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Coordinates: 53°33′N 9°56′E / 53.550°N 9.933°E / 53.550; 9.933
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{{redirect2|Hamburg-Altona|Hamburg Altona|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{redirect2|Hamburg Altona|Hamburg-Altona|the railway station|Hamburg-Altona station|the film|Hamburg Altona (film)}}
{{Infobox German location
{{Infobox German location
|name = Altona
|name = Altona
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|imagesize =
|imagesize =
|image_caption = [[Sol LeWitt]], Black Form Dedicated to the Missing Jews, Altona Townhall (Altona-Altstadt)
|image_caption = [[Sol LeWitt]], Black Form Dedicated to the Missing Jews, Altona Townhall (Altona-Altstadt)
|image_flag = Flag of Altona, Hamburg.png
|image_coa = DEU Altona COA.svg
|image_coa = DEU Altona COA.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|53|33|0|N|9|56|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|53|33|N|9|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Boroughs of Hamburg.jpg
|image_plan = Boroughs of Hamburg.jpg
|plantext = Boroughs of Hamburg
|plantext = Boroughs of Hamburg
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|elevationmax =
|elevationmax =
|area = 77.5
|area = 77.5
|pop_ref = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02|datref=QUELLE}}</ref>
|population = 275664
|population = {{Population Germany|key=022}}
|population_as_of = 2020-12-31
|population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02|datref=STAND}}
|pop_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j20.pdf|title=Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2020|publisher=Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein|date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
|postal_code =
|postal_code =
|area_code = 040
|area_code = 040
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|divisions = 13 [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarters]]
|divisions = 13 [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarters]]
|website =
|website =
|mayor =
|mayor = [[Stefanie von Berg]]
|Bürgermeistertitel =
|Bürgermeistertitel = Bezirksamtsleiter
|party =
|party =
|ruling_party1 = |ruling_party2 = |ruling_party3 =
|ruling_party1 = |ruling_party2 = |ruling_party3 =
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[[File:Hamburg-Altona, Infanterie-Regiment 31, Denk- und Gegendenkmal.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial of the Prussian Regiments (IR31, [[Military reserve force|RIR31]] and [[Landwehr|L31]])]]
[[File:Hamburg-Altona, Infanterie-Regiment 31, Denk- und Gegendenkmal.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial of the Prussian Regiments (IR31, [[Military reserve force|RIR31]] and [[Landwehr|L31]])]]


'''Altona''' ({{IPA-de|ˈaltonaː|lang|De-Altona.ogg}}) is the westernmost [[Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg#Boroughs|urban borough]] (''Bezirk'') of the [[Germany|German]] [[States of Germany|city state]] of [[Hamburg]], on the right bank of the [[Elbe]] river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the [[Denmark|Danish]] monarchy. Altona was an independent borough until 1937. In 2016 the population was 270,263.
'''Altona''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaltonaː|lang|De-Altona.ogg}}), also called '''Hamburg-Altona''', is the westernmost [[Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg#Boroughs|urban borough]] (''Bezirk'') of the [[Germany|German]] [[States of Germany|city state]] of [[Hamburg]]. Located on the right bank of the [[Elbe]] river, Altona had a population of 270,263 in 2016.
From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the [[Denmark|Danish]] monarchy. Altona was an independent borough until 1937.


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
Altona was founded in 1535 as a village of fishermen in what was then [[Holstein-Pinneberg]]. In 1640, Altona came under Danish rule as part of [[Holstein-Glückstadt]], and in 1664 was granted [[town rights|municipal rights]] by the Danish King [[Frederik III of Denmark|Frederik III]], who then ruled in [[personal union]] as Duke of Holstein. Altona was one of the Danish monarchy's most important harbor towns. The railroad from Altona to [[Kiel]], the [[Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway]] ({{lang-da|link=no|[[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian VIII]] [[Baltic Sea|Østersø]] Jernbane}}), was opened in 1844.


