{cite news
| title = Pakistan Blasted for Creating Taliban Safe Haven With Islamic Law Deal
| publisher = Fox News
| date = 2009-02-17
| url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,494446,00.html
| access-date = 2009-02-18}}</ref>


=== Ceasefire ===
In early April 2009 Sufi Muhammad ended support for peace negotiations stating that the government was stalling the implementation of sharia courts in the Swat valley. President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] refused to sign any agreement until peace had been restored in the valley but failed to elaborate on how those conditions would be achieved.<ref name=dawn200949>{{cite news
Maulana Sufi Muhammad took part in negotiations with the government that led to the announcement of a temporary ceasefire in the Malakand region on 16 February 2009. The Pakistani government agreed to allow the implementation of Sharia in the region once violence had stopped.<ref name=jand/><ref name=bbcshariadeal/><ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Zulfiqar |author2=Laura King |date=2009-02-17 |title=Pakistan officials allow Sharia in volatile region |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-pact17-2009feb17,0,6631935.story |access-date=2009-02-17}}</ref> He agreed to travel to Swat to discuss peace with Fazlullah and his followers. He told reporters, "We will soon open dialogue with the Taliban. We will ask them to lay down their weapons. We are hopeful that they will not let us down. We will stay here in the [Swat] valley until peace is restored."<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-02-17 |title=Pakistan Blasted for Creating Taliban Safe Haven With Islamic Law Deal |work=[[Fox News]] |publisher= |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/pakistan-blasted-for-creating-taliban-safe-haven-with-islamic-law-deal |access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref>
| title = Sufi Mohammed calls off Swat peace deal
| publisher = Dawn
| date = 2009-04-09
| url = http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/sufi+mohammed+calls+off+swat+peace+deal
| access-date = 2009-04-09}}</ref>


In early April 2009, Sufi Muhammad ended support for peace negotiations stating that the government was stalling the implementation of sharia courts in the Swat valley. [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]] refused to sign any agreement until peace had been restored in the valley but failed to elaborate on how those conditions would be achieved.<ref name=dawn200949>{{cite news|title=Sufi Mohammed calls off Swat peace deal |publisher=Dawn |date=2009-04-09 |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/sufi+mohammed+calls+off+swat+peace+deal |access-date=2009-04-09}}</ref>
However, the president signed the [[Nizam-e-Adl-Regulation]] law for Swat, after it was hurriedly pushed through the national parliament a few hours earlier on 13 April 2009.<ref name=dailytimes2009414>{{cite news
| title = President signs Nizam-e-Adl after NA nod
| publisher = Daily Times
| date = 2009-04-14
| url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\04\14\story_14-4-2009_pg1_1
| access-date = 2009-04-19}}</ref>


However, the president signed the [[Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009|Nizam-e-Adl-Regulation]] law for Swat, after it was hurriedly pushed through the [[Parliament of Pakistan|national Parliament]] a few hours earlier on 13 April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asghar |first=Raja |date=2009-04-14 |title=Sharia for Malakand as Zardari signs law |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/457187/sharia-for-malakand-as-zardari-signs-law-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603235033/https://www.dawn.com/news/457187/sharia-for-malakand-as-zardari-signs-law-2 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
On 19 April 2009 Sufi Muhammad declared that "democracy was un-Islamic" and that decisions made in the [[qazi]] courts could not be appealed in Pakistan's central judicial system. According to the cleric Western-style democracy had led to divides among Pakistanis and the judicial system had contributed to the [[Political faction|factionalism]]. He ordered the central government to withdraw all judges from Malakand within four days and to set up a ''Darul Qaza'', an Islamic supreme court, to hear appeals from local Sharia courts.<ref name=dailytimes2009420>{{cite news
| title = TNSM chief sets 4-day deadline for establishing Darul Qaza
| publisher = Daily Times
| date = 2009-04-20
| url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\04\20\story_20-4-2009_pg1_1
| access-date = 2009-04-20}}</ref><ref name=telgraph20090420>{{cite news
| last = Shah
| first = Saeed
| title = Militants demand Islamic courts in troubled Pakistani region
| publisher = The Telegraph
| date = 2009-04-20
| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/5189140/Militants-demand-Islamic-courts-in-troubled-Pakistani-region.html
| access-date = 2009-04-20}}</ref>


