2015 China Victory Day Parade: Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses|2015 Victory Day parade (disambiguation)}} |
{{Other uses|2015 Victory Day parade (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022|cs1-dates=y}} |
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[[File:The military parade in honor of the 70-th anniversary of the end of the Second world war 01.jpg|thumb|Soldiers marching in the parade]] |
[[File:The military parade in honor of the 70-th anniversary of the end of the Second world war 01.jpg|thumb|Soldiers marching in the parade]] |
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The '''2015 China Victory Day parade''' was a [[military parade]] held along [[ |
The '''2015 China Victory Day parade''' was a [[military parade]] held along [[Chang'an Avenue]], Beijing, on 3 September 2015 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of [[Victory over Japan Day]] of [[World War II]]. The commemoration was the first high-profile military parade held to celebrate an occasion other than the [[National Day of the People's Republic of China]]. 12,000 troops of the [[People's Liberation Army]] participated in the parade, in addition to over 1,000 troops from 17 different countries, and about 850,000 "Citizen Guards" were mobilised to guard the city. [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Xi Jinping]] inspected the troops, Premier [[Li Keqiang]] was the [[master of ceremonies]] and General [[Song Puxuan]] was the chief commander of the parade. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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{{see also|Second Sino-Japanese War}} |
{{see also|Second Sino-Japanese War}} |
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The 70th Anniversary of V-day parade marked the first time that China held a military parade other than the National Day, and the first to celebrate the end of World War II.<ref name=20150821guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/21/chinese-second-world-war-parade-xi-jinping|title='Old-school tub-thumping': 12,000 Chinese troops prepare for WW2 parade|author=Tom Phillips|work=The Guardian|date=21 August 2015|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412155015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/21/chinese-second-world-war-parade-xi-jinping|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, China held parades primarily on |
The 70th Anniversary of V-day parade marked the first time that China held a military parade other than the National Day, and the first to celebrate the end of World War II.<ref name=20150821guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/21/chinese-second-world-war-parade-xi-jinping|title='Old-school tub-thumping': 12,000 Chinese troops prepare for WW2 parade|author=Tom Phillips|work=The Guardian|date=21 August 2015|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412155015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/21/chinese-second-world-war-parade-xi-jinping|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, China held parades primarily on 1 October, the country's national day. The most prominent renditions of the parade were held in 1959, 1984, 1999, and [[60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China|2009]], presided over respectively by then leaders [[Mao Zedong]], [[Deng Xiaoping]], [[Jiang Zemin]], and [[Hu Jintao]]. The 70th anniversary parade was also the first major parade since [[Xi Jinping]] took power as the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (China's [[paramount leader]]) in 2012. The prevailing theme was to be "peace and victory".<ref name=20150821guardian/> Xi Jinping had attended the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade]] in May as the guest-of-honour of Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]], and Putin returned the favour at this parade.<ref name=20150703reuters>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-eu-japan-idUSKCN0PD0U520150703|title=European Union leaders unlikely to attend China's World War Two parade, envoy says|work=Reuters|date=3 July 2015|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928031505/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/03/us-china-eu-japan-idUSKCN0PD0U520150703|archive-date=28 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== Preparations and restrictions == |
== Preparations and restrictions == |
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National leadership placed considerable importance on being able to put the best foot forward and do away with distractions. Bloomberg reported that the central government once again intervened in the stock market to ensure stability ahead of the anniversary; there were traffic curfews and closures of public facilities including seven parks and some hospitals.<ref name=20150901bloomberg>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/xi-s-big-military-parade-sets-china-s-spin-machine-in-overdrive|title=Chinese Military Parade Sets Spin Machine into Overdrive|date=1 September 2015|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710151745/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/xi-s-big-military-parade-sets-china-s-spin-machine-in-overdrive|archive-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Line 1, Beijing Subway]], which passes underneath |
National leadership placed considerable importance on being able to put the best foot forward and do away with distractions. Bloomberg reported that the central government once again intervened in the stock market to ensure stability ahead of the anniversary; there were traffic curfews and closures of public facilities including seven parks and some hospitals.<ref name=20150901bloomberg>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/xi-s-big-military-parade-sets-china-s-spin-machine-in-overdrive|title=Chinese Military Parade Sets Spin Machine into Overdrive|date=1 September 2015|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710151745/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/xi-s-big-military-parade-sets-china-s-spin-machine-in-overdrive|archive-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Line 1, Beijing Subway]], which passes underneath Chang'an Avenue, was shut down; 256 bus-lines in Beijing were placed under tight transport restrictions from 2–4 September.<ref name=20150901bloomberg/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/15/0902/11/B2GNHRHV00014JB6.html|title=北京256条公交线路9月2日至4日采取临时运营措施|language=zh|publisher=人民网（北京）|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925191918/http://news.163.com/15/0902/11/B2GNHRHV00014JB6.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the day of the parade, hospitals restricted most of their activities beyond emergencies, the stock markets were closed.<ref name=20150901bloomberg/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/15/0831/01/B2AGCJ1500014AED.html|title=北京阅兵当日协和等医院停门诊 急诊24小时开诊|language=zh|publisher=京华时报(北京)|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902020847/http://news.163.com/15/0831/01/B2AGCJ1500014AED.html|archive-date=2 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20150902forbes/> Areas in the city centre were placed under martial law, and 850,000 "citizen guards" were deployed to ensure security within the city.<ref name=20150821guardian/> The city authorities sent in trained macaques and falcons to make sure the skies over central Beijing were free of birds that would [[bird strike|put the flypast at risk]]. The trained macaque monkeys climbed trees and dismantled birds nests in advance of the parade. Hot air balloons and hang gliders were equally barred from the city; those residing along Chang'an Avenue were forbidden from opening their windows during the lock-down period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150902-beijing-pulls-out-all-stops-to-ensure-perfect-parade/|title=Beijing pulls out all stops to ensure perfect V-Day parade|work=EJ Insight|date=2 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904163851/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150902-beijing-pulls-out-all-stops-to-ensure-perfect-parade/|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Domestic satellite televisions were restricted from playing entertainment programs between 1–5 September. [[China Central Television]] ceased the broadcasting of all entertainment programming, only playing films and TV series about the Second World War.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Xi Jinping decreed the creation of two new public holidays targeted at Japan, the first being 3 September – [[Victory over Japan Day]], officially named The 70th anniversary of Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War and the World Anti-Fascist War Victory Commemoration Day.<ref name=20150820beast>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/20/the-secret-seaside-resort-where-china-s-leaders-plot-world-domination.html |title=The Secretive Beach Retreat Where China Leaders Plot World Domination |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=20 August 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915224639/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/20/the-secret-seaside-resort-where-china-s-leaders-plot-world-domination.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live |last1=Hong |first1=Brendon }}</ref> The second one was declared for 13 December, marking the Japanese takeover of Nanjing, China's then capital under the Nationalists and the [[Nanking massacre]] that followed, which resulted in many Chinese deaths by Japanese military personnel garrisoned in the city.<ref name=20150820beast/> The [[CY Leung administration]] in Hong Kong argued for a holiday to facilitate participation in commemorative events, thus it tabled the "Special Holiday (3 September 2015) Ordinance" – designating the day as a one-off holiday – for debate in the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] (LegCo) in July. The act passed despite strong resistance and more than 90 amendments from one legislator.<ref name=20150904harbourtimes/> |
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[[File:2015 Air pollution in Beijing.svg|400px|thumb|right|Air [[Pollution in China|pollution]] was reduced during the parade.]] |
