Pall Mall, London: Difference between revisions

Pall Mall
	Pall Mall in 2009
	Location within Central London
Length	0.4 mi (0.64 km)
Location	Westminster, London, United Kingdom
Postal code	SW1
Nearest train station	Charing Cross; Charing Cross
Coordinates	51°30′25″N 0°07′59″W / 51.506944°N 0.133056°W
East end	Haymarket
West end	St James's Street
Construction
Commissioned	July 1661
Inauguration	September 1661
Other
Known for	Reform Club; Athenaeum Club; Travellers Club; Royal Automobile Club;

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Pall Mall /ˌpæl ˈmæl/ ^ⓘ is a street in the St James's area of the City of Westminster, Central London. It connects St James's Street to Trafalgar Square and is a section of the regional A4 road. The street's name is derived from pall-mall, a ball game played there during the 17th century, which in turn is derived from the Italian pallamaglio, literally "ball-mallet".

The area was built up during the reign of Charles II with fashionable London residences. It is known for high-class shopping in the 18th century until the present, and gentlemen's clubs in the 19th. The Reform, Athenaeum and Travellers Clubs have survived to the 21st century. The War Office was based on Pall Mall during the second half of the 19th century, and the Royal Automobile Club's headquarters have been on the street since 1908.

Geography

The street is around 0.4 miles (0.6 km) long and runs east in the St James's area, from St James's Street across Waterloo Place, to the Haymarket and continues as Pall Mall East towards Trafalgar Square. The street numbers run consecutively from north-side east to west and then continue on the south-side west to east. It is nominally part of the A4, a major road running west from Central London,^[1] but is not used as a through road.

History and topography

Early history and pall-mall field

Pall Mall was constructed in 1661, replacing an earlier highway slightly to the south that ran from the Haymarket (approximately where Warwick House Street is now) to the royal residence, St James's Palace.^[2] Historical research suggests a road had been in this location since Saxon times, although the earliest documentary references are from the 12th century in connection with a leper colony at St James's Hospital. When St. James's Park was laid out by order of Henry VIII in the 16th century, the park's boundary wall was built along the south side of the road.^[a] In 1620, the Privy Council ordered the High Sheriff of Middlesex to clear a number of temporary buildings next to the wall that were of poor quality.^[3]

Pall-mall, a ball game similar to croquet, was introduced to England in the early 17th century by James I. The game, already popular in France and Scotland, was enjoyed by James' sons Henry and Charles.^[4] In 1630, St James's Field, London's first pall-mall court, was laid out to the north of the Haymarket – St James road.^[5]

After the Restoration and King Charles II's return to London on 29 May 1660, another pall-mall court was constructed in St James's Park just south of the wall, on the site of The Mall.^[3] Samuel Pepys's diary entry for 2 April 1661 records: "[I] went into St. James's Park, where I saw the Duke of York playing at Pelemele, the first time that I ever saw the sport".^[6] This new court suffered from dust blown over the wall from coaches travelling along the highway. In July 1661 posts and rails were erected, stopping up the old road.^[3] The court for pall-mall was very long and narrow, and often known as an alley, so the old court, namely St James's Field, provided a suitable route for relocating the eastern approach to St James's Palace. A grant was made to Dan O'Neale, Groom of the Bedchamber, and John Denham, Surveyor of the King's Works, allocating a 1,400-by-23-foot (427 by 7 m) area of land for this purpose. The grant was endorsed 'Our warrant for the building of the new street to St James's'.^[5]

A new road was built on the site of the old pall-mall court, and opened in September 1661.^[3] It was named Catherine Street, after Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, but was better known as Pall Mall Street or the Old Pall Mall.^[5]^[7]^[b] The pall-mall field was a popular place for recreation, and Pepys records several other visits. By July 1665 Pepys used "Pell Mell" to refer to the street as well as the game.^[9]^[c]

17th- and 18th-century buildings

In 1662, Pall Mall was one of several streets "thought fitt immediately to be repaired, new paved or otherwise amended" under the London and Westminster Streets Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2. c. 2).^[10] The paving commissioners appointed to oversee the work included the Earl of St Albans. The terms of the act allowed commissioners to remove any building encroaching on the highway, with compensation for those at least 30 years old. The commissioners determined that the real tennis court and adjoining house at the northeast corner of Pall Mall and St James's Street should be demolished, and in 1664 notified Martha Barker, the owner of the Crown lease, to do so. Although Barker initially rejected £230 compensation, the court was demolished by 1679.^[3]

The street was developed extensively during 1662–1667. The Earl of St Albans had a lease from the Crown in 1662 on 45 acres (18 ha) of land previously part of St James's Fields. He laid out the site for the development of St James's Square, Jermyn Street, Charles Street, St Albans Street, King Street and other streets now known as St James's. The location was convenient for the royal palaces of Whitehall and St James and the houses on the east, north and west sides of the square were developed along with those on the north side of Pall Mall, each constructed separately as was usual for the time. Houses were not built along the square's south side at first, or the adjoining part of Pall Mall. The Earl petitioned the King in late 1663 that the class of occupants they hoped to attract to the new district would not take houses without the prospect of eventually acquiring them outright. Despite opposition from the Lord Treasurer, the Earl of Southampton, on 1 April 1665 the King granted the Earl of St Albans the freehold of the St James's Square site, along with all the ground on the north side of Pall Mall between St James's Street and the east side of St James's Square. The freehold of the north side of Pall Mall subsequently passed to other private owners.^[3]

The Crown kept the freehold of the land south of the street except for No. 79, which was granted to Nell Gwyn's trustees in 1676 or 1677 by Charles II. The buildings constructed on the south side of Pall Mall in subsequent years were grander than those on the north owing to stricter design and building standards imposed by the crown commissioners.^[3] When the main road was relocated further north, some houses suddenly had their backs facing the main road, losing available land for gardening. In 1664, residents filed a petition to turn the old road into gardens, which was successful. The trustees of the Earl of St Albans received a sixty-year lease on most of this from April 1665 so that trustees could issue sub-leases to their tenants.^[3]

Several other portions of the old highway were leased for construction. At the east end, land was leased to Sir Philip Warwick who built Warwick House (now the location of Warwick House Street) and to Sir John Denham; this parcel of land became part of the grounds of Marlborough House. Portions leased at the west end included the land between St James's Palace and the tennis court at the corner of St James's Street, and a parcel of land leased to the Duchess of Cleveland that became the site of 8–12 Cleveland Row and Stornoway House.^[3] The 18th-century London bookseller Andrew Millar also lived in a townhouse designed by Robert Adam, at 34 Pall Mall.^[11]

104 Pall Mall was rebuilt in 1761–2 by John, second Earl of Egmont. Sir John Soane remodelled the house in 1793–4 for Lady Louisa Manners, Countess of Dysart who lived there until 1831. From 1831 to 1836 it was used for the storage and exhibition of the Royal picture collection. In 1836 it was acquired by the Reform Club.^[12]