=== Danish period ===
⚫
Because of severe restrictions on the number of [[Jew]]s allowed to live in Hamburg until 1864 (with the exception of 1811–1815),<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7131-hamburg ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': Hamburg]. "In 1619&nbsp;... it was agreed that, in consideration of a payment made for their protection, the Jews should be tolerated in the town as strangers, though they were not to be allowed to practise their religion publicly". "In 1648 the council of aldermen issued an order expelling the German Jews ["Hochdeutsche Juden"] from the town. They moved to Altona, and were required to pay a monthly tax". "In 1697 the freedom of religious practice which the congregation had obtained was disturbed by hostile edicts of the aldermen, and the Jews were extortionately taxed. On this account many of the rich and important Portuguese Jews left Hamburg, some of them laying the foundation of the Portuguese congregation of Altona." (''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'')</ref> a major [[Taxation of the Jews in Hamburg#Jews in Altona|Jewish community]] developed in Altona starting in 1611, when Count [[Ernst of Schaumburg|Ernest of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg]] granted the first permanent residence permits to [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazic Jews]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Lowenthal|first=Marvin|title=The Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln|year=1977|publisher=Shocken Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8052-0572-5|pages=5–10}}</ref> Members did business both in Hamburg and in Altona itself. All that remains after the [[Nazi]] [[Holocaust]] during [[World War II]] are the [[Jewish cemetery|Jewish cemeteries]], but in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the community was a major center of Jewish life and [[scholarship]]. Holstein-Pinneberg and later Danish Holstein had lower taxes and placed fewer civil impositions on their Jewish community than did the [[government of Hamburg]].
⚫
Altona was founded in 1535 as a village of fishermen in what was then [[Holstein-Pinneberg]]. In 1640, Altona came under [[Denmark-Norway|Danish rule]] as part of [[Holstein-Glückstadt]], and in 1664 was granted [[town rights|municipal rights]] by the Danish King [[Frederik III of Denmark|Frederik III]], who then ruled in [[personal union]] as Duke of Holstein. Altona was one of the Danish monarchy's most important harbor towns. The railway from Altona to [[Kiel]], the [[Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway]] ({{langx|da|link=no|[[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian VIII]] [[Baltic Sea|Østersø]] Jernbane}}), was opened in 1844.


=== Imperial period ===
The wars between [[Denmark]] and the [[German Confederation]] — the [[First Schleswig War]] (1848–1851) and the [[Second Schleswig War]] (February–October 1864) — and the [[Gastein Convention]] of 1864, led to Denmark's cession of the [[Duchy of Schleswig|Duchies of Schleswig]] and [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] to Prussian administration and [[Saxe-Lauenburg|Lauenburg]] to Austrian administration. Along with all of [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]], Altona became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1867.
The wars between [[Denmark]] and the [[German Confederation]] – the [[First Schleswig War]] (1848–1851) and the [[Second Schleswig War]] (February–October 1864) led to Denmark's cession of the [[Duchy of Schleswig|Duchies of Schleswig]], [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] and [[Saxe-Lauenburg|Lauenburg]]; they were initially jointly administered as a [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] by Prussian and Austrian administration. With the [[Gastein Convention]] of 14 August 1865, Holstein came under solely Austrian administration, while Schleswig and Lauenburg came under Prussian authority. After the [[Austro-Prussian War]], Schleswig-Holstein as a whole became the Prussian [[province of Schleswig-Holstein]] in 1867 and as such Altona became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. In the same year, the town was hit by [[cholera]], with a minimum of 16 casualties in Altona.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colera |date=31 August 1871 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1871/08/31/archives/cholera-the-disease-in-hamburg-and-altona-germany-ravages-in.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