[[File:2015 Air pollution in Beijing.svg|400px|thumb|right|Air [[Pollution in China|pollution]] was reduced during the parade.]] |
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To reduce air [[Pollution in China|pollution]] and ensure blue skies for the parade, half of Beijing's cars were barred from the streets and nearly 10,000 industrial firms in Beijing and in areas near and far – Hebei, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Henan – suspended or cut production starting on |
To reduce air [[Pollution in China|pollution]] and ensure blue skies for the parade, half of Beijing's cars were barred from the streets and nearly 10,000 industrial firms in Beijing and in areas near and far – Hebei, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Henan – suspended or cut production starting on 20 August to cut down on emissions.<ref name=20150821guardian/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-08/17/c_134527293.htm|title=China moves to ensure clean air for military parade|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919034424/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-08/17/c_134527293.htm|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The factory shut-downs and road closures gave rise to rare instance of clean air, where PM2.5 measurements were below 50, and the lack of traffic jams, and these were welcomed by residents of the capital.<ref name=20150904ejinsight/> Observers noted that the umbrella, which [[Umbrella Movement|became iconic]] in Hong Kong during the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|protests in 2014]], were nowhere to be seen despite the blazing heat although commonly used as a shield against the sun in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150904-some-sidelights-from-chinas-grand-military-parade/|title=China's grand military parade: Some sidelights|work=EJ Insight|date=4 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915025117/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150904-some-sidelights-from-chinas-grand-military-parade/|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== Leaders in attendance == |
== Leaders in attendance == |
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===Chinese leaders=== |
===Chinese leaders=== |
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Xi Jinping, who holds the posts for the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]], [[President of the People's Republic of China]], and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]], was the central figure of the day's events. Premier [[Li Keqiang]] was the master of ceremonies for the parade, breaking convention from its two previous renditions of the parade, which were both hosted by the [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|Communist Party Secretary]] of Beijing ([[Jia Qinglin]] in 1999 and [[Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)|Liu Qi]] in 2009). General [[Song Puxuan]], Commander of the [[Northern Theater Command]], greeted Xi in front of Tiananmen at the start of the parade during the inspection segment, declaring the readiness of the troops for the marchpast. |
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Atop [[Tiananmen]], Xi Jinping wore a [[Mao suit]], as was customary for leaders inspecting troops at military parades; his wife |
Atop [[Tiananmen]], Xi Jinping wore a [[Mao suit]], as was customary for leaders inspecting troops at military parades; his wife [[Peng Liyuan]] wore a red dress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/15/0903/09/B2J1KLTB0001124J.html|title=习近平着中山装 彭丽媛着红裙亮相|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903105012/http://news.163.com/15/0903/09/B2J1KLTB0001124J.html|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The remaining political figures wore business suits. Xi delivered the keynote address at the parade with an unexpected announcement of a plan to cut 300,000 personnel from the Chinese military.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/enwiki/api/15/0903/10/B2J49NTL0001124J.html|title=习近平宣布裁军30万|language=zh|publisher=中国网(北京)|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905223554/http://news.163.com/enwiki/api/15/0903/10/B2J49NTL0001124J.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The other members of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Politburo Standing Committee]], [[Zhang Dejiang]], [[Yu Zhengsheng]], [[Liu Yunshan]], [[Wang Qishan]], and [[Zhang Gaoli]], watched the parade on top of Tiananmen Gate. |
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Former paramount leaders |
Former paramount leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao; former Premiers [[Li Peng]], [[Zhu Rongji]] and [[Wen Jiabao]]; and other former senior leaders [[Li Ruihuan]], [[Wu Bangguo]], Jia Qinglin, [[Li Lanqing]], [[Song Ping]], [[Zeng Qinghong]], [[Wu Guanzheng]], [[Li Changchun]], [[Luo Gan]], and [[He Guoqiang]], also attended the parade at Tiananmen. This meant that all former members of the Standing Committee who were in good standing with the party and alive at the time of the parade attended the event; they sat in strict [[orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China|protocol sequence]] to the right of the members of the incumbent Politburo Standing Committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/15/0903/09/B2J2PTKO000146BE.html|title=政治局常委和江泽民胡锦涛登上天安门城楼观礼|agency=Xinhua News Agency|language=zh|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903105000/http://news.163.com/15/0903/09/B2J2PTKO000146BE.html|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Hong Kong Special Administration Region chief executive [[Leung Chun-ying]] also led a 300-person group at the parade, and Macau Chief Executive [[Fernando Chui]] also attended.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/enwiki/api/15/0902/08/B2GDE2G20001124J.html|title=梁振英率300人代表团出席阅兵 名单包含反对派|language=zh|publisher=观察者网(上海)|trans-title=Politburo Standing Committee and Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao ascend to watch tower in Tiananmen Square|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905132739/http://news.163.com/enwiki/api/15/0902/08/B2GDE2G20001124J.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
Hong Kong Special Administration Region chief executive [[Leung Chun-ying]] also led a 300-person group at the parade, and Macau Chief Executive [[Fernando Chui]] also attended.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/enwiki/api/15/0902/08/B2GDE2G20001124J.html|title=梁振英率300人代表团出席阅兵 名单包含反对派|language=zh|publisher=观察者网(上海)|trans-title=Politburo Standing Committee and Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao ascend to watch tower in Tiananmen Square|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905132739/http://news.163.com/enwiki/api/15/0902/08/B2GDE2G20001124J.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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===List of dignitaries in attendance=== |
===List of dignitaries in attendance=== |
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More than 50 countries sent representatives to the parade. |
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The following countries were represented by their current leaders : |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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* {{flagicon|Algeria}} Legislative chairman [[Abdelkader Bensalah]] of Algeria.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat">{{cite news|title=30 Heads of State Will Watch China's Military Parade Next Week|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/30-heads-of-state-will-watch-chinas-military-parade-next-week/|author=Shannon Tiezzi|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=26 August 2015|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Argentina}} Vice President [[Amado Boudou]] of Argentina.<ref name="CPC">{{cite web|title=张德江分别会见蒙古国总统额勒贝格道尔吉、阿根廷副总统布杜和波兰众议长布翁斯卡|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0904/c64094-27544277.html|date=4 September 2015|access-date=20 April 2021|language=zh}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Algeria}} Chairman [[Abdelkader Bensalah]] of Algeria |
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* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Minister for Veterans' Affairs]] [[Michael Ronaldson]] of Australia.<ref name="attendees">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cggb/eng//xwdt/t1294324.htm|title = Li Yuanchao Meets with Foreign Guests}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Argentina}} Vice President [[Amado Boudou]] of Argentina |
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* {{flagicon|Belarus}} President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] of Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/news/belarus-president-attends-army-parade-in-beijing_i_27605.html |title=Belarus president attends army parade in Beijing | Latest news of Belarus - politics, society, culture, sport | Belarus News | Belarusian news | Belarus today | Belarus.by |access-date=2021-04-20 |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420175849/https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/news/belarus-president-attends-army-parade-in-beijing_i_27605.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Armenia}} President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] of Armenia |
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* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Chairman of the Presidency [[Dragan Čović]] of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/jnkzsl70zn/t1294742.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Meets with Chairman Dragan Čović of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} President [[Ilham Aliyev]] of Azerbaijan |
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* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} President [[Abdul Hamid]] of Bangladesh |
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* {{flagicon|Belarus}} President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] of Belarus |
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* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} President [[Rosen Plevneliev]] of Bulgaria |