Later history

By the 18th century, Pall Mall was well known for its shops as well as its grand houses. The shops included that of the Vulliamy family who made clocks at No. 68 between 1765 and 1854. Robert Dodsley ran a bookshop at No. 52, where he suggested the idea of a dictionary to Samuel Johnson. Writers and artists began to move to Pall Mall during this century; both Richard Cosway and Thomas Gainsborough lived at Schomberg House at Nos. 80–82.^[13]

The street was one of the first in London to be lit by gas after Frederick Albert Winsor set up experimental lighting on 4 June 1807 to celebrate King George III's birthday. Permanent lighting was installed in 1820.^[13] The eastern end of Pall Mall was widened between 1814 and 1818; a row of houses on its north side was demolished to make way for the Royal Opera Arcade.^[3]

Pall Mall is known for the various gentlemen's clubs built there in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Travellers Club was founded in 1819 and moved to No. 49 Pall Mall in 1822. Its current premises at No. 106 were built in 1823 by Charles Barry.^[14] The Athenaeum Club took its name from the Athenaeum in Rome, a university founded by the Emperor Hadrian. The club moved to No. 107 Pall Mall in 1830 from tenements in Somerset House. Its entrance hall was designed by Decimus Burton.^[15] The Reform Club at Nos. 104–105 was founded for the British Radicals in 1836.^[16] The Army and Navy Club at Nos. 36–39 was founded in 1837. The name was suggested by the Duke of Wellington in order to accommodate Royal Navy members.^[17] Other clubs on Pall Mall include the United Service Club (now occupied by the Institute of Directors), the Oxford and Cambridge Club and the Royal Automobile Club.^[13]

Pall Mall was once the centre of London's fine art scene; in 1824 the Royal Academy, the National Gallery and Christie's auction house were all based on the street.^[19]

The freehold of much of the southern side of the Pall Mall is owned by the Crown Estate.^[20] In addition to St James's Palace, Marlborough House, which was once a royal residence, is its neighbour to the east, opening off a courtyard just to the south of the street. It was built for Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough who laid the foundation stone in 1709, with building complete by 1711. The house reverted to Crown ownership in 1817; the future King George V was born here in 1865 and briefly lived in the house as Prince of Wales during the reign of his father, Edward VII. It became government-owned in 1959 and houses now the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Commonwealth Foundation.^[21] The Prince Regent's Carlton House was built at the eastern end of Pall Mall in 1732 for Frederick, Prince of Wales and later inhabited by his widow, Princess Augusta. A ball was held at the house on 19 June 1811 to celebrate the start of the Prince's regency, but ultimately he did not decide to stay in the house upon ascending the throne, and it was demolished. John Nash built Carlton House Terrace on its site between 1827 and 1832.^[22]

Pall Mall was the location of the War Office from 1855 to 1906,^[23] with which it became synonymous (just as Whitehall refers to the administrative centre of the UK government). The War Office was accommodated in a complex of buildings based on the ducal mansion, Cumberland House. The office subsequently moved to Whitehall.^[24]

The street contained two other architecturally important residences. Schomberg House, at Nos. 80–82 Pall Mall was built in 1698 for Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg and divided into three parts in 1769. The eastern section of the house was demolished in 1850, but reconstructed in the mid-1950s for office use.^[25] Buckingham House^[d] was the London residence of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos. It was rebuilt in the 1790s by Sir John Soane and sold by the Buckingham estate in 1847. The house was demolished in 1908 to make way for the Royal Automobile Club.^[26]

By 1902, 7 Pall Mall was occupied by the Electric Lighting Board. An intended hire of a first-floor room here to allow viewing of the coronation procession of King Edward VII was cancelled as the King was ill, giving rise to an important legal case, Chandler v Webster, concerned with the legal treatment of a frustrated contract.^[27]

No 77–78 Pall Mall was the home of the Marquess of Ailesbury from 1840. In 1892, it was inherited by the Marchioness' nephew, Viscount de Vesci who leased the building to the Office of Works. In 1902, it was granted to Queen Victoria's daughter, Princess Helena and her husband Prince Christian as a grace and favour residence and retained as a home by their daughters, Princess Helena Victoria and Princess Marie Louise until 1947. In 1951, the property was divided: No.77 was occupied by the Oxford and Cambridge University Club, and no.78 by the Eagle Star Insurance Company.^[28]

The Institute of Directors was founded in 1903 and received a royal charter in 1906.^[29] The former branch of the Midland Bank at Nos. 69–70 Pall Mall was designed by Edwin Lutyens and constructed between 1922 and 1927. The original plan to redevelop No. 70 proved impractical so the two premises were demolished to provide a site for the current premises.^[30] The cigarette manufacturer Rothmans has its head office at No. 65 Pall Mall, in a building designed by Norman Shaw, while P&O Ferries' main administrative office is at No. 79.^[31]

Cultural references

Giacomo Casanova lived in Pall Mall during 1761 as "Chevalier de Seingalt" and documented the stay in his memoirs.^[32] When the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray visited Dublin in 1845, he compared Pall Mall to O'Connell Street (then known as Upper Sackville Street).^[33] In 1870, Henry Benjamin Wheatley wrote "Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall", documenting changes in and around the street over the century.^[34] A compilation of Oscar Wilde's works, A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies, was published in 1919, comprising essays he wrote for newspapers and journals from the 1870s to the 1890s.^[35]

Princess Elizabeth mentioned Pall Mall in her diary on celebrations on VE day: "Out in crowd again," she wrote, "Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly, Pall Mall, walked simply miles. Saw parents on balcony at 12.30am – ate, partied, bed 3am!"^[36]

Pall Mall is part of a group of three squares on the British Monopoly board game, alongside Whitehall and Northumberland Avenue. All three streets converge at Trafalgar Square.^[37] Rising house prices across London mean a small flat on Pall Mall, which is in the lowest-priced third of properties on the board, now sells for over £1 million. ^[38]

Charles Lamb, in his essay "The Superannuated Man," also mentioned this place. The narrator of the essay confesses that he used to "indent the gayer flags of Pall Mall." As the narrator is a superannuated man, he has ample time to spend. Among the means of spending time and enjoying his life is frequently visiting the club houses in Pall Mall, which gave him immense pleasure.^{[citation needed]}

References

Notes

^ In 1685, the boundary wall became the parish boundary for the parish of Westminster St James.
^ By 9 August 1662, Pepys's diary reports a duel "at the old Pall Mall at St. James's", in which Thomas Jermyn (nephew of the Earl of St Albans) was wounded and Colonel Giles Rawlins was killed.^[8]
^ On 4 July 1665, Pepys wrote: "I observed a house shut up this day in the Pell Mell, where heretofore in Cromwell's time we young men used to keep our weekly clubs."^[9]
^ Not to be confused with the Buckingham House that later became Buckingham Palace.^[23]