⚫
Because of severe restrictions on the number of [[Jew]]s allowed to live in Hamburg until 1864 (with the exception of 1811–1815),<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7131-hamburg ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': Hamburg]. "In 1619&nbsp;... it was agreed that, in consideration of a payment made for their protection, the Jews should be tolerated in the town as strangers, though they were not to be allowed to practise their religion publicly". "In 1648 the council of aldermen issued an order expelling the German Jews ["Hochdeutsche Juden"] from the town. They moved to Altona, and were required to pay a monthly tax". "In 1697 the freedom of religious practice which the congregation had obtained was disturbed by hostile edicts of the aldermen, and the Jews were extortionately taxed. On this account many of the rich and important Portuguese Jews left Hamburg, some of them laying the foundation of the Portuguese congregation of Altona." (''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'')</ref> a major [[Taxation of the Jews in Hamburg#Jews in Altona|Jewish community]] developed in Altona starting in 1611, when Count [[Ernst of Schaumburg|Ernest of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg]] granted the first permanent residence permits to [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazic Jews]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Lowenthal|first=Marvin|title=The Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln|year=1977|publisher=Shocken Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8052-0572-5|pages=5–10}}</ref> Members did business both in Hamburg and in Altona itself. All that remains after the [[Nazi]] [[Holocaust]] during [[World War II]] are the [[Jewish cemetery|Jewish cemeteries]], but in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the community was a major center of Jewish life and [[scholarship]]. Holstein-Pinneberg and later Danish Holstein had lower taxes and placed fewer civil impositions on their Jewish community than did the [[government of Hamburg]].


=== History from 1918 to 1945 ===
In 1871, Altona became a part of the [[German Empire]]. In the same year, the town was hit by [[cholera]], with a minimum of 16 casualties in Altona.<ref>{{Citation |title=Colera |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 August 1871 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1871/08/31/archives/cholera-the-disease-in-hamburg-and-altona-germany-ravages-in.html}}</ref>
During the Weimar era following [[World War I]], the town of Altona was disturbed by major labor strikes and street disorders. Inflation in Germany was a major problem. In 1923, [[Max Brauer]], the mayor of Altona, directed that town personnel should be paid in part with gas meter tokens, as the tokens did not lose value from inflation.<ref>{{Citation |last=Verg |first=Erich |last2=Verg |first2=Martin |title=Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt |year=2007 |page=158 |location=Hamburg |publisher=Ellert&Richter |edition=4th |isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1 |language=de}}</ref>


During the Weimar era following [[World War I]], the town of Altona was disturbed by major labor strikes and street disorders. Inflation in Germany was a major problem. In 1923, [[Max Brauer]], the mayor of Altona, directed that town personnel should be paid in part with gas meter tokens, as the tokens did not lose value from inflation.<ref>{{Citation |last=Verg |first=Erich |last2=Verg |first2=Martin |title=Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt |year=2007 |page=158 |location=Hamburg |publisher=Ellert&Richter |edition=4th |isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1 |language=de}}</ref> The most notable event at that time was the [[Altona Bloody Sunday]] (German: ''Altonaer Blutsonntag'') on 17 July 1932, when several people were shot by the police force which was providing security for a demonstration by [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] groups. After police raids and a special court, on 1 August 1933, [[Bruno Tesch (antifascist)|Bruno Tesch]] and others were found guilty and put to death by beheading with a hand-held axe.<ref>{{Citation |title=Back to the Axe! |date=14 August 1933 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745905-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516022259/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745905-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=14 August 2008}}</ref><ref>Stolpersteine in Hamburg |url=http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234|</ref> In the 1990s, the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] reversed the convictions of Tesch and the other men who were put to death, clearing their names.
The most notable event at that time was the [[Altona Bloody Sunday]] (German: {{Lang|de|Altonaer Blutsonntag}}) on 17 July 1932, when 18 people were killed, all but two by police, during a violent clash between [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] marchers and members or supporters of the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2021 |title=Der "Altonaer Blutsonntag" 1932 |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/altonaer-blutsonntag-1932.html |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de}}</ref> In 1938, the [[Greater Hamburg Act]] removed Altona from the [[Free State of Prussia]] in 1937 and merged it (and several surrounding towns) with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. After police raids and a special court, on 1 August 1933, [[Bruno Tesch (antifascist)|Bruno Tesch]] and others were found guilty and put to death by beheading with a hand-held axe.<ref>{{Citation |title=Back to the Axe! |date=14 August 1933 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745905-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516022259/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745905-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=14 August 2008}}</ref><ref>Stolpersteine in Hamburg |url=http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234| {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214254/http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234%7C |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>


=== Modern history ===
In 1938, the [[Greater Hamburg Act]] removed Altona from the [[Free State of Prussia]] in 1937 and merged it (and several surrounding towns) with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.
In the 1990s, the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] reversed the convictions of Tesch and the other men who were put to death, clearing their names.