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* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Chairman of the Presidency [[Dragan Čović]] of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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* {{flagicon|Brazil}} Minister of Defence [[Jaques Wagner]] of Brazil |
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} Minister of Defence [[Jaques Wagner]] of Brazil |
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* {{flagicon|Cambodia}} King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] of Cambodia |
* {{flagicon|Cambodia}} King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] of Cambodia.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Cuba}} First Vice President [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] of Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuban Vice President Attends China"s Victory Day Parade {{pipe}} Cubadebate (English)|url=http://en.cubadebate.cu/news/2015/09/04/cuban-vice-president-attends-chinas-victory-day-parade/|access-date=12 January 2022|website=en.cubadebate.cu}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} State Councillor [[Tim Stevenson]] of Canada |
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* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} President [[Miloš Zeman]] of the Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mzv.cz/shanghai/en/news/the_president_of_the_czech_republic.html|title = The President of the Czech Republic Milos Zeman visited China}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|China}} Paramount leader [[Xi Jinping]], Premier [[Li Keqiang]] and top politicians of China |
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* {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Congo}} President [[Joseph Kabila]] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/jnkzsl70zn/t1294737.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Meets with President Joseph Kabila of the Democratic Republic of Congo}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Congo}} Prime Minister [[Clement Mouamba]] of Republic of Congo |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|North Korea}} Member of the Politburo Presidium [[Choe Ryong-hae]] of North Korea.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] of Egypt.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} Prime Minister [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] of Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/jnkzsl70zn/t1294735.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Meets with Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn of Ethiopia}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Congo}} President [[Joseph Kabila]] of the Democratic Republic of Congo |
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* {{flagicon|North Korea}} Member of the Politburo Presidium [[Choe Ryong-hae]] of North Korea |
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* {{flagicon|Egypt}} President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] of Egypt |
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* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} President [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] of Ethiopia |
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* {{flagicon|Fiji}} President [[Jioji Konrote]] of Fiji |
* {{flagicon|Fiji}} President [[Jioji Konrote]] of Fiji |
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* {{flagicon|France}} Foreign Minister [[Laurent Fabius]] of France |
* {{flagicon|France}} Foreign Minister [[Laurent Fabius]] of France.<ref name="DWparade">{{cite news|title=West wary of China WWII military parade |
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|url=https://www.dw.com/en/west-wary-of-china-wwii-military-parade/a-18689111|author=Spencer Kimball|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=2 September 2015|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Greece}} President [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]] of Greece |
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* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} Chief Executive [[Leung Chun-ying]] of Hong Kong |
* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} Chief Executive [[Leung Chun-ying]] of Hong Kong |
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* {{flagicon|Hungary}} |
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hungary)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Péter Szijjártó]] of Hungary.<ref name="attendees"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Iceland}} President [[Olafur Ragnar Grimsson]] of Iceland |
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* {{flagicon|India}} President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] of India |
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* {{flagicon|Iran}} Parliament Speaker [[Ali Larijani]] of Iran |
* {{flagicon|Iran}} Parliament Speaker [[Ali Larijani]] of Iran |
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* {{flagicon|Italy}} Foreign Minister [[Paolo Gentiloni]] of Italy |
* {{flagicon|Italy}} Foreign Minister [[Paolo Gentiloni]] of Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/jnkzsl70zn/t1294322.shtml|title=Wang Yi Meets with Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Paolo Gentiloni of Italy}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of |
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of Kazakhstan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} President [[Almazbek Atambayev]] of Kyrgyzstan |
* {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} President [[Almazbek Atambayev]] of Kyrgyzstan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Laos}} President [[Choummaly Sayasone]] of Laos |
* {{flagicon|Laos}} President [[Choummaly Sayasone]] of Laos.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Latvia}} President [[Andris Bērziņš (Latvian President)|Andris Bērziņš]] of Latvia |
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* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} Prime Minister [[Najib Mikati]] of Lebanon |
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* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Vice President [[Gitanas Nauseda]] of Lithuania |
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* {{flagicon|Macau}} Chief Executive [[Fernando Chui]] of Macau |
* {{flagicon|Macau}} Chief Executive [[Fernando Chui]] of Macau |
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* {{flagicon|Mongolia}} President [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] of Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongolia to send troops to China's Victory Day parade – China.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/2015-06/25/content_35908437.htm|access-date=12 January 2022|website=china.org.cn}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Mexico}} Government Secretary [[Olga Sanchez Cordero]] of Mexico |
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* {{flagicon|Mongolia}} President [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] of Mongolia |
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* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} President [[Filip Vujanovic]] of Montenegro |
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} President [[Filip Vujanovic]] of Montenegro |
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* {{flagicon|Myanmar}} President [[Thein Sein]] of Myanmar |
* {{flagicon|Myanmar}} President [[Thein Sein]] of Myanmar.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Minister of State [[Herman Tjeenk Willink]] of the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2055624-militaire-parade-in-china-was-grootste-ooit.html|title = Militaire parade in China was grootste ooit| date=3 September 2015 }}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] of Pakistan |
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] of Pakistan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Marshal of the Sejm]] (speaker) [[Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska]] of Poland |
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Marshal of the Sejm]] (speaker) [[Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska]] of Poland.<ref name="CPC"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Palestine}} President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] of Palestine |
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] of Palestine |
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* {{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} Governor General [[Michael Ogio]] of Papua New Guinea |
* {{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} Governor General [[Michael Ogio]] of Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/jnkzsl70zn/t1294138.shtml|title=President Xi Jinping Meets with Governor-General of Papua New Guinea Michael Ogio}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Russia}} President [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34125418|title = China military parade commemorates WW2 victory over Japan|work = BBC News|date = 3 September 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Republika Srpska}} President [[Milorad Dodik]] of Republika Srpska |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} President [[Park Geun-hye]] of South Korea.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Serbia}} President [[Tomislav Nikolić]] of Serbia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2015&mm=08&dd=31&nav_id=95271|title = Nikolic arrives in China, set to attend military parade}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Russia}} President [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} President [[Jacob Zuma]] of South Africa.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Sudan}} President [[Omar al-Bashir]] of Sudan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} Deputy Chair of Junta [[Prawit Wongsuwan]] of Thailand.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} President [[Emomali Rahmon]] of Tajikistan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|East Timor}} President [[Taur Matan Ruak]] of East Timor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/jnkzsl70zn/t1294785.shtml|title=Xi Jinping Meets with President Taur Matan Ruak of East Timor}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|South Africa}} President [[Jacob Zuma]] of South Africa |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} President [[Islam Karimov]] of Uzbekistan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|USA}} Ambassador [[Max Baucus]] of the United States.<ref name="DWparade"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Vanuatu}} Prime Minister [[Sato Kilman]] of Vanuatu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.vu/news/kilman-i-am-impressed-by-china-s-v-day-parade/article_319aec47-4490-5997-aee7-82086a353c99.html|title = Kilman: I am impressed by China's V-Day parade}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} President [[Emomali Rahmon]] of Tajikistan |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} President [[Nicolás Maduro]] of Venezuela.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Vietnam}} President [[Trương Tấn Sang]] of Vietnam.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} President [[Islam Karimov]] of Uzbekistan |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} Senator [[Max Baucus]] of the United States of America |