Citations

^ ^a ^b "62 Pall Mall to 1 Pall Mall E". Google Maps. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 619–620.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j F. H. W. Sheppard (1960). "Pall Mall". Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 322–324. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 619.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1870). Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall. Smith, Elder & co. p. 319.
^ Pepys, Samuel (2 April 1661). "March 1st". Diary of Samuel Pepys. Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22167-2.
^ F. H. W. Sheppard (1960). "Piccadilly, South Side". Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 251–270. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ Pepys, Samuel (9 August 1662). "August 9th". Diary of Samuel Pepys. Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22167-2.
^ ^a ^b Pepys, Samuel (4 July 1665). "July 4th". Diary of Samuel Pepys. Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22167-2.
^ John Raithby, ed. (1819). "London and Westminster Streets Act 1662". Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5: 1628–80: 351–357. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
^ Millar 1765.
^ "Pall Mall, South Side, Past Buildings: No 104 Pall Mall, The Countess of Dysart's House Pages 349–350 Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1. Originally published by London County Council, London, 1960". British History Online.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 620.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 944–5.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 31.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 685.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 27.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 569.
^ F H W Sheppard, ed. (1960). "Plan Pocket". Survey of London. 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1. London. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ "The Management of the Crown Estate: Eighth Report of Session 2009". Treasury Committee: 48. 2009. ISBN 9780215553201.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 530–1.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 131–2.
^ ^a ^b Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 107.
^ MOD 2001, pp. 5–8.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 826.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 107, 710.
^ Chandler v Webster [1904] UKLawRpKQB 26; (1904) 1 KB 493 (8 February 1904), accessed on 21 November 2024
^ F H W Sheppard, ed. (1960). "Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 77–78". St James Westminster, Part 1. Survey of London. Vol. 29 and 30. London: British History Online. pp. 418–419. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "IoD Royal Charter". Institute of Directors. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ F H W Sheppard, ed. (1960). "Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 69–70 Pall Mall". Survey of London. 29–30, St James Westminster, Part 1. London: 425. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 621.
^ "The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt 1725–1798" – via Project Gutenberg.
^ Thackeray, W. M. (1846). An Irish Sketch Book. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ Henry Benjamin Wheatley (1870). Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall Or, A Ramble from Haymarket to Hyde Park: Consisting of a Retrospect of the Various Changes that Have Occurred in the Court End of London. Smith, Elder & Company.
^ "A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies". Methuen. 1919.
^ "Queen Elizabeth II's Record Reign: 12 Facts About Britain's Monarch". NBC News. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
^ Moore 2003, p. 45.
^ "Playing the Monopoly House Price Game". MoneyWise. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.

Sources

Millar, Andrew (16 July 1765). "I recd all yours wt ye Transactions..." Letter to Thomas Cadell. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-43386-6.
Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008). The London Encyclopedia. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.
The Old War Office Building (PDF). Ministry of Defence. 2001.

External links

Pall Mall on TourUK
Panoramic photograph of Pall Mall Archived 12 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
19th Century Gentleman's Clubs on Pall Mall (including photographs)

[3] In 1685, the boundary wall became the parish boundary for the parish of Westminster St James.

[10] By 9 August 1662, Pepys's diary reports a duel "at the old Pall Mall at St. James's", in which Thomas Jermyn (nephew of the Earl of St Albans) was wounded and Colonel Giles Rawlins was killed.^[8]

[12] On 4 July 1665, Pepys wrote: "I observed a house shut up this day in the Pell Mell, where heretofore in Cromwell's time we young men used to keep our weekly clubs."^[9]

[29] Not to be confused with the Buckingham House that later became Buckingham Palace.^[23]

[gmap-1] "62 Pall Mall to 1 Pall Mall E". Google Maps. Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008619–620-2] Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 619–620.

[SoL2930-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j F. H. W. Sheppard (1960). "Pall Mall". Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 322–324. Retrieved 1 July 2013.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008619-5] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 619.

[Wheatley1870-6] Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1870). Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall. Smith, Elder & co. p. 319.

[Pepys16610301-7] Pepys, Samuel (2 April 1661). "March 1st". Diary of Samuel Pepys. Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22167-2.

[SoL2930_251-270-8] F. H. W. Sheppard (1960). "Piccadilly, South Side". Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 251–270. Retrieved 1 July 2013.

[Pepys16620809-9] Pepys, Samuel (9 August 1662). "August 9th". Diary of Samuel Pepys. Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22167-2.

[Pepys16650704-11] Pepys, Samuel (4 July 1665). "July 4th". Diary of Samuel Pepys. Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22167-2.

[13] John Raithby, ed. (1819). "London and Westminster Streets Act 1662". Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5: 1628–80: 351–357. Retrieved 5 July 2013.

[FOOTNOTEMillar1765-14] Millar 1765.

[15] "Pall Mall, South Side, Past Buildings: No 104 Pall Mall, The Countess of Dysart's House Pages 349–350 Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1. Originally published by London County Council, London, 1960". British History Online.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008620-16] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 620.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008944–5-17] Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 944–5.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay200831-18] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008685-19] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 685.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay200827-20] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008569-21] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 569.

[22] F H W Sheppard, ed. (1960). "Plan Pocket". Survey of London. 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1. London. Retrieved 18 March 2016.

[23] "The Management of the Crown Estate: Eighth Report of Session 2009". Treasury Committee: 48. 2009. ISBN 9780215553201.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008530–1-24] Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 530–1.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008131–2-25] Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 131–2.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008107-26] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEMOD20015–8-27] MOD 2001, pp. 5–8.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008826-28] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 826.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008107,_710-30] Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 107, 710.

[31] Chandler v Webster [1904] UKLawRpKQB 26; (1904) 1 KB 493 (8 February 1904), accessed on 21 November 2024

[32] F H W Sheppard, ed. (1960). "Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 77–78". St James Westminster, Part 1. Survey of London. Vol. 29 and 30. London: British History Online. pp. 418–419. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

[33] "IoD Royal Charter". Institute of Directors. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

[34] F H W Sheppard, ed. (1960). "Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 69–70 Pall Mall". Survey of London. 29–30, St James Westminster, Part 1. London: 425. Retrieved 22 March 2016.

[FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008621-35] Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 621.

[36] "The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt 1725–1798" – via Project Gutenberg.

[37] Thackeray, W. M. (1846). An Irish Sketch Book. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

[38] Henry Benjamin Wheatley (1870). Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall Or, A Ramble from Haymarket to Hyde Park: Consisting of a Retrospect of the Various Changes that Have Occurred in the Court End of London. Smith, Elder & Company.

[39] "A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies". Methuen. 1919.

[40] "Queen Elizabeth II's Record Reign: 12 Facts About Britain's Monarch". NBC News. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2018.

[FOOTNOTEMoore200345-41] Moore 2003, p. 45.

