Thomas W. Lawson (ship): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|American coal and oil transport ship (1902-07)}} |
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{{Infobox ship image |
{{Infobox ship image |
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|Ship image=[[Image:Schooner 'Thomas W. Lawson' 1902-1907a.jpg|300px|Thomas W. Lawson on her maiden voyage in 1902]] |
|Ship image=[[Image:Schooner 'Thomas W. Lawson' 1902-1907a.jpg|300px|''Thomas W. Lawson'' on her maiden voyage in 1902]] |
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|Ship caption=''Thomas W. Lawson'' on her maiden voyage in 1902 |
|Ship caption=''Thomas W. Lawson'' on her maiden voyage in 1902 |
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|Ship honors= |
|Ship honors= |
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|Ship captured= |
|Ship captured= |
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|Ship fate= |
|Ship fate=Sunk in a storm within the [[Isles of Scilly]] on Saturday, December 14, 1907, after 2 a.m. with the loss of 17 men out of 19 including pilot |
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|Ship status=wreck |
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|Ship notes= |
|Ship notes= |
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|Ship badge=none; no figurehead |
|Ship badge=none; no figurehead |
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|Ship displacement=13,860 [[long ton|ts]] (at 11,000 ts load); 10,260 ts (at 7,400 ts load) |
|Ship displacement=13,860 [[long ton|ts]] (at 11,000 ts load); 10,260 ts (at 7,400 ts load) |
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|Ship tonnage=5,218 [[Gross Register Tonnage|GRT]] / 4,914 [[Net Register Tonnage|NRT]] |
|Ship tonnage=5,218 [[Gross Register Tonnage|GRT]] / 4,914 [[Net Register Tonnage|NRT]] |
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|Ship tons burthen= |
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|Ship length=*{{convert|475|ft|m|abbr=on}} (overall) |
|Ship length=*{{convert|475|ft|m|abbr=on}} (overall) |
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*{{convert|394.3|ft|m|abbr=on}} (on deck) |
*{{convert|394.3|ft|m|abbr=on}} (on deck) |
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'''''Thomas W. Lawson''''' was a seven-masted, steel-hulled [[schooner]] built for the Pacific trade, but used primarily to haul [[coal]] and [[oil]] along the East Coast of the [[United States]]. Named for copper baron [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|Thomas W. Lawson]], a Boston millionaire, stock-broker, book author, and |
'''''Thomas W. Lawson''''' was a seven-masted, steel-hulled [[schooner]] built for the Pacific trade, but used primarily to haul [[coal]] and [[oil]] along the East Coast of the [[United States]]. Named for copper baron [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|Thomas W. Lawson]], a Boston millionaire, stock-broker, book author, and president of the Boston [[Bay State Gas|Bay State Gas Co.]], she was launched in 1902 as the largest schooner and largest sailing vessel without an auxiliary engine ever built. |
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''Thomas W. Lawson'' was destroyed off the uninhabited island of [[Annet, Isles of Scilly|Annet]], in the [[Isles of Scilly]], in a storm on December 14, 1907, killing all but two of her eighteen crew and a harbor pilot already aboard. Her cargo of 58,000 barrels of light [[Kerosene|paraffin oil]] caused perhaps the first large marine [[List of oil spills|oil spill]]. |
''Thomas W. Lawson'' was destroyed off the uninhabited island of [[Annet, Isles of Scilly|Annet]], in the [[Isles of Scilly]], in a storm on December 14, 1907, killing all but two of her eighteen crew and a harbor pilot already aboard. Her cargo of 58,000 barrels of light [[Kerosene|paraffin oil]] caused perhaps the first large marine [[List of oil spills|oil spill]]. |
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== Development and construction == |
== Development and construction == |