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* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Foreign Minister [[Leonid Kozhara]] of Ukraine |
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* {{flagicon|Vanuatu}} Prime Minister [[Sato Kilman]] of Vanuatu |
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* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} President [[Nicolás Maduro]] of Venezuela |
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* {{flagicon|Vietnam}} President [[Trương Tấn Sang]] of Vietnam |
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}} |
}} |
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The following countries sent their former leaders to the parade : |
The following countries sent their former leaders to the parade : |
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* {{flagicon|Germany}} Former Chancellor [[Gerhard |
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Former Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] of Germany.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Former |
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Former Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] of the United Kingdom.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|Japan}} Former Prime Minister [[Tomiichi Murayama]] of Japan.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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| ⚫ | * {{flagicon|Philippines}} Former [[President (government title)|President]] [[Joseph Estrada]] of the Philippines. Estrada attended the parade, not as a representative of his country but as part of his duties as [[Mayor of Manila]]. Estrada cited the fact that [[Manila]] and Beijing were [[sister cities]] as his reason for attending the event.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Calleja|first1=Niña|title=PH to China: Walk the talk, bridge gap|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/128083/ph-to-china-walk-the-talk-bridge-gap|access-date=4 September 2015|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904134825/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/128083/ph-to-china-walk-the-talk-bridge-gap|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Japan}} Former Prime Minister [[Tomiichi Murayama]] of Japan |
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* {{flagicon|San Marino}} Former Captain Regent [[Gianfranco Terenzi]] of San Marino.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-27588|title = Map: Who's Going to Beijing's World War II Parade?|newspaper = The Wall Street Journal|date = 26 August 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Philippines}} Former [[President (government title)|President]] [[Joseph Estrada]] of the [[Philippines]] |
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* {{flagicon|Singapore}} Former Deputy Prime Minister [[Wong Kan Seng]] of |
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} Former Deputy Prime Minister [[Wong Kan Seng]] of Singapore |
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* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} Former Vice President and Premier [[Lien Chan]] of the |
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} Former Vice President and Premier [[Lien Chan]] of the Republic of China (Taiwan)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1853878/taiwans-ex-premier-lien-chan-arrives-beijing-chinas|title=Taiwan's ex-premier Lien Chan arrives in Beijing for China's victory over Japan parade, to chagrin of island's politicians|date=30 August 2015}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
Leaders of the following international organizations were in attendance |
Leaders of the following international organizations were in attendance: |
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* {{flagicon|UNESCO}} Director-General [[Irina Bokova]] of the [[UNESCO]] |
* {{flagicon|UNESCO}} Director-General [[Irina Bokova]] of the [[UNESCO]] |
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* {{flagicon| |
* {{flagicon|United Nations}} Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] of the United Nations.<ref name="HeadsDiplomat"/> |
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* {{flagicon|United Nations}} Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] of the [[United Nations]] |
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* {{flagicon|ASEAN}} Secretary-General [[Lê Lương Minh]] of [[ASEAN]] |
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* {{flagicon|IOM}} Secretary-General [[Vladimir Norov]] of [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] |
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* {{flagicon|Europe}} President [[Thorbjorn Jagland]] of the [[Council of Europe]] |
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* [[File: Flag of the Red Cross.svg|25px]] President [[Peter Maurer]] of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |
* [[File: Flag of the Red Cross.svg|25px]] President [[Peter Maurer]] of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |
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In addition, many embassies around Beijing also sent their defense attaches and military generals to attend the parade. |
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| ⚫ | Former |
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== Criticisms == |
== Criticisms == |
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Taiwan's [[Mainland Affairs Council]], President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] and his [[Kuomintang]] objected to the event and what they see as the |
Taiwan's [[Mainland Affairs Council]], President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] and his [[Kuomintang]] objected to the event and what they see as the CCP usurping credit for leading the Chinese defence against Japan during World War II.<ref name=20150905chinatimes>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/taiwan-issues/2015/09/05/445029/Lien-Chan.htm |title = Lien Chan, veterans at Beijing bash raises apprehensions – The China Post |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914064259/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/taiwan-issues/2015/09/05/445029/Lien-Chan.htm |archive-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20150828straits>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/wwii-parade-beijing-reaches-out-to-kmt-veterans|title=WWII parade: Beijing reaches out to KMT veterans|date=28 August 2015|work=The Straits Times|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006121730/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/wwii-parade-beijing-reaches-out-to-kmt-veterans|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, former Chairman of the Kuomintang [[Lien Chan]] also attended the parade, ostensibly in his personal capacity, sparking controversy at home.<ref name=20150905chinatimes/><ref name=20150828straits/> Whilst [[Tsai Ing-wen]], leader of the Taiwanese opposition, criticised Lian for failing to represent the views of the majority of Taiwanese, observers noted that Lien had considerable business interests on the mainland he sought to protect, likewise the Kuomintang also had interests on the mainland.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Storm.mg|date=30 August 2015|title=連戰參加中國閱兵 蔡英文：和台灣人民的觀感背道而馳-風傳媒|url=https://www.storm.mg/article/63953|access-date=12 January 2022|website=storm.mg|language=zh-TW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=三立新聞網|date=31 August 2015|title=連戰閱兵是煙霧彈？名嘴爆：是為了國民黨在中國的黨營事業 {{pipe}} 政治 {{pipe}} 三立新聞網 SETN.COM|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=92974|access-date=12 January 2022|website=setn.com|language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=三立新聞網|date=31 August 2015|title=天塌下來都要去！連戰不怕罵 赴陸閱兵為保家族企業？ {{pipe}} 政治 {{pipe}} 三立新聞網 SETN.COM|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=92914|access-date=12 January 2022|website=setn.com|language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> Hong Kong commentator Frank Ching added that Lien Chan's presence at the ceremony undermined the KMT, as China appeared to erase the role of the Nationalists in defending China.<ref name=20150908ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150908-how-china-tried-to-rewrite-history-with-military-parade/|title=How China tried to rewrite history with military parade|work=EJ Insight|date=8 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006153121/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150908-how-china-tried-to-rewrite-history-with-military-parade/|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Other pundits said that the main object of the parade was to rewrite history and elevate the |