[42] "Playing the Monopoly House Price Game". MoneyWise. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{distinguish|The Mall, London}}
 {{good article}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
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@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
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-'''Pall Mall''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|l|_|ˈ|m|æ|l}} is a street in the [[St James's]] area of the [[City of Westminster]], Central London. It connects [[St&nbsp;James's Street]] to [[Trafalgar Square]] and is a section of the regional [[A4 road (England)|A4&nbsp;road]]. The street's name is derived from [[pall-mall]], a ball game played there during the 17th century, which in turn is derived from the [[Italian Language|Italian]] ''pallamaglio'', literally ball-mallet.
+'''Pall Mall''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|l|_|ˈ|m|æ|l|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-Pall Mall.wav}} is a street in the [[St James's]] area of the [[City of Westminster]], Central London. It connects [[St&nbsp;James's Street]] to [[Trafalgar Square]] and is a section of the regional [[A4 road (England)|A4&nbsp;road]]. The street's name is derived from [[pall-mall]], a ball game played there during the 17th century, which in turn is derived from the [[Italian Language|Italian]] ''pallamaglio'', literally "ball-mallet".
 The area was built up during the reign of [[Charles II of England|Charles&nbsp;II]] with fashionable London residences. It is known for high-class shopping in the 18th century until the present, and [[gentlemen's club (traditional)|gentlemen's clubs]] in the 19th. The [[Reform Club|Reform]], [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum]] and [[Travellers Club]]s have survived to the 21st century. The [[War Office]] was based on Pall Mall during the second half of the 19th century, and the [[Royal Automobile Club]]'s headquarters have been on the street since 1908.
 ==Geography==
-The street is around {{convert|0.4|mi|km}} long and runs east in the [[St James's]] area, from [[St James's Street]] across [[Waterloo Place]], to the [[Haymarket, London|Haymarket]] and continues as Pall Mall East towards [[Trafalgar Square]]. The street numbers run consecutively from north-side east to west and then continue on the south-side west to east. It is part of the [[A4 road (Great Britain)|A4]], a major road running west from Central London.<ref name=gmap>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/51.5052482,-0.1379138/51.5083078,-0.1292424/@51.5076169,-0.1315898,18.05z/data=!4m2!4m1!5i1|title=62 Pall Mall to 1 Pall Mall E|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> [[Buses in London|London Bus]] Route 9 runs westwards along Pall Mall, connecting Trafalgar Square to [[Piccadilly]] and [[Hyde Park Corner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-bus-map.pdf|title=Central London Bus Map|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=27 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313082004/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-bus-map.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+The street is around {{convert|0.4|mi|km|1}} long and runs east in the [[St James's]] area, from [[St James's Street]] across [[Waterloo Place]], to the [[Haymarket, London|Haymarket]] and continues as Pall Mall East towards [[Trafalgar Square]]. The street numbers run consecutively from north-side east to west and then continue on the south-side west to east. It is nominally part of the [[A4 road (Great Britain)|A4]], a major road running west from Central London,<ref name=gmap>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/51.5052482,-0.1379138/51.5083078,-0.1292424/@51.5076169,-0.1315898,18.05z/data=!4m2!4m1!5i1|title=62 Pall Mall to 1 Pall Mall E|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> but is not used as a through road.
 ==History and topography==
 ===Early history and pall-mall field===
-Pall Mall was constructed in 1661, replacing an earlier highway slightly to the south that ran from the [[Haymarket (London)|Haymarket]] (approximately where Warwick House Street is now) to the royal residence, [[St&nbsp;James's Palace]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=619–620}} Historical research suggests a road had been in this location since [[Saxon]] times, although the earliest documentary references are from the 12th century in connection with a [[leper colony]] at St James's Hospital. When [[St.&nbsp;James's Park]] was laid out by order of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry&nbsp;VIII]] in the 16th century, the park's boundary wall was built along the south side of the road.{{efn|In 1685, the boundary wall became the parish boundary for the parish of [[Westminster St James]].}} In 1620, the [[Privy Council]] ordered the [[High Sheriff of Middlesex]] to clear a number of temporary buildings next to the wall that were of poor quality.<ref name="SoL2930">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40579&strquery=Pall%20Mall |title=Pall Mall |author=F. H. W. Sheppard (General Editor)|publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1960 |work=Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1 |pages=322–324 |access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>
+Pall Mall was constructed in 1661, replacing an earlier highway slightly to the south that ran from the [[Haymarket (London)|Haymarket]] (approximately where Warwick House Street is now) to the royal residence, [[St&nbsp;James's Palace]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=619–620}} Historical research suggests a road had been in this location since [[Saxon]] times, although the earliest documentary references are from the 12th century in connection with a [[leper colony]] at St James's Hospital. When [[St.&nbsp;James's Park]] was laid out by order of [[Henry VIII|Henry&nbsp;VIII]] in the 16th century, the park's boundary wall was built along the south side of the road.{{efn|In 1685, the boundary wall became the parish boundary for the parish of [[Westminster St James]].}} In 1620, the [[Privy Council]] ordered the [[High Sheriff of Middlesex]] to clear a number of temporary buildings next to the wall that were of poor quality.<ref name="SoL2930">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40579&strquery=Pall%20Mall |title=Pall Mall |author=F. H. W. Sheppard|publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1960 |work=Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1 |pages=322–324 |access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>
 [[Pall-mall]], a ball game similar to [[croquet]], was introduced to England in the early 17th century by [[James VI and I|James&nbsp;I]]. The game, already popular in France and Scotland, was enjoyed by James' sons [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Henry]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=619}} In 1630, St&nbsp;James's Field, London's first pall-mall court, was laid out to the north of the Haymarket – St&nbsp;James road.<ref name="Wheatley1870">{{cite book |last=Wheatley |first=Henry Benjamin |title=Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall |url=https://archive.org/details/roundaboutpicca01wheagoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/roundaboutpicca01wheagoog/page/n346 319] |year=1870|publisher=Smith, Elder & co. }}</ref>
-After the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] and [[King Charles II of England|King Charles&nbsp;II]]'s return to London on 29&nbsp;May 1660, another pall-mall court was constructed in St&nbsp;James's Park just south of the wall, on the site of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]].<ref name="SoL2930"/> [[Samuel Pepys]]'s diary entry for 2&nbsp;April 1661 records: "[I] went into St.&nbsp;James's Park, where I saw the [[James II of England|Duke of York]] playing at Pelemele, the first time that I ever saw the sport".<ref name="Pepys16610301">{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |chapter=March 1st |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1661/April#April_2nd |title=Diary of Samuel Pepys |date=2 April 1661|isbn=0-520-22167-2}}</ref> This new court suffered from dust blown over the wall from coaches travelling along the highway. In July 1661 posts and rails were erected, stopping up the old road.<ref name="SoL2930"/> The court for pall-mall was very long and narrow, and often known as an alley, so the old court, namely St&nbsp;James's Field, provided a suitable route for relocating the eastern approach to St&nbsp;James's Palace. A grant was made to [[Daniel O'Neill (Royalist)|Dan O'Neale]], [[Groom of the Bedchamber]], and [[John Denham (poet)|John Denham]], [[Office of Works#Surveyor of the King's Works|Surveyor of the King's Works]], allocating a {{convert|1400|by|23|ft|m|0|adj=on}} area of land for this purpose. The grant was endorsed 'Our warrant for the building of the new street to St&nbsp;James's'.<ref name="Wheatley1870"/>