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''Thomas W. Lawson'' was designed by naval architect [[Bowdoin B. Crowninshield]] (famous for his fast [[yacht]]s) for Captain John G. Crowley of the Coastwise Transportation Company of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. Construction was contracted to the [[Fore River Ship and Engine Company]] on June 25, 1901 at a cost of approximately $250,000. She was the only seven-masted schooner, the only seven-masted sailing ship in modern times (see [[Chinese treasure ship|Zheng He's treasure ships]]), the largest schooner, and the largest pure sailing vessel, in terms of tonnage, ever built. Larger sailing vessels with auxiliary engines for propulsion were the British ''[[SS Great Eastern|Great Eastern]]'' (1866), the French ''[[France II]]'' (1911) and German ''[[R. C. Rickmers (1906)|R. C. Rickmers]]'' (1906), the latter two of which were five-masted [[barque]]s.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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''Thomas W. Lawson'''s design and purpose was an ultimately unsuccessful bid to keep sailing ships competitive with the burgeoning [[steamship]] freight transport trade. However the ship's submerged [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] was too large and sail area too small for good sailing properties; compounded by a forced reduction in load capacity from 11,000 to 7,400 [[long ton]]s that made “working to capacity” impossible, the combination undermined expected profits. |
''Thomas W. Lawson'''s design and purpose was an ultimately unsuccessful bid to keep sailing ships competitive with the burgeoning [[steamship]] freight transport trade. However the ship's submerged [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] was too large and sail area too small for good sailing properties; compounded by a forced reduction in load capacity from 11,000 to 7,400 [[long ton]]s that made “working to capacity” impossible, the combination undermined expected profits.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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Launched on July 10, 1902, ''Thomas W. Lawson'' was {{convert|475|ft|m|abbr=on}} overall, 395 feet (120.4 m) on |
Launched on July 10, 1902, ''Thomas W. Lawson'' was {{convert|475|ft|m|abbr=on}} overall, 395 feet (120.4 m) on deck, and contained seven masts of equal height (193 feet (58.8 m)) which carried 25 sails (seven [[gaff rig|gaff sails]], seven [[topsail|gaff topsails]], six topmast [[staysails]] and five [[jib|jib sails]] (fore staysail, jib, flying jib, jib topsail, balloon jib) encompassing 43,000 square feet (4,000 m²)) of canvas. Originally painted white, the ship's hull was later painted black. The naming of her [[Mast (sailing)|masts]] was always a subject for some discussion (see external link "The Masts of the Thomas W. Lawson"). In the original sail plan and during construction named (fore to aft): 'no. 1 to no. 7', no. 7 being replaced by "spanker mast." The names of the masts changed then to: 'fore, main, mizzen, spanker, jigger, driver, and pusher' at launch and to: 'forecastle, fore, main, mizzen, jigger, and spanker' after launch. Different naming systems ensued, e.g. 'fore, main, mizzen, rusher, driver, jigger, and spanker' or 'fore, main, mizzen, no. 4, no. 5, no. 6, and no. 7', the naming preferred by the crew (which incorporated a possible misunderstanding between "fore" meaning "foremast" and "mast no. four"). Even a naming after the days of the week was discussed with the foremast being named "Sunday" and the spankermast "Saturday".{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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The ship consisted of a steel hull with high [[ |
The ship consisted of a steel hull with high [[Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)#bulwark|bulwark]]s and a double cellular bottom four feet deep and used 1,000 tons of [[Sailing ballast|water ballast]]. She measured 5,218 [[gross register tons]], could carry nearly 11,000 tons of coal, and was operated by a crew of 16 to 18 including captain, engineer, two [[helmsman|helmsmen]], and two stewards. Due to the shallow depth of the eastern ports except [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], [[Virginia]], she could not enter them with her maximum load. As a result, she carried a reduced capacity of 7,400 tons in order to reduce her working [[draft (hull)|draft]]. She had two continuous [[deck (ship)|deck]]s, poop and forecastle decks, a large [[superstructure]] on the [[poop deck]] including the captain's rooms with fine furniture and leather seats, the officers' mess and rooms, card room, and a separate rudder house. On the main deck were two deckhouses around mast no. 5 and behind mast no. 6, as well as six main hatches to access the holds between the masts. Two huge steam [[winch]]es were built in under the [[forecastle]] and behind mast no. 6. on the main deck. Smaller electrically driven winches were installed beside each mast. The exhaust for the [[Steam donkey|donkey engine]] boiler was horizontally installed. All seven lower steel masts were secured by five (foremast: six) [[Shroud (sailing)|shroud]]s per side, the wooden topmasts with four shrouds per side to the [[crosstree]]s. The two ship's stockless anchors weighed five tons each.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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== Service == |