Other pundits said that the main object of the parade was to rewrite history and elevate the CCP's position in ending the war.<ref name=20150902forbes>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2015/09/02/mainland-hong-kong-stock-markets-shut-for-v-day-holiday/|title=Mainland, Hong Kong Stock Markets Shut For V-Day Holiday|author=Russell Flannery|work=Forbes|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323191037/http://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2015/09/02/mainland-hong-kong-stock-markets-shut-for-v-day-holiday/|archive-date=23 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20150904harbourtimes>{{cite web|url=http://harbourtimes.com/2015/09/04/hks-wartime-past-still-matters-alternate-histories/|title=HK's Wartime past still matters: Alternate histories – Hong Kong – Politics, Policy, Government & Diplomacy|work=Harbour Times|date=4 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913055103/http://harbourtimes.com/2015/09/04/hks-wartime-past-still-matters-alternate-histories/|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20150908ejinsight/> |
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[[Kyodo News Agency]] cited a US department of State spokesman that United States objected the President of Sudan Bashir to attend the parade in the news conference held on |
[[Kyodo News Agency]] cited a US department of State spokesman that United States objected the President of Sudan Bashir to attend the parade in the news conference held on 31 August 2015. He stated that China should consider about the international society's worry as a UN security council member with inviting or assisting someone who is wanted under the document of warrant signed by ICC.<ref>{{cite web|title=美国国务院竟反对中国邀请苏丹总统出席抗战阅兵|url=http://www.guancha.cn/america/2015_09_01_332634_s.shtml|website=观察者|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204035/http://www.guancha.cn/america/2015_09_01_332634_s.shtml|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== Parade groups == |
== Parade groups == |
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Some 12,000 troops marched along |
Some 12,000 troops marched along Chang'an Avenue up to Tiananmen for inspection by Chinese leader Xi Jinping and the two living former leaders [[Jiang Zemin]] and [[Hu Jintao]].<ref name=20150904ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150904-chinas-military-parade-reveals-what-people-really-want/|title=China's military parade reveals what people really want|work=EJ Insight|date=4 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915025813/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150904-chinas-military-parade-reveals-what-people-really-want/|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 10 squads: 9 from the [[People's Liberation Army]] and 1 from the [[People's Armed Police]]). Each squad had 350 soldiers excluding the color guards, and were led by two major generals or lieutenant generals in active service. In total, 56 generals participated in the event. The military vehicle contingent were led by two Air Force lieutenant generals, a vice admiral and a lieutenant general of the [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force]]: [[Tian Zhong]], deputy commander of the [[PLA Navy]], [[Chen Dong (general)|Chen Dong]], deputy commander of the [[PLA Air Force]], [[Wu Guohua]], deputy commander of the [[PLA Rocket Force]]. [[Zheng Qunliang]] another deputy commander of the Air Force, commanded the squadron of jet fighters in the air. This was the first time in PRC's history that military parade contingents were led by officers ranked as high as lieutenant general.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2015-09-03/1153838387.html |script-title=zh:六位受阅中将首亮相 三人由总参调任 |publisher=Sina Corp |date=3 September 2015 |language=zh|access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906011752/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2015-09-03/1153838387.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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=== Veterans === |
=== Veterans === |
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Surviving soldiers from the Second World War joined the parade for the first time. They had fought under various commands, including the [[New Fourth Army]], the [[National Revolutionary Army]], and the [[Eighth Route Army]], with most over 90 years old then. Some of the passed |
Surviving soldiers from the Second World War joined the parade for the first time. They had fought under various commands, including the [[New Fourth Army]], the [[National Revolutionary Army]], and the [[Eighth Route Army]], with most over 90 years old then. Some of the passed soldiers' widows marched in place of their husbands.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/15/0902/02/B2FOO75J00014JB6.html|title=日籍八路军等40余名日本老兵抵京参加纪念活动|language=zh|publisher=环球时报-环球网(北京)|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045611/http://news.163.com/15/0902/02/B2FOO75J00014JB6.html|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Besides Chinese soldiers, some surviving airmen of [[United States Air Force]] who had fought alongside Chinese forces also joined the veterans column. The veterans rode in open-top buses at the start of the parade and were escorted by the People's Armed Police Motorcycle Escort Squadron. |
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===Marchpast columns=== |
===Marchpast columns=== |
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====Military bands in attendance==== |
====Military bands in attendance==== |
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A 1,000 piece band was present to provide musical accompaniment to the parade. The bands were organized as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hxvos.com/special/2015-09/02/cms863248article.shtml |title= |
A 1,000 piece band was present to provide musical accompaniment to the parade. The bands were organized as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hxvos.com/special/2015-09/02/cms863248article.shtml |title = 閱兵聯合軍樂團︰父子兵上陣 女兵微笑美|access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013005909/http://www.hxvos.com/special/2015-09/02/cms863248article.shtml |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.yibada.com/articles/60407/20150905/1-000-musicians-honored-part-v-day-parade.htm |title = 1,000 Musicians Honored to Be Part of V-J Day Parade : News : Yibada |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128034724/http://en.yibada.com/articles/60407/20150905/1-000-musicians-honored-part-v-day-parade.htm |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.www.gov.cn/news/photos/2015/08/22/content_281475173304257.htm |title = Months of practice for moment of honor |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013034857/http://english.www.gov.cn/news/photos/2015/08/22/content_281475173304257.htm |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*Massed Joint-PLA Military Band under the direction of the Director of Music of the PLA Band, Zhang Haifing |
*Massed Joint-PLA Military Band under the direction of the Director of Music of the PLA Band, Zhang Haifing |
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| Line 148: | Line 124: | ||
**[[14th Group Army]] Band |
**[[14th Group Army]] Band |
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**PLA Combined Chorus |
**PLA Combined Chorus |
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***[[ |
***[[Central Military Commission Political Work Department Song and Dance Troupe]] |
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***Male singers who are students at Chinese military academies<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.people.cn/n/2015/0825/c98649-8941369.html |title= |
***Male singers who are students at Chinese military academies<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.people.cn/n/2015/0825/c98649-8941369.html |title = PLA chorus in tough training for V-Day parade – People's Daily Online |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013040400/http://en.people.cn/n/2015/0825/c98649-8941369.html |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==== |
==== Color party ==== |
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The [[color guard]] consisted of 207 men and women from the [[Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion|PLA Honor Guard Battalion]], who escorted the [[Colours, standards and guidons#People.27s Republic of China|national military colours]]. This marked the first occasion of female service personnel forming part of the [[honor guard]] during a national parade. Their first public presentation occurred during the state visit of the President of Turkmenistan to Beijing in May 2015, |
The [[color guard]] consisted of 207 men and women from the [[Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion|PLA Honor Guard Battalion]], who escorted the [[Colours, standards and guidons#People.27s Republic of China|national military colours]]. This marked the first occasion of female service personnel forming part of the [[honor guard]] during a national parade. Their first public presentation occurred during the state visit of the President of Turkmenistan to Beijing in May 2015, using the Type 56 ceremonial rifle. |
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==== Representative companies from |
==== Representative companies from CCP units of the Second Sino-Japanese War ==== |
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The |
The CCP's hero squads consisted of detachments that traced their lineage to units that participated in the war against Japan, which included the "Five Heroes of Langya Mountain" (狼牙山五壮士), "[[Battle of Pingxingguan|Battle of Pingxingguan Hero Squad]]",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://v.163.com/zixun/VB1DM9C42/VB1LCQOTI.html|title="平型关大战突击连"英模部队方队亮相|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224619/http://v.163.com/zixun/VB1DM9C42/VB1LCQOTI.html|archive-date=27 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and the "[[Hundred Regiments Offensive|Hundred Regiments Offensive Hero Squad]]". Representative detachments from each [[PLA military region|Chinese military region]] participated in the parade, led by soldiers carrying standards used by the predecessor units. |
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These represented the following |
These represented the following CCP formations during the war against Japan: |