+After the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] and [[King Charles II of England|King Charles&nbsp;II]]'s return to London on 29&nbsp;May 1660, another pall-mall court was constructed in St&nbsp;James's Park just south of the wall, on the site of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]].<ref name="SoL2930"/> [[Samuel Pepys]]'s diary entry for 2&nbsp;April 1661 records: "[I] went into St.&nbsp;James's Park, where I saw the [[James II of England|Duke of York]] playing at Pelemele, the first time that I ever saw the sport".<ref name="Pepys16610301">{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |chapter=March 1st |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1661/April#April_2nd |title=Diary of Samuel Pepys |date=2 April 1661|publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=0-520-22167-2}}</ref> This new court suffered from dust blown over the wall from coaches travelling along the highway. In July 1661 posts and rails were erected, stopping up the old road.<ref name="SoL2930"/> The court for pall-mall was very long and narrow, and often known as an alley, so the old court, namely St&nbsp;James's Field, provided a suitable route for relocating the eastern approach to St&nbsp;James's Palace. A grant was made to [[Daniel O'Neill (Royalist)|Dan O'Neale]], [[Groom of the Bedchamber]], and [[John Denham (poet)|John Denham]], [[Office of Works#Surveyor of the King's Works|Surveyor of the King's Works]], allocating a {{convert|1400|by|23|ft|m|0|adj=on}} area of land for this purpose. The grant was endorsed 'Our warrant for the building of the new street to St&nbsp;James's'.<ref name="Wheatley1870"/>
-A new road was built on the site of the old pall-mall court, and opened in September 1661.<ref name="SoL2930"/> It was named Catherine Street, after [[Catherine of Braganza]], wife of Charles&nbsp;II, but was better known as Pall Mall Street or the Old Pall Mall.<ref name="Wheatley1870"/><ref name="SoL2930_251-270">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40571&strquery=%22Catherine%20Street%22 |title=Piccadilly, South Side |author=F. H. W. Sheppard (General Editor) |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1960 |work=Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1 |pages=251–270 |access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>{{efn|By 9 August 1662, Pepys's diary reports a duel "at the old Pall Mall at St.&nbsp;James's", in which [[Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn|Thomas Jermyn]] (nephew of the [[Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans|Earl of St Albans]]) was wounded and Colonel [[Giles Rawlins]] was killed.<ref name="Pepys16620809">{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |chapter=August 9th |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1662/August#August_9th |title=Diary of Samuel Pepys |date=9 August 1662 |isbn=0-520-22167-2}}</ref>}} The pall-mall field was a popular place for recreation, and Pepys records several other visits. By July 1665 Pepys used "Pell Mell" to refer to the street as well as the game.<ref name="Pepys16650704">{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |chapter=July 4th |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1665/July#July_4th |title=Diary of Samuel Pepys |date=4 July 1665 |isbn=0-520-22167-2}}</ref>{{efn|On 4 July 1665, Pepys wrote: "I observed a house shut up this day in the Pell Mell, where heretofore in Cromwell's time we young men used to keep our weekly clubs."<ref name="Pepys16650704"/>}}
+A new road was built on the site of the old pall-mall court, and opened in September 1661.<ref name="SoL2930"/> It was named Catherine Street, after [[Catherine of Braganza]], wife of Charles&nbsp;II, but was better known as Pall Mall Street or the Old Pall Mall.<ref name="Wheatley1870"/><ref name="SoL2930_251-270">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40571&strquery=%22Catherine%20Street%22 |title=Piccadilly, South Side |author=F. H. W. Sheppard|publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1960 |work=Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1 |pages=251–270 |access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>{{efn|By 9 August 1662, Pepys's diary reports a duel "at the old Pall Mall at St.&nbsp;James's", in which [[Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn|Thomas Jermyn]] (nephew of the [[Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans|Earl of St Albans]]) was wounded and Colonel [[Giles Rawlins]] was killed.<ref name="Pepys16620809">{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |chapter=August 9th |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1662/August#August_9th |title=Diary of Samuel Pepys |date=9 August 1662 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=0-520-22167-2}}</ref>}} The pall-mall field was a popular place for recreation, and Pepys records several other visits. By July 1665 Pepys used "Pell Mell" to refer to the street as well as the game.<ref name="Pepys16650704">{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |chapter=July 4th |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1665/July#July_4th |title=Diary of Samuel Pepys |date=4 July 1665 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=0-520-22167-2}}</ref>{{efn|On 4 July 1665, Pepys wrote: "I observed a house shut up this day in the Pell Mell, where heretofore in Cromwell's time we young men used to keep our weekly clubs."<ref name="Pepys16650704"/>}}
 ===17th- and 18th-century buildings===
 [[File:A View of St James Palace, Pall Mall etc by Thomas Bowles, published 1763.jpg|thumb|''A View of St James's Palace, Pall Mall etc'' by [[Thomas Bowles (artist)|Thomas Bowles]], published 1763. This view looks east. The gatehouse of [[St James's Palace]] is on the right.]]
-In 1662, Pall Mall was one of several streets "thought fitt immediately to be repaired, new paved or otherwise amended" under the [[Streets, London and Westminster Act 1662]].<ref>{{cite journal |year=1819 |title=Streets, London and Westminster Act 1662 |editor=John Raithby |editor-link=John Raithby |periodical=Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5: 1628–80 |pages=351–357 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=47305#s3 |access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> The paving commissioners appointed to oversee the work included the [[Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans|Earl of St&nbsp;Albans]]. The terms of the act allowed commissioners to remove any building encroaching on the highway, with compensation for those at least 30 years old. The commissioners determined that the [[real tennis]] court and adjoining house at the northeast corner of Pall Mall and St&nbsp;James's Street should be demolished, and in 1664 notified Martha Barker, the owner of the Crown lease, to do so. Although Barker initially rejected £230 compensation, the court was demolished by 1679.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
+In 1662, Pall Mall was one of several streets "thought fitt immediately to be repaired, new paved or otherwise amended" under the [[London and Westminster Streets Act 1662]] ([[14 Cha. 2]]. c. 2).<ref>{{cite journal |year=1819 |title=London and Westminster Streets Act 1662 |editor=John Raithby |editor-link=John Raithby |periodical=Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5: 1628–80 |pages=351–357 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=47305#s3 |access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> The paving commissioners appointed to oversee the work included the [[Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans|Earl of St&nbsp;Albans]]. The terms of the act allowed commissioners to remove any building encroaching on the highway, with compensation for those at least 30 years old. The commissioners determined that the [[real tennis]] court and adjoining house at the northeast corner of Pall Mall and St&nbsp;James's Street should be demolished, and in 1664 notified Martha Barker, the owner of the Crown lease, to do so. Although Barker initially rejected £230 compensation, the court was demolished by 1679.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