On 1 February 2007, the ''Ortsämter'' (district offices) in Hamburg were done away with. In Altona, the districts of Blankenese, Lurup and Osdorf had existed and had local offices. On 1 March 2008, the Schanzenviertel neighborhood, which had spanned parts of the boroughs of Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hamburg-Mitte, became the [[Sternschanze]] quarter, the entirety of which is now in the Altona borough.<ref>Act of the area organisation</ref>
On 1 February 2007, the ''Ortsämter'' (district offices) in Hamburg were done away with. In Altona, the districts of Blankenese, Lurup and Osdorf had existed and had local offices. On 1 March 2008, the Schanzenviertel neighborhood, which had spanned parts of the boroughs of Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hamburg-Mitte, became the [[Sternschanze]] quarter, the entirety of which is now in the Altona borough.<ref>Act of the area organisation</ref>

Altona is noted for being the site of the popular [[Altona Fischmarkt]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dodson |first=Sean |date=2001-12-21 |title=Hamburg with relish |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/dec/21/hamburg.germany |access-date=2023-08-28 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Borough profile ==
Commentators and politicians, including former member of the [[Hamburg Parliament]] {{Interlanguage link|Stefanie von Berg|de}}, have noted that neighborhoods in Altona is diverse in terms of social conditions. Von Berg noted that poverty present in the [[Lurup]] and [[Osdorf, Hamburg|Osdorf]] quarters contrast with the affluent [[Blankenese]] and [[Nienstedten]] quarters within the borough.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-11 |title=Grüne Bezirkschefin in Hamburg: „Der Bezirk Altona ist ein gutes Abbild von Deutschland“ - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/hamburg/plus230956733/Gruene-Bezirkschefin-in-Hamburg-Der-Bezirk-Altona-ist-ein-gutes-Abbild-von-Deutschland.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
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=== Quarters ===
=== Quarters ===
Politically, the following quarters ({{lang-de|link=no|Stadtteile}}) are part of Altona borough:
Politically, the following quarters ({{langx|de|link=no|Stadtteile}}) are part of Altona borough:
# [[Altona-Altstadt]]
# [[Altona-Altstadt]]
# [[Altona-Nord]]
# [[Altona-Nord]]
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== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
In 2018, Altona had a population of 274,702 people. 18.0% are children under the age of 18 and 17.9% are 65 years of age or older. 16.2% are immigrants. 5.0% of people are registered as unemployed. In 2018, 53,4% of all households are single-person households.{{cn|date=February 2022}}
In 2018, Altona had a population of 274,702 people. 18.0% are children under the age of 18 and 17.9% are 65 years of age or older. 16.2% are immigrants. 5.0% of people are registered as unemployed. In 2018, 53,4% of all households are single-person households.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}


There are 195 kindergartens and 31 primary schools in Altona as well as 879 physicians in private practice, 254 dentists and 60 pharmacies.<ref>Source: statistical office Nord of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (2018)</ref>
There are 195 kindergartens and 31 primary schools in Altona as well as 879 physicians in private practice, 254 dentists and 60 pharmacies.<ref>Source: statistical office Nord of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (2018)</ref>
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=== Elections ===
=== Elections ===