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* [[Eighth Route Army]] |
* [[Eighth Route Army]] |
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* [[New Fourth Army]] |
* [[New Fourth Army]] |
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* [[Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army]] |
* [[Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army]] |
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* Southern China guerrilla organizations under |
* Southern China guerrilla organizations under CCP control |
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==== People's Armed Police ==== |
==== People's Armed Police ==== |
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| Line 172: | Line 148: | ||
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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#{{ |
#{{flagicon|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] – 3-man team from the Color Guard of the [[Afghan National Army]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Belarus}} – 76-man team from the [[Honor Guard of the Armed Forces of Belarus|Honor Guard Battalion of the Minsk Garrison]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Cambodia}} – 7-man team from the Color Guard of the [[Royal Cambodian Army]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Cuba}} – 76-man team from the [[Ceremonial Unit of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]] |
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#{{flagu|Egypt}} – 73-man team from the [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Egyptian Republican Guard]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2015|title=بالصور.. 81 جنديا من حرس الشرف المصري يشاركون في العرض العسكري الصيني 3 سبتمبر|url=https://www.elbalad.news/1681145|access-date=12 January 2022|website=صدى البلد|language=ar-eg}}</ref> |
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#{{flag|Egypt}} - [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Egyptian Republican Guard]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Fiji}} – 7-man team from the Presidential Guard |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Kazakhstan}} – 76-man team from the [[Honor Guard Company of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Kyrgyzstan}} – 76-man team from the [[National Guard (Kyrgyzstan)|Kyrgyz National Guard]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Laos}} – 7-man team from the Color Guard of the [[Lao People's Army]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Mexico}} – 77-person team of cadets of the service academies of the [[Mexican Armed Forces]] |
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#{{flagu|Mongolia}} – 74-man team of personnel of the [[Ministry of Defence (Mongolia)|Ministry of Defence of Mongolia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Мимо трибун проходит парадный расчет вооруженных сил Монголии _russian.china.org.cn|url=http://russian.china.org.cn/exclusive/txt/2015-09/03/content_36489608.htm|access-date=12 January 2022|website=russian.china.org.cn}}</ref> |
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#{{flag|Mongolia}} - Cadets of the [[National Defense University (Mongolia)|National Defense University]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Pakistan}} – 79-man team from the Pakistani Tri-Service Honour Guard |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Serbia}} – 75-man team from the [[Serbian Guards Unit]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Tajikistan}} – 76-man team from the Honor Guard Company of the [[Ministry of Defence (Tajikistan)|Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Vanuatu}} – 7-man team from the Color Guard from the [[Vanuatu Mobile Forces]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Venezuela}} – 9-man team from the Color Guard from the [[Military Academy of the Bolivarian Army]] |
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#{{ |
#{{flagu|Russia}} – 76-man team from the 1st Honor Guard Company, [[154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment]], [[Western Military District]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:The military parade in honor of the 70-th anniversary of the end of the Second world war 02.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles in Victory Day Parade|313x313px]] |
[[File:The military parade in honor of the 70-th anniversary of the end of the Second world war 02.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles in Victory Day Parade|313x313px]] |
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;Type 99A Main Battle Tank |
;Type 99A Main Battle Tank |
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A group of the latest model of China's Type 99 main battle tank.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-09/02/content_6662152.htm |title= |
A group of the latest model of China's Type 99 main battle tank.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-09/02/content_6662152.htm |title = ZTZ-99A Tank, China's King of Land Battle |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011625/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-09/02/content_6662152.htm |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The A marks the last iteration of the Type 99 as the tank is near finalization. |
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;Amphibious squad |
;Amphibious squad |
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China's [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defence]] spokesman Yang Yujun said that the cuts to the size of the military would include personnel not trained for battle. |
China's [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defence]] spokesman Yang Yujun said that the cuts to the size of the military would include personnel not trained for battle. |
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According to his opinion, China will modify the 'command system' by simplifying its management structure. China's one-star general Xu Guangyu also said that the China's |
According to his opinion, China will modify the 'command system' by simplifying its management structure. China's one-star general Xu Guangyu also said that the China's People's Armed Police will be reformed appropriately. |
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For historical reasons, China's military structure emphasizes the army and land forces. |
For historical reasons, China's military structure emphasizes the army and land forces. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{commons category |
{{commons category}} |
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*[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2015-01/27/content_19418728.htm Farce to fuss over China's military parade] |
*[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2015-01/27/content_19418728.htm Farce to fuss over China's military parade] |
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*[http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-08/14/content_6631932.htm Eight Highlights in China's V-Day Military Parade] |
*[http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-08/14/content_6631932.htm Eight Highlights in China's V-Day Military Parade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815111548/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-08/14/content_6631932.htm |date=15 August 2015 }} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905055407/http://english.cntv.cn/special/70th_anniv_victoryday/index.shtml 2015 China's Victory Day Parade from CCTV] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905055407/http://english.cntv.cn/special/70th_anniv_victoryday/index.shtml 2015 China's Victory Day Parade from CCTV] |
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[[Category:Events in Beijing]] |
[[Category:Events in Beijing]] |
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[[Category:Military parades in China]] |
[[Category:Military parades in China]] |
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[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]] |
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II in China]] |
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[[Category:2015 in China]] |
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[[Category:Military history of the People's Republic of China]] |
[[Category:Military history of the People's Republic of China]] |
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[[Category:2015 in military history]] |
[[Category:2015 in military history]] |
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[[Category:China–Japan relations]] |
[[Category:China–Japan relations]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:2015 in Beijing]] |
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[[Category:September 2015 events in China]] |
[[Category:September 2015 events in China]] |
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[[Category:Chinese historical anniversaries]] |
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Revision as of 23:16, 14 December 2024
| 2015 China Victory Day Parade | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Logo of the 2015 China Victory Day Parade. | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 紀念中國人民抗日戰爭暨世界反法西斯戰爭勝利70週年閱兵式 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵式 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the victories of Anti-Japanese War of the Chinese people and the World Anti-Fascist War | ||||||
| |||||||
.jpg)
The 2015 China Victory Day parade was a military parade held along Chang'an Avenue, Beijing, on 3 September 2015 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day of World War II. The commemoration was the first high-profile military parade held to celebrate an occasion other than the National Day of the People's Republic of China. 12,000 troops of the People's Liberation Army participated in the parade, in addition to over 1,000 troops from 17 different countries, and about 850,000 "Citizen Guards" were mobilised to guard the city. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping inspected the troops, Premier Li Keqiang was the master of ceremonies and General Song Puxuan was the chief commander of the parade.