-The street was developed extensively during 1662–1667. The Earl of St&nbsp;Albans had a lease from the Crown in 1662 on {{convert|45|acre|ha}} of land previously part of St&nbsp;James's Fields. He laid out the site for the development of [[St.&nbsp;James's Square]], [[Jermyn Street]], Charles Street, St&nbsp;Albans Street, King Street and other streets now known as [[St&nbsp;James's]]. The location was convenient for the royal palaces of Whitehall and St&nbsp;James and the houses on the east, north and west sides of the square were developed along with those on the north side of Pall Mall, each constructed separately as was usual for the time. Houses were not built along the square's south side at first, or the adjoining part of Pall Mall. The Earl petitioned the King in late 1663 that the class of occupants they hoped to attract to the new district would not take houses without the prospect of eventually acquiring them outright. Despite opposition from the [[Lord Treasurer]], the [[Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton|Earl of Southampton]], on 1&nbsp;April 1665 the King granted the Earl of St&nbsp;Albans the freehold of the St&nbsp;James's Square site, along with all the ground on the north side of Pall Mall between [[St&nbsp;James's Street]] and the east side of St&nbsp;James's Square. The freehold of the north side of Pall Mall subsequently passed to other private owners.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
+The street was developed extensively during 1662–1667. The Earl of St&nbsp;Albans had a lease from the Crown in 1662 on {{convert|45|acre|ha}} of land previously part of St&nbsp;James's Fields. He laid out the site for the development of [[St&nbsp;James's Square]], [[Jermyn Street]], Charles Street, St&nbsp;Albans Street, King Street and other streets now known as [[St&nbsp;James's]]. The location was convenient for the royal palaces of Whitehall and St&nbsp;James and the houses on the east, north and west sides of the square were developed along with those on the north side of Pall Mall, each constructed separately as was usual for the time. Houses were not built along the square's south side at first, or the adjoining part of Pall Mall. The Earl petitioned the King in late 1663 that the class of occupants they hoped to attract to the new district would not take houses without the prospect of eventually acquiring them outright. Despite opposition from the [[Lord Treasurer]], the [[Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton|Earl of Southampton]], on 1&nbsp;April 1665 the King granted the Earl of St&nbsp;Albans the freehold of the St&nbsp;James's Square site, along with all the ground on the north side of Pall Mall between [[St&nbsp;James's Street]] and the east side of St&nbsp;James's Square. The freehold of the north side of Pall Mall subsequently passed to other private owners.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
-[[File:St James's Square 1799.jpg|thumb|left|Pall Mall and St James's Square shown in [[Richard Horwood]]'s map of 1799]]
+[[File:St James's Square 1799.jpg|thumb|left|Pall Mall and [[St James's Square]] shown in [[Richard Horwood]]'s map of 1799]]
 The Crown kept the freehold of the land south of the street except for No.&nbsp;79, which was granted to [[Nell Gwyn]]'s trustees in 1676 or 1677 by [[Charles II of England|Charles&nbsp;II]]. The buildings constructed on the south side of Pall Mall in subsequent years were grander than those on the north owing to stricter design and building standards imposed by the crown commissioners.<ref name="SoL2930"/> When the main road was relocated further north, some houses suddenly had their backs facing the main road, losing available land for gardening. In 1664, residents filed a petition to turn the old road into gardens, which was successful. The trustees of the Earl of St&nbsp;Albans received a sixty-year lease on most of this from April 1665 so that trustees could issue sub-leases to their tenants.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 By the 18th century, Pall Mall was well known for its shops as well as its grand houses. The shops included that of the [[Vulliamy family]] who made clocks at No.&nbsp;68 between 1765 and 1854. [[Robert Dodsley]] ran a bookshop at No.&nbsp;52, where he suggested the idea of a [[dictionary]] to [[Samuel Johnson]]. Writers and artists began to move to Pall Mall during this century; both [[Richard Cosway]] and [[Thomas Gainsborough]] lived at [[Schomberg House]] at Nos.&nbsp;80–82.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=620}}
-The street was one of the first in London to be [[gas lighting|lit by gas]] after [[Frederick Albert Winsor]] set up experimental lighting on 4 June 1807 to celebrate [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]'s birthday. Permanent lighting was installed in 1820.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=620}} The eastern end of Pall Mall was widened between 1814 and 1818; a row of houses on its north side was demolished to make way for the Royal Opera Arcade.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
+The street was one of the first in London to be [[gas lighting|lit by gas]] after [[Frederick Albert Winsor]] set up experimental lighting on 4 June 1807 to celebrate King [[George III]]'s birthday. Permanent lighting was installed in 1820.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=620}} The eastern end of Pall Mall was widened between 1814 and 1818; a row of houses on its north side was demolished to make way for the Royal Opera Arcade.<ref name="SoL2930"/>
 Pall Mall is known for the various [[gentlemen's club (traditional)|gentlemen's clubs]] built there in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The [[Travellers Club]] was founded in 1819 and moved to No.&nbsp;49 Pall Mall in 1822. Its current premises at No.&nbsp;106 were built in 1823 by [[Charles Barry]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=944–5}} The [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum Club]] took its name from the Athenaeum in [[Rome]], a university founded by the Emperor [[Hadrian]]. The club moved to No.&nbsp;107 Pall Mall in 1830 from tenements in [[Somerset House]]. Its entrance hall was designed by [[Decimus Burton]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=31}} The [[Reform Club]] at Nos.&nbsp;104–105 was founded for the British [[Radicals (UK)|Radicals]] in 1836.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=685}} The [[Army and Navy Club]] at Nos.&nbsp;36–39 was founded in 1837. The name was suggested by the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] in order to accommodate [[Royal Navy]] members.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=27}} Other clubs on Pall Mall include the [[United Service Club]] (now occupied by the [[Institute of Directors]]), the [[Oxford and Cambridge Club]] and the [[Royal Automobile Club]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=620}}
 [[File:National Gallery at 100 Pall Mall.jpg|thumb|left|No.&nbsp;100 Pall Mall, location of the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] between 1824 and 1834{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=569}}]]
-Pall Mall was once the centre of London's fine art scene; in 1814 the [[Royal Academy]], the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] and [[Christie's]] auction house were all based on the street.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Plan Pocket|journal=Survey of London|volume=29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1|editor=F H W Sheppard|location=London|year=1960|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/plan-pocket|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>
+Pall Mall was once the centre of London's fine art scene; in 1824 the [[Royal Academy]], the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] and [[Christie's]] auction house were all based on the street.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Plan Pocket|journal=Survey of London|volume=29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1|editor=F H W Sheppard|location=London|year=1960|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/plan-pocket|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>