{{Election table|title=District parliament election of Altona in 2019}}
{{Election table|title=District parliament election of Altona in 2024}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Parties
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Parties
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| style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]]
| 35.1
| 27.6
| {{increase}} 13.0
| {{decrease}} 7.5
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
| 20.4
| 21.6
| {{decrease}} 9.6
| {{increase}} 1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]]
| 16.6
| 18.0
| {{decrease}} 6.7
| {{increase}} 1.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
| 14.8
| 12.8
| {{increase}} 0.8
| {{decrease}} 2.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]
| 6.8
| 7.6
| {{increase}} 2.4
| {{increase}} 0.8
⚫
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
⚫
|-
⚫
| style="background-color:{{party color|Volt Germany}}" |
⚫
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Volt Germany|Volt]]
⚫
| 5.6
⚫
| {{increase}} 5.6
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Alternative for Germany}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Alternative for Germany}}" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Alternative for Germany]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Alternative for Germany]]
| 4.4
| 5.5
| {{increase}} 1.1
| {{increase}} 1.1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
⚫
|-
⚫
| style="background-color:{{party color|Pirate Party Germany}}" |
⚫
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pirate Party Germany|Pirate Party]]
⚫
| 1.4
⚫
| {{decrease}} 1.1
⚫
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#eeeeee" |
| style="background-color:#eeeeee" |
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== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
* [[Jean de Labadie]] (1610–1674), French Christian mystic who died in Altona.
* [[Jean de Labadie]] (1610–1674), French Christian mystic who died in Altona.
* [[Gluckel of Hameln]] (1646–1724)
* [[Gluckel of Hameln]] (1646–1724), Jewish businesswoman and diarist.
* [[Jonathan Eybeschutz]] (1690–1764), was a Talmudist, Halachist, and Kabbalist who died in Altona.
* [[Jonathan Eybeschutz]] (1690–1764), was a [[Talmudist]], [[Halachist]], and [[Kabbalist]] who died in Altona.
* [[Jacob Emden]] (1697–1776), was a Talmudist, Halachist, and Kabbalist who lived most his life in Altona.
* [[Jacob Emden]] (1697–1776), was a Talmudist, Halachist, and Kabbalist who lived most his life in Altona.
*[[Meshullam Solomon]] (1723-1794), rabbi and son of Jacob Emden.
* [[Johann Friedrich Struensee]] (1737–1772), doctor of medicine, ''de facto'' ruler of Denmark
* [[Johann Friedrich Struensee]] (1737–1772), doctor of medicine, ''de facto'' ruler of Denmark-Norway.
* [[Jens Jacob Eschels]] (1757–1842), nautical captain, author of the oldest known captain's autobiography in Germany (Born in Nieblum, died in Altona).
* [[Jens Jacob Eschels]] (1757–1842), nautical captain, author of the oldest known captain's autobiography in Germany (Born in Nieblum, died in Altona).
* [[Corad Hinrich Donner|Conrad Hinrich Donner]] (1774–1854), banker and philanthropist, of Donners Park, Altona
* [[Corad Hinrich Donner|Conrad Hinrich Donner]] (1774–1854), banker and philanthropist, of Donners Park, Altona
* [[Johann Heinrich Wohlien]] (1779–1842), organ builder<ref>Fock, Gustave; ''Hamburgs Anteil am Orgelbau im niederdeutschen Kulturgebiet'' (''Hamburg's share in organ building in the Low German cultural area'') 1939 p.369 ([http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh/digbib/view?did=c1:20559&sdid=c1:20575 online])</ref>
* [[Johann Heinrich Wohlien]] (1779–1842), organ builder<ref>Fock, Gustave; ''Hamburgs Anteil am Orgelbau im niederdeutschen Kulturgebiet'' (''Hamburg's share in organ building in the Low German cultural area'') 1939 p.369 ([http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh/digbib/view?did=c1:20559&sdid=c1:20575 online])</ref>
* [[John Henry Weber]] (1779–1859), fur trader and explorer in the Rocky Mountains, born and raised in Altona.
* [[:de:Akiba Israel Wertheimer|Akiba Israel Wertheimer]] (1778–1835), was chief Rabbi in Altona from 1815–35
* [[:de:Akiba Israel Wertheimer|Akiba Israel Wertheimer]] (1778–1835), was chief Rabbi in Altona from 1815 to 1835
* [[George Jarvis (Philhellene)]] (1797–1828), was the first of the American Philhellenes who took part in the Greek Revolution 1821–1829, general of Greek army, born in Altona.
* [[George Jarvis (Philhellene)]] (1797–1828), was the first of the American Philhellenes who took part in the Greek Revolution 1821–1829, general of Greek army, born in Altona.
* [[Johannes Groenland]] (1824–1891), botanist and microscopist who worked for [[Louis de Vilmorin]] in Paris and was born in Altona.
* [[Johannes Groenland]] (1824–1891), botanist and microscopist who worked for [[Louis de Vilmorin]] in Paris and was born in Altona.
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* [[Bernhard von Bülow]] (1849–1929), German politician and chancellor
* [[Bernhard von Bülow]] (1849–1929), German politician and chancellor
* [[Constantin Brunner]] (1862–1937), German philosopher, grandson of Akiba Israel Wertheimer, was born in Altona
* [[Constantin Brunner]] (1862–1937), German philosopher, grandson of Akiba Israel Wertheimer, was born in Altona
* [[Carlos Schwabe]] (1866-1926), painter and printmaker of the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] art movement
* [[Karl Yens]] (1868–1945), [[plein-air]] painter of Southern California, born in Altona.
* [[Karl Yens]] (1868–1945), [[plein-air]] painter of Southern California, born in Altona.
* [[Carl F. W. Borgward]] (1890–1963), German engineer, car designer and businessman
* [[Carl F. W. Borgward]] (1890–1963), German engineer, car designer and businessman
* [[Friedrich Völtzer]] (1895–1951), German politician was born in Altona
* [[Johannes de Boer]] (1897–1986), Highly decorated [[Generalleutnant]] during [[World War II]], was born in Altona.
* [[Johannes de Boer]] (1897–1986), Highly decorated [[Generalleutnant]] during [[World War II]], was born in Altona.
* [[Louise Schroeder]] (1887–1957), German politician (SPD)
* [[Louise Schroeder]] (1887–1957), German politician (SPD)
Line 183: Line 200:
== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Altonaer FC von 1893]] Football club based in the area.
*[[Altonaer FC von 1893]] Football club based in the area.
*[[Hamburg Altona (electoral district)|Hamburg Altona electoral district]], covering the borough
*[[Hamburg-Altona (electoral district)|Hamburg-Altona electoral district]], covering the borough
*[[Altona, Victoria]], Australia – a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, named after Altona, Hamburg
*[[Altona, Victoria]], Australia – a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, named after Altona, Hamburg
*[[Altoona, Pennsylvania]] – named after Altona, Hamburg
*[[Altoona, Pennsylvania]] – named after Altona, Hamburg
Line 191: Line 208:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