Background
The 70th Anniversary of V-day parade marked the first time that China held a military parade other than the National Day, and the first to celebrate the end of World War II.[1] Since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, China held parades primarily on 1 October, the country's national day. The most prominent renditions of the parade were held in 1959, 1984, 1999, and 2009, presided over respectively by then leaders Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao. The 70th anniversary parade was also the first major parade since Xi Jinping took power as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (China's paramount leader) in 2012. The prevailing theme was to be "peace and victory".[1] Xi Jinping had attended the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade in May as the guest-of-honour of Russian president Vladimir Putin, and Putin returned the favour at this parade.[2]
Preparations and restrictions
National leadership placed considerable importance on being able to put the best foot forward and do away with distractions. Bloomberg reported that the central government once again intervened in the stock market to ensure stability ahead of the anniversary; there were traffic curfews and closures of public facilities including seven parks and some hospitals.[3] Line 1, Beijing Subway, which passes underneath Chang'an Avenue, was shut down; 256 bus-lines in Beijing were placed under tight transport restrictions from 2–4 September.[3][4] On the day of the parade, hospitals restricted most of their activities beyond emergencies, the stock markets were closed.[3][5][6] Areas in the city centre were placed under martial law, and 850,000 "citizen guards" were deployed to ensure security within the city.[1] The city authorities sent in trained macaques and falcons to make sure the skies over central Beijing were free of birds that would put the flypast at risk. The trained macaque monkeys climbed trees and dismantled birds nests in advance of the parade. Hot air balloons and hang gliders were equally barred from the city; those residing along Chang'an Avenue were forbidden from opening their windows during the lock-down period.[7] Domestic satellite televisions were restricted from playing entertainment programs between 1–5 September. China Central Television ceased the broadcasting of all entertainment programming, only playing films and TV series about the Second World War.[citation needed] Xi Jinping decreed the creation of two new public holidays targeted at Japan, the first being 3 September – Victory over Japan Day, officially named The 70th anniversary of Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War and the World Anti-Fascist War Victory Commemoration Day.[8] The second one was declared for 13 December, marking the Japanese takeover of Nanjing, China's then capital under the Nationalists and the Nanking massacre that followed, which resulted in many Chinese deaths by Japanese military personnel garrisoned in the city.[8] The CY Leung administration in Hong Kong argued for a holiday to facilitate participation in commemorative events, thus it tabled the "Special Holiday (3 September 2015) Ordinance" – designating the day as a one-off holiday – for debate in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) in July. The act passed despite strong resistance and more than 90 amendments from one legislator.[9]
To reduce air pollution and ensure blue skies for the parade, half of Beijing's cars were barred from the streets and nearly 10,000 industrial firms in Beijing and in areas near and far – Hebei, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Henan – suspended or cut production starting on 20 August to cut down on emissions.[1][10] The factory shut-downs and road closures gave rise to rare instance of clean air, where PM2.5 measurements were below 50, and the lack of traffic jams, and these were welcomed by residents of the capital.[11] Observers noted that the umbrella, which became iconic in Hong Kong during the protests in 2014, were nowhere to be seen despite the blazing heat although commonly used as a shield against the sun in China.[12]
Leaders in attendance
Chinese leaders
Xi Jinping, who holds the posts for the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, was the central figure of the day's events. Premier Li Keqiang was the master of ceremonies for the parade, breaking convention from its two previous renditions of the parade, which were both hosted by the Communist Party Secretary of Beijing (Jia Qinglin in 1999 and Liu Qi in 2009). General Song Puxuan, Commander of the Northern Theater Command, greeted Xi in front of Tiananmen at the start of the parade during the inspection segment, declaring the readiness of the troops for the marchpast.
Atop Tiananmen, Xi Jinping wore a Mao suit, as was customary for leaders inspecting troops at military parades; his wife Peng Liyuan wore a red dress.[13] The remaining political figures wore business suits. Xi delivered the keynote address at the parade with an unexpected announcement of a plan to cut 300,000 personnel from the Chinese military.[14] The other members of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, Zhang Dejiang, Yu Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan, and Zhang Gaoli, watched the parade on top of Tiananmen Gate.
Former paramount leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao; former Premiers Li Peng, Zhu Rongji and Wen Jiabao; and other former senior leaders Li Ruihuan, Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Lanqing, Song Ping, Zeng Qinghong, Wu Guanzheng, Li Changchun, Luo Gan, and He Guoqiang, also attended the parade at Tiananmen. This meant that all former members of the Standing Committee who were in good standing with the party and alive at the time of the parade attended the event; they sat in strict protocol sequence to the right of the members of the incumbent Politburo Standing Committee.[15]
Hong Kong Special Administration Region chief executive Leung Chun-ying also led a 300-person group at the parade, and Macau Chief Executive Fernando Chui also attended.[16]
List of dignitaries in attendance
Legislative chairman Abdelkader Bensalah of Algeria.[17]
Vice President Amado Boudou of Argentina.[18]
Minister for Veterans' Affairs Michael Ronaldson of Australia.[19]
President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus.[20]
Chairman of the Presidency Dragan Čović of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[21]
Minister of Defence Jaques Wagner of Brazil
King Norodom Sihamoni of Cambodia.[17]
First Vice President Miguel Díaz-Canel of Cuba.[22]
President Miloš Zeman of the Czech Republic.[23]
President Joseph Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[24]
Member of the Politburo Presidium Choe Ryong-hae of North Korea.[17]
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt.[17]
Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn of Ethiopia.[25]
President Jioji Konrote of Fiji
Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius of France.[26]
Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying of Hong Kong
Minister of Foreign Affairs Péter Szijjártó of Hungary.[19]
Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani of Iran
Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy.[27]
President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan.[17]
President Almazbek Atambayev of Kyrgyzstan.[17]
President Choummaly Sayasone of Laos.[17]
Chief Executive Fernando Chui of Macau
President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj of Mongolia.[28]
President Filip Vujanovic of Montenegro
President Thein Sein of Myanmar.[17]
Minister of State Herman Tjeenk Willink of the Netherlands.[29]
President Mamnoon Hussain of Pakistan.[17]
Marshal of the Sejm (speaker) Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska of Poland.[18]
President Mahmoud Abbas of Palestine
Governor General Michael Ogio of Papua New Guinea.[30]
President Vladimir Putin of Russia.[31]
President Park Geun-hye of South Korea.[17]
President Tomislav Nikolić of Serbia.[32]
President Jacob Zuma of South Africa.[17]
President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan.[17]
Deputy Chair of Junta Prawit Wongsuwan of Thailand.[17]
President Emomali Rahmon of Tajikistan.[17]
President Taur Matan Ruak of East Timor.[33]
President Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan.[17]
Ambassador Max Baucus of the United States.[26]
Prime Minister Sato Kilman of Vanuatu.[34]
President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela.[17]
President Trương Tấn Sang of Vietnam.[17]
The following countries sent their former leaders to the parade :
Former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of Germany.[17]
Former Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom.[17]
Former Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama of Japan.[17]
Former President Joseph Estrada of the Philippines. Estrada attended the parade, not as a representative of his country but as part of his duties as Mayor of Manila. Estrada cited the fact that Manila and Beijing were sister cities as his reason for attending the event.[35]
Former Captain Regent Gianfranco Terenzi of San Marino.[36]
Former Deputy Prime Minister Wong Kan Seng of Singapore
Former Vice President and Premier Lien Chan of the Republic of China (Taiwan)[37]- Former President José Ramos-Horta of East Timor
Leaders of the following international organizations were in attendance:
Director-General Irina Bokova of the UNESCO
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of the United Nations.[17]
President Peter Maurer of the International Committee of the Red Cross
In addition, many embassies around Beijing also sent their defense attaches and military generals to attend the parade.
Criticisms
Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council, President Ma Ying-jeou and his Kuomintang objected to the event and what they see as the CCP usurping credit for leading the Chinese defence against Japan during World War II.[38][39] However, former Chairman of the Kuomintang Lien Chan also attended the parade, ostensibly in his personal capacity, sparking controversy at home.[38][39] Whilst Tsai Ing-wen, leader of the Taiwanese opposition, criticised Lian for failing to represent the views of the majority of Taiwanese, observers noted that Lien had considerable business interests on the mainland he sought to protect, likewise the Kuomintang also had interests on the mainland.[40][41][42] Hong Kong commentator Frank Ching added that Lien Chan's presence at the ceremony undermined the KMT, as China appeared to erase the role of the Nationalists in defending China.[43]
Other pundits said that the main object of the parade was to rewrite history and elevate the CCP's position in ending the war.[6][9][43]
Kyodo News Agency cited a US department of State spokesman that United States objected the President of Sudan Bashir to attend the parade in the news conference held on 31 August 2015. He stated that China should consider about the international society's worry as a UN security council member with inviting or assisting someone who is wanted under the document of warrant signed by ICC.[44]
Parade groups
Some 12,000 troops marched along Chang'an Avenue up to Tiananmen for inspection by Chinese leader Xi Jinping and the two living former leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao.[11] There were 10 squads: 9 from the People's Liberation Army and 1 from the People's Armed Police). Each squad had 350 soldiers excluding the color guards, and were led by two major generals or lieutenant generals in active service. In total, 56 generals participated in the event. The military vehicle contingent were led by two Air Force lieutenant generals, a vice admiral and a lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force: Tian Zhong, deputy commander of the PLA Navy, Chen Dong, deputy commander of the PLA Air Force, Wu Guohua, deputy commander of the PLA Rocket Force. Zheng Qunliang another deputy commander of the Air Force, commanded the squadron of jet fighters in the air. This was the first time in PRC's history that military parade contingents were led by officers ranked as high as lieutenant general.[45]
Veterans
Surviving soldiers from the Second World War joined the parade for the first time. They had fought under various commands, including the New Fourth Army, the National Revolutionary Army, and the Eighth Route Army, with most over 90 years old then. Some of the passed soldiers' widows marched in place of their husbands.[46] Besides Chinese soldiers, some surviving airmen of United States Air Force who had fought alongside Chinese forces also joined the veterans column. The veterans rode in open-top buses at the start of the parade and were escorted by the People's Armed Police Motorcycle Escort Squadron.