On 19 April 2009, Sufi Muhammad declared that "democracy was un-Islamic" and that decisions made in the [[Qadi|qazi]] courts could not be appealed in [[Judiciary of Pakistan|Pakistan's central judicial system]]. According to the cleric, Western-style democracy had led to divides among Pakistanis and the judicial system had contributed to the [[Political faction|factionalism]]. He ordered the central government to withdraw all judges from [[Malakand District|Malakand]] within four days and to set up a ''Darul Qaza'', an Islamic supreme court, to hear appeals from local Sharia courts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-23 |title=Deadline to set up Darul Qaza in Malakand by Sufi Muhammad ends today |url=https://nation.com.pk/23-Apr-2009/Deadline-to-set-up-Darul-Qaza-in-Malakand-by-Sufi-Muhammad-ends-today |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="telgraph20090420">{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Saeed |date=2009-04-20 |title=Militants demand Islamic courts in troubled Pakistani region |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/5189140/Militants-demand-Islamic-courts-in-troubled-Pakistani-region.html |access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref>
==Arrest==


=== Arrest ===
On 3 June 2009, while engaging in [[Operation Black Thunderstorm]] against the Taliban, the Pakistani Army arrested senior aides to Sufi Muhammad in the Amandara region in [[Lower Dir District|Lower Dir]]. Among those aides arrested were Muhammad's deputy, Mohammad Alam, and his spokesperson, Ameer Izzat Khan.<ref name=aljazeera2009-06-05>{{cite news
On 3 June 2009, while engaging in [[Operation Black Thunderstorm]] against the Taliban, the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani Army]] arrested senior aides to Sufi Muhammad in the Amandara region in [[Lower Dir District|Lower Dir]]. Among those aides arrested were Muhammad's deputy, Mohammad Alam, and his spokesperson, Ameer Izzat Khan.<ref name="aljazeera2009-06-05">{{cite news |date=2009-06-05 |title=Pakistan Swat leader aides arrested |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/06/2009650038989984.html |access-date=2009-06-05}}</ref><ref name="bbc20090605">{{cite news |date=2009-06-05 |title=Pakistan arrests senior Islamists |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8084430.stm |access-date=2009-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2009-06-05 |title=Men with links to Taliban arrested |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/06/05/pakistan.swat/ |access-date=2009-06-05}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that Sufi Muhammad himself and possibly two of his sons had also been detained, though government sources would not confirm and would only say they knew of his whereabouts.<ref name=aljazeera2009-06-05/><ref name=dawn20090605>{{cite news|title=Three senior TNSM leaders arrested in Amandara |publisher=Dawn Media Group |date=2009-06-05 |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11-top-tnsm-leadership-including-sufi-mohammed-arrested--sources--il--04 |access-date=2009-06-05}}</ref> TNSM sources confirmed that Sufi Muhammad and his sons were missing, but suggested that he had gone into hiding.<ref name=bbc20090605/><ref name=dawn20090605/>
| title = Pakistan Swat leader aides arrested
| publisher = Al Jazeera
| date = 2009-06-05
| url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/06/2009650038989984.html
| access-date = 2009-06-05}}</ref><ref name=bbc20090605>{{cite news
| title = Pakistan arrests senior Islamists
| publisher = BBC News
| date = 2009-06-05
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8084430.stm
| access-date = 2009-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Men with links to Taliban arrested
| publisher = CNN
| date = 2009-06-05
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/06/05/pakistan.swat/
| access-date = 2009-06-05}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that Sufi Muhammad himself and possibly two of his sons had also been detained, though government sources would not confirm and would only say they knew of his whereabouts.<ref name=aljazeera2009-06-05/><ref name=dawn20090605>{{cite news
| title = Three senior TNSM leaders arrested in Amandara
| publisher = Dawn Media Group
| date = 2009-06-05
| url = http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11-top-tnsm-leadership-including-sufi-mohammed-arrested--sources--il--04
| access-date = 2009-06-05}}</ref> TNSM sources confirmed that Sufi Muhammad and his sons were missing, but suggested that he had gone into hiding.<ref name=bbc20090605/><ref name=dawn20090605/>