== Service == |
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[[Image:Schooner Thomas W. Lawson 1902-1907 (loaded, later period).jpg|left|thumb|300px|Deeply loaded in Boston Harbor, hull painted in black; photo taken in 1906 or 1907]] |
[[Image:Schooner Thomas W. Lawson 1902-1907 (loaded, later period).jpg|left|thumb|300px|Deeply loaded in Boston Harbor, hull painted in black; photo taken in 1906 or 1907]] |
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[[File:Schooner Thomas W. Lawson, by Thomas Willis.jpg|thumb|Schooner ''Thomas W. Lawson'', by Thomas Willis, oil on Canvas with Silk Embroidery]] |
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Often criticized by marine writers (and some seamen) and considered difficult to maneuver and sluggish (comparisons to a "bath tub" and a "beached whale" were made), ''Thomas W. Lawson'' proved problematic in the ports she was intended to operate in due to the amount of water she displaced. She tended to yaw and needed a strong wind to be held on course. Originally built for the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] trade, the schooner was used as [[collier (ship type)|collier]] along the American East Coast. A year later in 1903, Crowley withdrew her from the coal trade. He had the topmasts, gaff booms and all other wooden [[spar (sailing)|spar]]s removed and had chartered her out as a sea-going barge for the transportation of case oil. In 1906, she was retrofitted for sail at the [[Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]] for use as a bulk oil carrier using the lower steel masts to vent oil gasses from the holds. Her capacity was 60,000 barrels. Under charter to [[Sun Oil Company]], she was the world's first pure sailing tanker, carrying bulk oil from [[Texas]] to the eastern seaboard. |
Often criticized by marine writers (and some seamen) and considered difficult to maneuver and sluggish (comparisons to a "bath tub" and a "beached whale" were made), ''Thomas W. Lawson'' proved problematic in the ports she was intended to operate in due to the amount of water she displaced. She tended to yaw and needed a strong wind to be held on course. Originally built for the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] trade, the schooner was used as [[collier (ship type)|collier]] along the American East Coast. A year later in 1903, Crowley withdrew her from the coal trade. He had the topmasts, gaff booms and all other wooden [[spar (sailing)|spar]]s removed and had chartered her out as a sea-going barge for the transportation of case oil. In 1906, she was retrofitted for sail at the [[Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]] for use as a bulk oil carrier using the lower steel masts to vent oil gasses from the holds. Her capacity was 60,000 barrels. Under charter to [[Sun Oil Company]], she was the world's first pure sailing tanker, carrying bulk oil from [[Texas]] to the eastern seaboard.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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== Wreck == |
== Wreck == |
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[[File:StateLibQld 1 172555 Thomas W. Lawson (ship).jpg|thumb|left|''Thomas W. Lawson'']] |
[[File:StateLibQld 1 172555 Thomas W. Lawson (ship).jpg|thumb|left|''Thomas W. Lawson'']] |
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[[File:National Maritime Museum, EQA6347 - Lifebelt from the Thomas W. Lawson (1902).jpg|thumb|Lifebelt in the Valhalla Museum in [[Tresco Abbey Gardens]], [[Isles of Scilly]]]] |
[[File:National Maritime Museum, EQA6347 - Lifebelt from the Thomas W. Lawson (1902).jpg|thumb|Lifebelt in the Valhalla Museum in [[Tresco Abbey Gardens]], [[Isles of Scilly]]]] |
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In 1907, ''Thomas W. Lawson'' was under charter to the Anglo-American Oil Company (part of [[Standard Oil]]) and set sail on November 19 from the piers of [[Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania|Marcus Hook]] [[Oil refinery|Refinery]] (20 miles south of [[Philadelphia]]) to [[London]] with 58,000 barrels of light [[paraffin oil]]. Two days before leaving the new captain George Washington Dow had to hire six new men to the crew because six other seamen had quit their jobs due to payment problems. Those new men weren't [[Able Seaman (occupation)|able seamen]] and some |