Marchpast columns
Military bands in attendance
A 1,000 piece band was present to provide musical accompaniment to the parade. The bands were organized as follows:[47][48][49]
- Massed Joint-PLA Military Band under the direction of the Director of Music of the PLA Band, Zhang Haifing
- Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China
- State Trumpeters
- People's Liberation Army Navy Band
- People's Liberation Army Air Force Female Band
- People's Armed Police Band
- Women's Military Band of the PLA National Defense University
- 4th Military Band of the PLA
- 14th Group Army Band
- PLA Combined Chorus
- Central Military Commission Political Work Department Song and Dance Troupe
- Male singers who are students at Chinese military academies[50]
- Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China
Color party
The color guard consisted of 207 men and women from the PLA Honor Guard Battalion, who escorted the national military colours. This marked the first occasion of female service personnel forming part of the honor guard during a national parade. Their first public presentation occurred during the state visit of the President of Turkmenistan to Beijing in May 2015, using the Type 56 ceremonial rifle.
Representative companies from CCP units of the Second Sino-Japanese War
The CCP's hero squads consisted of detachments that traced their lineage to units that participated in the war against Japan, which included the "Five Heroes of Langya Mountain" (狼牙山五壮士), "Battle of Pingxingguan Hero Squad",[51] and the "Hundred Regiments Offensive Hero Squad". Representative detachments from each Chinese military region participated in the parade, led by soldiers carrying standards used by the predecessor units.
These represented the following CCP formations during the war against Japan:
- Eighth Route Army
- New Fourth Army
- Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
- Southern China guerrilla organizations under CCP control
People's Armed Police
A detachment of the People's Armed Police also participated in the parade, the unit having previously been part of the PLA. The unit's lineage, through the 114th Division of the 38th Army, can also be traced to regiments that fought during the war.
Foreign contingents
Groups from 17 countries were sent to take part in the military parade.[52] Marching in alphabetical order these were:
Afghanistan – 3-man team from the Color Guard of the Afghan National Army- Belarus – 76-man team from the Honor Guard Battalion of the Minsk Garrison
- Cambodia – 7-man team from the Color Guard of the Royal Cambodian Army
- Cuba – 76-man team from the Ceremonial Unit of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
- Egypt – 73-man team from the Egyptian Republican Guard[53]
- Fiji – 7-man team from the Presidential Guard
- Kazakhstan – 76-man team from the Honor Guard Company of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan – 76-man team from the Kyrgyz National Guard
- Laos – 7-man team from the Color Guard of the Lao People's Army
Mexico – 77-person team of cadets of the service academies of the Mexican Armed Forces- Mongolia – 74-man team of personnel of the Ministry of Defence of Mongolia[54]
- Pakistan – 79-man team from the Pakistani Tri-Service Honour Guard
- Serbia – 75-man team from the Serbian Guards Unit
- Tajikistan – 76-man team from the Honor Guard Company of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan
- Vanuatu – 7-man team from the Color Guard from the Vanuatu Mobile Forces
- Venezuela – 9-man team from the Color Guard from the Military Academy of the Bolivarian Army
- Russia – 76-man team from the 1st Honor Guard Company, 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Western Military District
Mobile column
- Type 99A Main Battle Tank
A group of the latest model of China's Type 99 main battle tank.[55] The A marks the last iteration of the Type 99 as the tank is near finalization.
- Amphibious squad
On parade where the infantry fighting vehicle (ZBD-05A) and fire support variants (ZTD-05) of the People's Liberation Army Marine Corps ZBD2000 vehicle, with an ability to plane when waterborne these are the fastest amphibious armoured fighting vehicles in the world.
- Mechanised infantry combat vehicle squad
The ZBD-04A infantry fighting vehicle, a troop carrying counterpart to the Type 99 MBT was paraded.
- Air-mobile infantry fighting vehicle squad
The ZBD-03 IFV is a light airmobile infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) and the most mobile IFV of China's People's Liberation Army, was displayed for the first time in the parade.[56] Anti-tank missile and Light Assault Vehicles variants.[57] came afterward.
- Anti-tank guided missile squad
Self-propelled Red Arrow 10 anti-tank guided missile vehicles with anti-helicopter-warfare, fire and forget and man-in-the-loop capabilities were also paraded.
- Self-propelled artillery squad
A group of PLZ-05A (1×155MM Howitzer) and PGZ-07 (2×35×228MM Oerlikon KDA guns) self-propelled guns, often nicknamed the "God of War" considering that they are the biggest guns in the Chinese military.[58][59]
- Wheeled amphibious fire support vehicle
- Wheeled fast light patrol/attack vehicle
- Wheeled anti-terrorism attack vehicle
- Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun squad
- The missile squad
DF-21D, the world's first Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile, was on display in the parade. They came immediately after the DF-15 and DF-16 missiles.[60]
The DF-41, reportedly China's newest ICBM, was not shown in the parade.
Flyby
- Fighter jet squad
The squad included 1 KJ-2000 and 8 J-10.[61] They were first displayed in 2009 China's National Day Parade.
China's newest early warning plane, the KJ-500, was displayed for the first time in this parade.[62]
The H-6K was debuted as well.[63]
5×Shenyang J-15, a carrier-based fighter jet, was also debuted in this parade.[64]
China's most advanced fighter jet, the J-20, was not shown in the parade.
- Helicopter Squad
8×WZ-10 (7) and 12×WZ-19 (0) helicopters formed the number "70" in the sky at 10:20 to mark the 70 years since the Victory over the Japanese.[65]
After the parade
The Parade began at 10:09 and ended at 11:40.[66] After the parade, Xi Jinping held a reception of the visiting international dignitaries.
China's Ministry of National Defence spokesman Yang Yujun said that the cuts to the size of the military would include personnel not trained for battle.
According to his opinion, China will modify the 'command system' by simplifying its management structure. China's one-star general Xu Guangyu also said that the China's People's Armed Police will be reformed appropriately.
For historical reasons, China's military structure emphasizes the army and land forces.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 China Victory Day Parade.
- Farce to fuss over China's military parade
- Eight Highlights in China's V-Day Military Parade Archived 15 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- 2015 China's Victory Day Parade from CCTV
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 Military parades of the People's Republic of China | |
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| National Day Parades |
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| Other | |