=== General sources ===
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein] Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, official website {{in lang|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein] Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, official website {{in lang|de}}
*Act of the areal organisation, 6 July 2006 [https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/RGlG_HA.htm ''Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG)''] {{in lang|de}}
*Act of the areal organisation, 6 July 2006 [https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/RGlG_HA.htm ''Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG)''] {{in lang|de}}
* Stolpersteine Hamburg [http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234 ''Stolpersteine in Hamburg ''] {{in lang|de}}
* Stolpersteine Hamburg [http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234 ''Stolpersteine in Hamburg ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000855/http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234 |date=11 August 2011 }} {{in lang|de}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Altona, Hamburg| ]]
[[Category:Altona, Hamburg| ]]
[[Category:Boroughs of Hamburg]]
[[Category:Boroughs of Hamburg]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities|Altona]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1535]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1535]]
[[Category:1535 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1535 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]

Latest revision as of 19:53, 14 December 2024

"Hamburg-Altona" and "Hamburg Altona" redirect here. For other uses, see Hamburg-Altona (disambiguation).

Altona
Borough of Hamburg
Sol LeWitt, Black Form Dedicated to the Missing Jews, Altona Townhall (Altona-Altstadt)
Sol LeWitt, Black Form Dedicated to the Missing Jews, Altona Townhall (Altona-Altstadt)
Flag of Altona
Flag
Coat of arms of Altona
Coat of arms
Boroughs of Hamburg
Altona is located in Germany
Altona
Altona
Altona is located in Hamburg
Altona
Altona
Coordinates: 53°33′N 9°56′E / 53.550°N 9.933°E / 53.550; 9.933
CountryGermany
StateHamburg
CityHamburg
BoroughAltona
Founded1535
Subdivisions13 quarters
Government
 • BezirksamtsleiterStefanie von Berg
Area
 • Total
77.5 km2 (29.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2023-12-31)[1]
 • Total
280,838
 • Density3,600/km2 (9,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Dialling codes040
Vehicle registrationHH
The Dockland at the harbor
Memorial of the Prussian Regiments (IR31, RIR31 and L31)

Altona (German: [ˈaltonaː] ⓘ), also called Hamburg-Altona, is the westernmost urban borough (Bezirk) of the German city state of Hamburg. Located on the right bank of the Elbe river, Altona had a population of 270,263 in 2016.