-The freehold of much of the southern side of the Pall Mall is owned by the [[Crown Estate]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLnbNhT8nBwC&pg=PA48|title=The Management of the Crown Estate: Eighth Report of Session 2009|journal=Treasury Committee|year=2009|page=48|isbn=9780215553201}}</ref> In addition to St James's Palace, Marlborough House, which was once a royal residence, is its neighbour to the east, opening off a courtyard just to the south of the street. It was built for [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough]] who laid the foundation stone in 1709, with building complete by 1711. The house reverted to Crown ownership in 1817; the future [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] was born here in 1865 and briefly lived in the house as Prince of Wales during the reign of his father, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]. It became government-owned in 1959 and houses now the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]] and the [[Commonwealth Foundation]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=530–1}} The [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent's]] [[Carlton House, London|Carlton House]] was built at the eastern end of Pall Mall in 1732 for [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]] and later inhabited by his widow, [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|Princess Augusta]]. A ball was held at the house on 19 June 1811 to celebrate the start of the Prince's regency, but ultimately he did not decide to stay in the house upon ascending the throne, and it was demolished. [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] built [[Carlton House Terrace]] on its site between 1827 and 1832.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=131–2}}
+The freehold of much of the southern side of the Pall Mall is owned by the [[Crown Estate]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLnbNhT8nBwC&pg=PA48|title=The Management of the Crown Estate: Eighth Report of Session 2009|journal=Treasury Committee|year=2009|page=48|isbn=9780215553201}}</ref> In addition to St James's Palace, Marlborough House, which was once a royal residence, is its neighbour to the east, opening off a courtyard just to the south of the street. It was built for [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough]] who laid the foundation stone in 1709, with building complete by 1711. The house reverted to Crown ownership in 1817; the future King [[George V]] was born here in 1865 and briefly lived in the house as Prince of Wales during the reign of his father, [[Edward VII]]. It became government-owned in 1959 and houses now the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]] and the [[Commonwealth Foundation]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=530–1}} The [[George IV|Prince Regent's]] [[Carlton House, London|Carlton House]] was built at the eastern end of Pall Mall in 1732 for [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]] and later inhabited by his widow, [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|Princess Augusta]]. A ball was held at the house on 19 June 1811 to celebrate the start of the Prince's regency, but ultimately he did not decide to stay in the house upon ascending the throne, and it was demolished. [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] built [[Carlton House Terrace]] on its site between 1827 and 1832.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=131–2}}
 [[File:Pall Mall (22005709323).jpg|thumb|Pall Mall was one of the first streets in London to have [[gas lighting]].]]
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 The street contained two other architecturally important residences. Schomberg House, at Nos.&nbsp;80–82 Pall Mall was built in 1698 for [[Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg]] and divided into three parts in 1769. The eastern section of the house was demolished in 1850, but reconstructed in the mid-1950s for office use.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=826}} [[Buckingham House, Pall Mall|Buckingham House]]{{efn|Not to be confused with the Buckingham House that later became [[Buckingham Palace]].{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=107}}}} was the London residence of the [[Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos]]. It was rebuilt in the 1790s by Sir [[John Soane]] and sold by the Buckingham estate in 1847. The house was demolished in 1908 to make way for the Royal Automobile Club.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|pp=107, 710}}
-No 77-78 Pall Mall was the home of the [[Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury|Marquess of Ailesbury]] from 1840. In 1892, it was inherited by the Marchioness' nephew, [[Viscount de Vesci]] who leased the building to the [[Office of Works]]. In 1902, it was granted to Queen Victoria's daughter, [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom|Princess Helena]] and her husband Prince Christian as a [[grace and favour]] residence and retained as a home by their daughters, [[Princess Helena Victoria]] and [[Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Marie Louise]] until 1947. In 1951, the property was divided: No.77 was occupied by the [[Oxford and Cambridge University Club]], and no.78 by the [[Eagle Star]] Insurance Company.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 77-78|pages=418–419|work=Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1|year=1960|editor=F H W Sheppard|location=London|access-date=11 June 2020|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp418-419}}</ref>
+By 1902, 7 Pall Mall was occupied by the Electric Lighting Board. An intended hire of a first-floor room here to allow viewing of the coronation procession of King Edward VII was cancelled as the King was ill, giving rise to an important legal case, ''[[Chandler v Webster]]'', concerned with the legal treatment of a [[frustration of contract|frustrated contract]].<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/UKLawRpKQB/1904/26.html Chandler v Webster <nowiki>[</nowiki>1904<nowiki>]</nowiki> UKLawRpKQB 26; (1904) 1 KB 493 (8 February 1904)], accessed on 21 November 2024</ref>
+No 77–78 Pall Mall was the home of the [[Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury|Marquess of Ailesbury]] from 1840. In 1892, it was inherited by the Marchioness' nephew, [[Viscount de Vesci]] who leased the building to the [[Office of Works]]. In 1902, it was granted to Queen Victoria's daughter, [[Princess Helena of the United Kingdom|Princess Helena]] and her husband Prince Christian as a [[grace and favour]] residence and retained as a home by their daughters, [[Princess Helena Victoria]] and [[Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein|Princess Marie Louise]] until 1947. In 1951, the property was divided: No.77 was occupied by the [[Oxford and Cambridge University Club]], and no.78 by the [[Eagle Star]] Insurance Company.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 77–78|pages=418–419|series=[[Survey of London]] |volume=29 and 30 |title=St James Westminster, Part 1|year=1960|editor=F H W Sheppard |publisher=[[British History Online]]|location=London|access-date=11 June 2020|chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp418-419}}</ref>
 [[File:Pall Mall (22058955226).jpg|thumb|right|Pall Mall after an [[Operation Steinbock]] air-raid, February 1944]]
 The Institute of Directors was founded in 1903 and received a [[royal charter]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iod.com/about-the-iod/our-royal-charter|title=IoD Royal Charter|publisher=Institute of Directors|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> The former branch of the [[Midland Bank]] at Nos.&nbsp;69–70 Pall Mall was designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and constructed between 1922 and 1927. The original plan to redevelop No.&nbsp;70 proved impractical so the two premises were demolished to provide a site for the current premises.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/p425|title=Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 69–70 Pall Mall|journal=Survey of London|volume=29–30, St James Westminster, Part 1|editor=F H W Sheppard|location=London|year=1960|page=425|access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> The cigarette manufacturer [[Rothmans International|Rothmans]] has its head office at No.&nbsp;65 Pall Mall, in a building designed by [[Norman Shaw]], while [[P&O Ferries]]' main administrative office is at No.&nbsp;79.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=621}}
-==Cultural references ==
+==Cultural references==