On 26 July 2009, the government announced the arrest of the cleric for encouraging violence and terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-07-26 |title=Pakistan holds pro-Taliban cleric |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8169385.stm |access-date=2009-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-27 |title=Sufi Muhammad, two sons held in Peshawar |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/848509/sufi-muhammad-two-sons-held-in-peshawar |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> On 2 August 2009, police announced that he had been charged with [[sedition]], aiding terrorism and conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-08-02 |title=Pakistan pro-Taliban cleric charged |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/08/200982142425605701.html |access-date=2009-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Swat deal broker cleric 'charged' |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-08-02 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180607.stm |access-date=2009-08-02}}</ref>
On 26 July 2009, the government announced the arrest of the cleric for encouraging violence and terrorism.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Pakistan holds pro-Taliban cleric
| publisher = BBC News
| date = 2009-07-26
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8169385.stm
| access-date = 2009-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Sufi Mohammad arrested: Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Information Minister
| publisher = Dawn Media Group
| date = 2009-07-26
| url = http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-outlawed-tnsm-chief-sufi-mohammad-arrested-qs-17
| access-date = 2009-07-26}}</ref> On 2 August 2009, police announced that he had been charged with [[sedition]], aiding terrorism and conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news | title=Pakistan pro-Taliban cleric charged | publisher=Al Jazeera | date = 2009-08-02 | url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/08/200982142425605701.html | access-date=2009-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Swat deal broker cleric 'charged' |publisher= BBC News | date= 2009-08-02 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180607.stm | access-date = 2009-08-02}}</ref>


In January 2011, Sufi Muhammad denied to an anti-terrorism court that he had any links to the anti-state [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) and that he only sought enforcement of sharia in [[Malakand District|Malakand]].<ref>{{cite news | title = No link with TTP, Sufi tells court | date = 2011-01-03 | publisher = Dawn Media Group | url = http://www.dawn.com/2011/01/04/no-link-with-ttp-sufi-tells-court.html | work = Dawn.com | access-date = 2011-02-18}}</ref>
In January 2011, Sufi Muhammad denied to an [[Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan|anti-terrorism court]] that he had any links to the anti-state [[Pakistani Taliban|Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) and that he only sought enforcement of sharia in [[Malakand District|Malakand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-01-04 |title=No link with TTP, Sufi tells court |url=https://www.dawn.com/2011/01/04/no-link-with-ttp-sufi-tells-court/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> He was indicted on sedition charges by an anti-terrorism court on 7 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherazi |first=Zahir Shah |date=2015-02-07 |title=ATC indicts Sufi Mohammad in sedition case |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1162121 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> He was released on [[bail]] on medical grounds in January 2018 by the [[Peshawar High Court]].<ref name=":0" />


==Death==
==Death==
Muhammad bin Hassan died from kidney failure and diabetes on 11 July 2019 at the age of 86.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-11 |title=Controversial cleric Sufi Muhammad passes away |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2010820/1-controversial-cleric-sufi-muhammad-passes-away |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Writings ==
Some of his writings include:<ref>"Tahrik Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi and Democracy: TNSM's Critique of Democracy." Sultan-i-Rome. ''Pakistan Vision''; Lahore Vol. 13, Iss. 2, (2012): 142-143</ref>

=== Urdu ===
''Haakimiyat Allah Taala Shariat-e Muhammadi kay Aayaynah mayn,'' 1998.


=== Pashto ===
Muhammad bin hassan died from kidney failure and diabetes on 11 July 2019 at the age of 86. <ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/2010820/1-controversial-cleric-sufi-muhammad-passes-away/ Controversial cleric Sufi Muhammad passes away]</ref>
''Wajuhat-e-Arbaa Ashrah li Marifat-e Haqiqat-e al-Shariat-e al-Muhammadiah; Yani Swaarlas Wajuhaat da Pijandalu da Shariat-e-Muhammadi'', 2008.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad, Sufi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad, Sufi}}
Line 198: Line 98:
[[Category:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan members]]
[[Category:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan members]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Wahhabists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Wahhabis]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith people]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith people]]
[[Category:Leaders of Islamic terror groups]]
[[Category:Leaders of Islamic terror groups]]

Latest revision as of 18:57, 14 December 2024

Sufi Muhammad
صوفی محمد
Founder and 1st Emir of Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
In office
1992–2002
Preceded byPosition created
Succeeded byMaulana Fazlullah
Personal life
Born1933
Maidan, Dir, British India
Died (aged 86)[1]
Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
ChildrenAt least one daughter
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceḤanbalī
CreedAtharī[2]
MovementSalafīyyah[3]
Wahhābiyyah[4]