From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent borough until 1937.

History

[edit]

Danish period

[edit]

Altona was founded in 1535 as a village of fishermen in what was then Holstein-Pinneberg. In 1640, Altona came under Danish rule as part of Holstein-Glückstadt, and in 1664 was granted municipal rights by the Danish King Frederik III, who then ruled in personal union as Duke of Holstein. Altona was one of the Danish monarchy's most important harbor towns. The railway from Altona to Kiel, the Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway (Danish: Christian VIII Østersø Jernbane), was opened in 1844.

Imperial period

[edit]

The wars between Denmark and the German Confederation – the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) and the Second Schleswig War (February–October 1864) led to Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg; they were initially jointly administered as a condominium by Prussian and Austrian administration. With the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865, Holstein came under solely Austrian administration, while Schleswig and Lauenburg came under Prussian authority. After the Austro-Prussian War, Schleswig-Holstein as a whole became the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein in 1867 and as such Altona became part of the German Empire in 1871. In the same year, the town was hit by cholera, with a minimum of 16 casualties in Altona.[2]

Because of severe restrictions on the number of Jews allowed to live in Hamburg until 1864 (with the exception of 1811–1815),[3] a major Jewish community developed in Altona starting in 1611, when Count Ernest of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg granted the first permanent residence permits to Ashkenazic Jews.[4] Members did business both in Hamburg and in Altona itself. All that remains after the Nazi Holocaust during World War II are the Jewish cemeteries, but in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the community was a major center of Jewish life and scholarship. Holstein-Pinneberg and later Danish Holstein had lower taxes and placed fewer civil impositions on their Jewish community than did the government of Hamburg.

History from 1918 to 1945

[edit]

During the Weimar era following World War I, the town of Altona was disturbed by major labor strikes and street disorders. Inflation in Germany was a major problem. In 1923, Max Brauer, the mayor of Altona, directed that town personnel should be paid in part with gas meter tokens, as the tokens did not lose value from inflation.[5]

The most notable event at that time was the Altona Bloody Sunday (German: Altonaer Blutsonntag) on 17 July 1932, when 18 people were killed, all but two by police, during a violent clash between Nazi marchers and members or supporters of the Communist Party.[6] In 1938, the Greater Hamburg Act removed Altona from the Free State of Prussia in 1937 and merged it (and several surrounding towns) with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. After police raids and a special court, on 1 August 1933, Bruno Tesch and others were found guilty and put to death by beheading with a hand-held axe.[7][8]

Modern history

[edit]

In the 1990s, the Federal Republic of Germany reversed the convictions of Tesch and the other men who were put to death, clearing their names.

On 1 February 2007, the Ortsämter (district offices) in Hamburg were done away with. In Altona, the districts of Blankenese, Lurup and Osdorf had existed and had local offices. On 1 March 2008, the Schanzenviertel neighborhood, which had spanned parts of the boroughs of Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hamburg-Mitte, became the Sternschanze quarter, the entirety of which is now in the Altona borough.[9]

Altona is noted for being the site of the popular Altona Fischmarkt.[10]

Borough profile

[edit]

Commentators and politicians, including former member of the Hamburg Parliament Stefanie von Berg [de], have noted that neighborhoods in Altona is diverse in terms of social conditions. Von Berg noted that poverty present in the Lurup and Osdorf quarters contrast with the affluent Blankenese and Nienstedten quarters within the borough.[11]

Geography

[edit]
Aerial view of Altona from the South. In the foreground the Elbe quays.

The border of Altona to the south is the River Elbe, and across the river the state of Lower Saxony and the boroughs of Harburg and Hamburg-Mitte. To the east is the borough of Hamburg-Mitte and to the north is the borough of Eimsbüttel. The western border is with the state of Schleswig-Holstein. According to the statistical office of Hamburg, Altona has an area of 77.5 km2 or 29.9 sq mi in 2006.