-[[Giacomo Casanova]] lived in Pall Mall during 1761 as "Chevalier de Seingalt" and documented the stay in his memoirs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39305/39305-h/39305-h.htm |title=The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt 1725–1798 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> When the novelist [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] visited [[Dublin]] in 1845, he compared Pall Mall to [[O'Connell Street]] (then known as Upper Sackville Street).<ref>{{cite book |last=Thackeray |first=W. M. |title=An Irish Sketch Book |year=1846 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/isb/isb01.htm |access-date=10 January 2016}}</ref> In 1870, [[Henry Benjamin Wheatley]] wrote "Round about [[Piccadilly]] and Pall Mall", documenting changes in and around the street over the century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall Or, A Ramble from Haymarket to Hyde Park: Consisting of a Retrospect of the Various Changes that Have Occurred in the Court End of London |url=https://archive.org/details/roundaboutpiccad00whea |author=Henry Benjamin Wheatley |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1870}}</ref> A compilation of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s works, ''A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies'', was published in 1919, comprising essays he wrote for newspapers and journals from the 1870s to the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30191/30191-h/30191-h.htm |title=A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies |publisher=Methuen |year=1919}}</ref>
+[[Giacomo Casanova]] lived in Pall Mall during 1761 as "Chevalier de Seingalt" and documented the stay in his memoirs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39305/39305-h/39305-h.htm |title=The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt 1725–1798 |via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> When the novelist [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] visited [[Dublin]] in 1845, he compared Pall Mall to [[O'Connell Street]] (then known as Upper Sackville Street).<ref>{{cite book |last=Thackeray |first=W. M. |title=An Irish Sketch Book |year=1846 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/isb/isb01.htm |access-date=10 January 2016}}</ref> In 1870, [[Henry Benjamin Wheatley]] wrote "Round about [[Piccadilly]] and Pall Mall", documenting changes in and around the street over the century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall Or, A Ramble from Haymarket to Hyde Park: Consisting of a Retrospect of the Various Changes that Have Occurred in the Court End of London |url=https://archive.org/details/roundaboutpiccad00whea |author=Henry Benjamin Wheatley |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1870}}</ref> A compilation of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s works, ''A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies'', was published in 1919, comprising essays he wrote for newspapers and journals from the 1870s to the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30191/30191-h/30191-h.htm |title=A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies |publisher=Methuen |year=1919}}</ref>
+[[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] mentioned Pall Mall in her diary on celebrations on [[VE&nbsp;day]]: "Out in crowd again," she wrote, "[[Trafalgar Square]], [[Piccadilly]], Pall Mall, walked simply miles. Saw parents on balcony at 12.30am – ate, partied, bed 3am!"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/queen-elizabeth-iis-record-reign-12-facts-about-britains-monarch-n420811 |title=Queen Elizabeth II's Record Reign: 12 Facts About Britain's Monarch |publisher=NBC News |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
-Pall Mall is the location of the fictional [[Diogenes Club]] in the [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories,written by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]].
+Pall Mall is part of a group of three squares on the British ''[[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]]'' board game, alongside [[Whitehall]] and [[Northumberland Avenue]]. All three streets converge at Trafalgar Square.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=45}} Rising house prices across London mean a small flat on Pall Mall, which is in the lowest-priced third of properties on the board, now sells for over £1&nbsp;million.
-[[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] mentioned Pall Mall in her diary on celebrations on [[VE&nbsp;day]]: "Out in crowd again," she wrote, "[[Trafalgar Square]], [[Piccadilly]], Pall Mall, walked simply miles. Saw parents on balcony at 12.30 am — ate, partied, bed 3am!"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/queen-elizabeth-iis-record-reign-12-facts-about-britains-monarch-n420811 |title=Queen Elizabeth II's Record Reign: 12 Facts About Britain's Monarch |publisher=NBC News |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
+<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.moneywise.co.uk/home-mortgage/mortgages/home-mortgage/property-market/playing-the-monopoly-house-price-game |title=Playing the Monopoly House Price Game |work=MoneyWise |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502043205/http://www.moneywise.co.uk/home-mortgage/mortgages/home-mortgage/property-market/playing-the-monopoly-house-price-game |archive-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>
+Charles Lamb, in his essay "The Superannuated Man," also mentioned this place. The narrator of the essay confesses that he used to "indent the gayer flags of Pall Mall." As the narrator is a superannuated man, he has ample time to spend. Among the means of spending time and enjoying his life is frequently visiting the club houses in Pall Mall, which gave him immense pleasure.{{fact|date=October 2024}}
-Pall Mall is part of a group of three squares on the British ''[[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]]'' board game, alongside [[Whitehall]] and [[Northumberland Avenue]]. All three streets converge at Trafalgar Square.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=45}} Rising house prices across London mean a small flat on Pall Mall, which is in the lowest-priced third of properties on the board, now sells for over £1&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.moneywise.co.uk/home-mortgage/mortgages/home-mortgage/property-market/playing-the-monopoly-house-price-game |title=Playing the Monopoly House Price Game |work=MoneyWise |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502043205/http://www.moneywise.co.uk/home-mortgage/mortgages/home-mortgage/property-market/playing-the-monopoly-house-price-game |archive-date=2 May 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[77–78 Pall Mall]]
-* [[Pall Mall Gazette]]
+* ''[[The Pall Mall Gazette]]''
-* [[List of London's gentlemen's clubs]]
+* [[List of gentlemen's clubs in London]]
+* [[The Nine British Art]]
 ==References==
-'''Notes'''
+;Notes
 {{notelist}}
-'''Citations'''
+;Citations
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist}}
-'''Sources'''
+;Sources
 {{refbegin}}
 *{{cite letter |last=Millar |first=Andrew |date=16 July 1765 |recipient=[[Thomas Cadell (publisher)|Thomas Cadell]] |subject=I recd all yours wt ye Transactions... |access-date=3 June 2016 |url=http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/4.html }}
 *{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Tim|title=Do Not Pass Go|publisher=Vintage|year=2003|isbn=978-0-099-43386-6}}
 * {{cite encyclopedia|first1=Ben|last1=Weinreb|author-link1=Ben Weinreb|first2=Christopher|last2=Hibbert|author-link2=Christopher Hibbert|first3=Julia|last3=Keay|first4=John|last4=Keay|author-link4=John Keay|title=The London Encyclopedia|year=2008|publisher=Pan MacMillan|isbn=978-1-4050-4924-5}}
-*{{cite journal|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49055/old_war_office_build.pdf|title=The Old War Office Building|publisher=Ministry of Defence|year=2001|ref={{harvid|MOD|2001}}}}
+*{{cite book|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49055/old_war_office_build.pdf|title=The Old War Office Building|publisher=Ministry of Defence|year=2001|ref={{harvid|MOD|2001}}}}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 135: / Line 139: @@
 ==External links==
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040426012358/http://www.touruk.co.uk/london_streets/pallmall_street1.htm Pall Mall on TourUK]
-*[http://www.explore-london.co.uk/pmall.html Panoramic photograph of Pall Mall]
+*[http://www.explore-london.co.uk/pmall.html Panoramic photograph of Pall Mall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112195836/http://www.explore-london.co.uk/pmall.html |date=12 November 2011 }}
 *[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/england/london/clubsintro/intro.html 19th Century Gentleman's Clubs on Pall Mall] (including photographs)
 {{Gentlemen's clubs in London}}
 {{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1661]]
+[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in the 1660s]]
 [[Category:Streets in the City of Westminster]]
 [[Category:A4 road (England)]]
 [[Category:1661 establishments in England]]
+[[Category:Catherine of Braganza]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF 2
National	Germany