Sufi Muhammad bin Alhazrat Hassan (Urdu: صوفی محمد بن الحضرت حسن; born 1933 – 11 July 2019) was a Pakistani Sunni Islamist cleric and militant, and the founder of Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM), a militant group (declared a terrorist outfit and banned in 2002) vying for implementation of Sharia in Pakistan.[5][6][7][8] It operated mainly in the Dir, Swat, and Malakand districts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[7]

Sufi Muhammad was jailed for sending thousands of volunteers to Afghanistan to fight the U.S. intervention in 2001.[9] However, he was freed in 2008 after he renounced violence.[10][11]

He was the father-in-law of Mullah Fazlullah, who assumed the leadership of TNSM during Sufi's imprisonment.[7][9][12]

He was described by BBC as a "follower" of Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi Salafist Islamic school of thought,[13] and by the Jamestown Foundation as one of the "active leaders" of Jamaat-e-Islami in the 1980s.[14]

Early life

[edit]

Sufi Muhammad, born in 1933 in Maidan, Lower Dir District,[15] and received religious education at Panjpir, Swabi.[16]

His son, Matiul Haq, would become an influential ideologue of the Tehreek-e-Taliban, which would at one time be led by his son-in-law Mullah Fazlullah.[17]

Career

[edit]

Early activities

[edit]
Main article: Malakand insurrection (1994-1995)

During the 1980s, Sufi Muhammad actively participated in Jamaat-e-Islami, an Islamist political party of Pakistan.[15] In 1992 he split from the group to form TNSM.[7][14] From its stronghold of Malakand Division districts in northwestern Pakistan, Sufi Muhammad and his group engaged in violent agitation for the enforcement of Sharia law.[13]

After 9/11

[edit]

In October 2001, following the September 11 attacks, Sufi Muhammad crossed into Afghanistan with thousands of his followers to help the Taliban fight the US-led forces.[13] In 2001 he issued an edict, or fatwa, for holy war against U.S.-led forces in Afghanistan. After the Taliban was ousted from power in 2001, he returned to Pakistan, and was arrested.[7][9][13][14]

Sufi Muhammad remained in prison until 2008, when he agreed in talks with the Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to use his influence to work towards peace in the region.[10][11]

Ceasefire

[edit]

Maulana Sufi Muhammad took part in negotiations with the government that led to the announcement of a temporary ceasefire in the Malakand region on 16 February 2009. The Pakistani government agreed to allow the implementation of Sharia in the region once violence had stopped.[8][12][18] He agreed to travel to Swat to discuss peace with Fazlullah and his followers. He told reporters, "We will soon open dialogue with the Taliban. We will ask them to lay down their weapons. We are hopeful that they will not let us down. We will stay here in the [Swat] valley until peace is restored."[19]

In early April 2009, Sufi Muhammad ended support for peace negotiations stating that the government was stalling the implementation of sharia courts in the Swat valley. President Asif Ali Zardari refused to sign any agreement until peace had been restored in the valley but failed to elaborate on how those conditions would be achieved.[20]

However, the president signed the Nizam-e-Adl-Regulation law for Swat, after it was hurriedly pushed through the national Parliament a few hours earlier on 13 April 2009.[21]

On 19 April 2009, Sufi Muhammad declared that "democracy was un-Islamic" and that decisions made in the qazi courts could not be appealed in Pakistan's central judicial system. According to the cleric, Western-style democracy had led to divides among Pakistanis and the judicial system had contributed to the factionalism. He ordered the central government to withdraw all judges from Malakand within four days and to set up a Darul Qaza, an Islamic supreme court, to hear appeals from local Sharia courts.[22][23]

Arrest

[edit]

On 3 June 2009, while engaging in Operation Black Thunderstorm against the Taliban, the Pakistani Army arrested senior aides to Sufi Muhammad in the Amandara region in Lower Dir. Among those aides arrested were Muhammad's deputy, Mohammad Alam, and his spokesperson, Ameer Izzat Khan.[24][25][26] Initial reports indicated that Sufi Muhammad himself and possibly two of his sons had also been detained, though government sources would not confirm and would only say they knew of his whereabouts.[24][27] TNSM sources confirmed that Sufi Muhammad and his sons were missing, but suggested that he had gone into hiding.[25][27]

On 26 July 2009, the government announced the arrest of the cleric for encouraging violence and terrorism.[28][29] On 2 August 2009, police announced that he had been charged with sedition, aiding terrorism and conspiracy.[30][31]

In January 2011, Sufi Muhammad denied to an anti-terrorism court that he had any links to the anti-state Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and that he only sought enforcement of sharia in Malakand.[32] He was indicted on sedition charges by an anti-terrorism court on 7 February 2015.[33] He was released on bail on medical grounds in January 2018 by the Peshawar High Court.[15]

Death

[edit]

Muhammad bin Hassan died from kidney failure and diabetes on 11 July 2019 at the age of 86.[15]

Writings

[edit]

Some of his writings include:[34]

Urdu

[edit]

Haakimiyat Allah Taala Shariat-e Muhammadi kay Aayaynah mayn, 1998.