Quarters

[edit]

Politically, the following quarters (German: Stadtteile) are part of Altona borough:

  1. Altona-Altstadt
  2. Altona-Nord
  3. Bahrenfeld
  4. Ottensen
  5. Othmarschen (including parts of Klein Flottbek)
  6. Groß Flottbek
  7. Osdorf
  8. Lurup
  9. Nienstedten (including parts of Klein Flottbek)
  10. Blankenese
  11. Iserbrook
  12. Sülldorf
  13. Rissen
  14. Sternschanze

Demographics

[edit]

In 2018, Altona had a population of 274,702 people. 18.0% are children under the age of 18 and 17.9% are 65 years of age or older. 16.2% are immigrants. 5.0% of people are registered as unemployed. In 2018, 53,4% of all households are single-person households.[citation needed]

There are 195 kindergartens and 31 primary schools in Altona as well as 879 physicians in private practice, 254 dentists and 60 pharmacies.[12]

Politics

[edit]
Subdivisions of Altona

Simultaneously with elections to the state parliament (Bürgerschaft), the Bezirksversammlung is elected as representatives of the citizens. It consists of 51 representatives.

See also: Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg § Boroughs

Elections

[edit]
District parliament election of Altona in 2024
Parties % ± Seats
Alliance 90/The Greens 27.6 Decrease 7.5 14
Social Democratic Party 21.6 Increase 1.2 11
Christian Democratic Union 18.0 Increase 1.4 9
The Left 12.8 Decrease 2.0 7
Free Democratic Party 7.6 Increase 0.8 4
Volt 5.6 Increase 5.6 3
Alternative for Germany 5.5 Increase 1.1 3
Others 0.6 Increase 0.2 0
Total 51

Transport

[edit]
Further information: Hamburg-Altona station
Altona Bahnhof (railway station) in 1971. Buses, streetcars, trains and S-Bahn trains all met at this spot.

Altona is the location of a major railway station, Hamburg-Altona, connecting the Hamburg S-Bahn with the regional railways and local bus lines.

The A 7 autobahn passes through Altona borough.

According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in Altona 87,131 private cars were registered (359 cars per 1000 people).[13]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2023 nach Stadtteilen". Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein. May 2024.
  2. ^ "Colera". The New York Times. 31 August 1871.
  3. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Hamburg. "In 1619 ... it was agreed that, in consideration of a payment made for their protection, the Jews should be tolerated in the town as strangers, though they were not to be allowed to practise their religion publicly". "In 1648 the council of aldermen issued an order expelling the German Jews ["Hochdeutsche Juden"] from the town. They moved to Altona, and were required to pay a monthly tax". "In 1697 the freedom of religious practice which the congregation had obtained was disturbed by hostile edicts of the aldermen, and the Jews were extortionately taxed. On this account many of the rich and important Portuguese Jews left Hamburg, some of them laying the foundation of the Portuguese congregation of Altona." (Jewish Encyclopedia)
  4. ^ Lowenthal, Marvin (1977), The Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln, New York: Shocken Books, pp. 5–10, ISBN 978-0-8052-0572-5
  5. ^ Verg, Erich; Verg, Martin (2007), Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt (in German) (4th ed.), Hamburg: Ellert&Richter, p. 158, ISBN 978-3-8319-0137-1
  6. ^ "Der "Altonaer Blutsonntag" 1932". Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). 14 July 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  7. ^ "Back to the Axe!", Time, 14 August 1933, archived from the original on 16 May 2008, retrieved 14 August 2008
  8. ^ Stolpersteine in Hamburg |url=http://87.106.6.17/stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?&LANGUAGE=EN&MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=234%7C Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Act of the area organisation
  10. ^ Dodson, Sean (21 December 2001). "Hamburg with relish". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  11. ^ "Grüne Bezirkschefin in Hamburg: „Der Bezirk Altona ist ein gutes Abbild von Deutschland" - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 11 May 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  12. ^ Source: statistical office Nord of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (2018)
  13. ^ Source: statistical office Nord of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (2006)
  14. ^ Fock, Gustave; Hamburgs Anteil am Orgelbau im niederdeutschen Kulturgebiet (Hamburg's share in organ building in the Low German cultural area) 1939 p.369 (online)

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Altona.
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