In 1907, ''Thomas W. Lawson'' was under charter to the Anglo-American Oil Company (part of [[Standard Oil]]) and set sail on November 19 from the piers of [[Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania|Marcus Hook]] [[Oil refinery|Refinery]] (20 miles south of [[Philadelphia]]) to [[London]] with 58,000 barrels of light [[kerosene|paraffin oil]]. Two days before leaving, the new captain, George Washington Dow, had to hire six new men to the crew because six other seamen had quit their jobs due to payment problems. Those new men weren't [[Able Seaman (occupation)|able seamen]] and some did not speak fluent English. Leaving the mouth of the Delaware River, on November 20, the large schooner set course for England under fair weather conditions. But the following day the weather turned considerably worse. The ship was not sighted for more than 20 days during its first [[Atlantic Ocean|transatlantic]] journey, which was quite horrible in extremely stormy weather. With the loss of most of her sails, all but one lifeboat, and the breach of hatch no. 6, causing the ship's pumps to clog due to a mixture of intruding seawater and the engine's coal in the ship's hold, the schooner reached the [[Celtic Sea]] northwest of the [[Isles of Scilly]]. On December 13, entering the English Channel, she mistakenly passed inside the [[Bishop Rock]] [[lighthouse]]. Her captain anchored between the Nundeeps shallows and Gunner's Rock, northwest of the island of [[Annet, Isles of Scilly|Annet]], to ride out an impending gale, refusing several requests of St. Agnes and St. Mary's lifeboat crews to abandon the ship. Captain Dow, trusting in his anchors, only accepted the [[Trinity House]] pilot Billy "Cook" Hicks from St. Agnes lifeboat, who came aboard at 5 p.m. on Friday 13. Both lifeboats of St. Agnes and St. Mary's had to return to their stations because of an unconscious crewman on the former and a broken mast on the latter. They cabled to [[Falmouth, Cornwall]], for a tug which could not put to sea, unable to face the storm.<ref name=larn92>{{cite book|last=Larn|first=Richard|title=Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly|year=1992|publisher=Thomas & Lochar|location=Nairn}}</ref> |
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[[File:Record of the saving of men from the S.S. Lawson by the St Agnes Lifeboat.jpg|thumb|left|Description of the rescue attempt by the [[St Agnes Lifeboat Station (Isles of Scilly)|St Agnes' Lifeboat crew]] from a panel in [[St Agnes' Church, St Agnes]] [[Isles of Scilly]]]] |
[[File:Record of the saving of men from the S.S. Lawson by the St Agnes Lifeboat.jpg|thumb|left|Description of the rescue attempt by the [[St Agnes Lifeboat Station (Isles of Scilly)|St Agnes' Lifeboat crew]] from a panel in [[St Agnes' Church, St Agnes]] [[Isles of Scilly]]]] |
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During the night around 1:15 |
During the night, around 1:15 a.m., the storm increased, her port anchor chain broke, and half an hour later the starboard anchor chain snapped close to the hawsepipe. Left to the mercy of the raging seas, the pounding schooner was smashed starboardside on against Shag Rock near Annet by tremendously heavy seas after having grounded on the dangerous underwater rocks. All seven masts broke off and fell into the sea with all of the seamen who had climbed the rigging for safety, on their captain's command. The stern section broke apart behind mast no. 6, drifting from the capsizing and sinking ship. In the morning light the ship's upturned keel could be seen near the reef from which the wreck slid off into deeper water. Some 16 of the 18 crew and the Scillonian pilot Wm. "Cook" Hicks, who was already on board, having climbed up the spanker rigging for safety, were lost. Captain George W. Dow and engineer Edward L. Rowe from Boston were the only survivors, probably because they managed to get on deck from the rigging and jumped into the sea before the ship capsized. Both were lucky in being washed to a rock in the Hellweathers, to the south of the wrecking site, to be rescued hours later by the pilot's son, in the six-oared gig ''Slippen'', looking for his father.<ref name=Mothersole>{{cite book|last=Mothersole|first=Jessie|authorlink1=Jessie Mothersole|title=The Isles of Scilly|year=1914|publisher=The Religious Trace Society|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/theislesofscilly00moth|accessdate=29 September 2011}}</ref> Despite wearing their lifebelts, the other seamen died in the thick oil layer, the smashing seas, and the schooner's rigging that had drowned so many of the crew, including the pilot. Four bodies were found later – those of Mark Stenton from Brooklyn, cabin boy, of two seamen from Germany and Scandinavia, and that of a man from [[Nova Scotia]] or Maine. Furthermore, some bodies without heads, legs or arms were also found which could not be identified. They were all buried in a mass grave in St Agnes cemetery.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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The broken |