Pashto

[edit]

Wajuhat-e-Arbaa Ashrah li Marifat-e Haqiqat-e al-Shariat-e al-Muhammadiah; Yani Swaarlas Wajuhaat da Pijandalu da Shariat-e-Muhammadi, 2008.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Controversial cleric Sufi Muhammad passes away". Express Tribune. 11 July 2019.
  2. ^ Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN 9781137473578.
  3. ^ Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition). p. 245.
  4. ^ Armstrong, Karen (27 November 2014). "Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism". New Statesman. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  5. ^ Lakshman, Kanchan (9 July 2003). "Deep roots to Pakistan's sectarian terror". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  6. ^ Fair, C. Christine (1 March 2007). "The educated militants of Pakistan: implications for Pakistan's domestic security" (PDF). Contemporary South Asia. 16 (1): 99–100. doi:10.1080/09584930701800446. S2CID 143810428. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws)". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  8. ^ a b Jan, Delawar (17 February 2009). "Nizam-e-Adl Regulation for Malakand, Kohistan announced". The News International. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  9. ^ a b c Khan, Riaz (27 October 2007). "Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain". USA Today. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  10. ^ a b "Top Pakistani militant released". BBC News. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  11. ^ a b Toosi, Nahal (15 February 2009). "Taliban to cease fire in Pakistan's Swat Valley". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  12. ^ a b "Pakistan agrees Sharia law deal". BBC News. 16 February 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d "Pakistan's militant Islamic groups". BBC News. 13 January 2002. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Nasir, Sohail Abdul (17 May 2006). "Religious Organization TNSM Re-Emerges in Pakistan". Terrorism Focus. 3 (19). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d "Controversial cleric Sufi Muhammad passes away". The Express Tribune. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  16. ^ An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 492. ISBN 9780199927319.
  17. ^ Sheikh, Mona Kanwal (2016). Guardians of God: Inside the Religious Mind of the Pakistani Taliban. OUP India. p. 75.
  18. ^ Ali, Zulfiqar; Laura King (17 February 2009). "Pakistan officials allow Sharia in volatile region". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  19. ^ "Pakistan Blasted for Creating Taliban Safe Haven With Islamic Law Deal". Fox News. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  20. ^ "Sufi Mohammed calls off Swat peace deal". Dawn. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  21. ^ Asghar, Raja (14 April 2009). "Sharia for Malakand as Zardari signs law". Dawn. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022.
  22. ^ "Deadline to set up Darul Qaza in Malakand by Sufi Muhammad ends today". The Nation. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  23. ^ Shah, Saeed (20 April 2009). "Militants demand Islamic courts in troubled Pakistani region". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  24. ^ a b "Pakistan Swat leader aides arrested". Al Jazeera. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  25. ^ a b "Pakistan arrests senior Islamists". BBC News. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  26. ^ "Men with links to Taliban arrested". CNN. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  27. ^ a b "Three senior TNSM leaders arrested in Amandara". Dawn Media Group. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  28. ^ "Pakistan holds pro-Taliban cleric". BBC News. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  29. ^ "Sufi Muhammad, two sons held in Peshawar". Dawn. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  30. ^ "Pakistan pro-Taliban cleric charged". Al Jazeera. 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
  31. ^ "Swat deal broker cleric 'charged'". BBC News. 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
  32. ^ "No link with TTP, Sufi tells court". Dawn. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  33. ^ Sherazi, Zahir Shah (7 February 2015). "ATC indicts Sufi Mohammad in sedition case". Dawn. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  34. ^ "Tahrik Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi and Democracy: TNSM's Critique of Democracy." Sultan-i-Rome. Pakistan Vision; Lahore Vol. 13, Iss. 2, (2012): 142-143
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sufi_Muhammad&oldid=1263109248"