The broken-up and scattered wreck was relocated in 1969. The bow lies at 56 ft deep on position {{coord|49|53|38|N|06|22|55|W}} to the north-east of Shag Rock, and the stern, with the spanker mast 400 m to the southwest.<ref name=larn92/> It can be visited by scuba divers under calm weather conditions. One of the anchors is now built into the outside wall of [[Bleak House, Broadstairs]], the former home of [[Charles Dickens]], and can be seen with a picture of the schooner.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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==Memorial== |
==Memorial== |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Preußen (ship)|Preußen]], the largest square |
* ''[[Preußen (ship)|Preußen]]'', the largest square-rig pure sail ship ever launched |
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* [[Wyoming (schooner)]], largest wooden hull schooner built in the United States |
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* [[List of large sailing vessels]] |
* [[List of large sailing vessels]] |
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*[http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Schooners/Thomas_W_Lawson(1902).html Characteristics of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' on www.bruzelius.info] |
*[http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Schooners/Thomas_W_Lawson(1902).html Characteristics of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' on www.bruzelius.info] |
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*[http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Schooners/TWL(masts).html The Masts of the ''Thomas W. Lawson''] |
*[http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Schooners/TWL(masts).html The Masts of the ''Thomas W. Lawson''] |
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*[http://www.afn.org/~stan/ships.html |
*[http://www.afn.org/~stan/ships.html The Glamorous Sixmasters - the large New England six-masted schooners including the ''Thomas W. Lawson''] |
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*[http://www.afn.org/~stan/z7master.jpg Photograph taken during her maiden voyage] |
*[http://www.afn.org/~stan/z7master.jpg Photograph taken during her maiden voyage] |
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*[http://history.vineyard.net/photos/vh10/V104003.HTM |
*[http://history.vineyard.net/photos/vh10/V104003.HTM Photograph of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' ; lying deeply laden in the roads (of Boston harbor)] |
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<!--*[http://history.vineyard.net/photos/vh10/V105702.HTM Photograph of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' lying deeply loaden in the roads of Boston harbor (with the wrong date "1911" given)]--> |
<!--*[http://history.vineyard.net/photos/vh10/V105702.HTM Photograph of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' lying deeply loaden in the roads of Boston harbor (with the wrong date "1911" given)]--> |
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*[http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/pictoria/b/4/3/doc/b43228.shtml |
*[http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/pictoria/b/4/3/doc/b43228.shtml Seven-masted schooner ''Thomas W. Lawson'' unladen in the roads of Boston harbor] |
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<!--*[http://users.pandora.be/tree/db/story/thomas_w_lawson.html History of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'']--> |
<!--*[http://users.pandora.be/tree/db/story/thomas_w_lawson.html History of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'']--> |
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* [https://archive. |
* [https://archive.today/20121220040145/http://home.comcast.net/~bfquinn83/personal/lawson_narrative.htm several (contemporary) reports on the catastrophe and the ship] <!-- archive.org claims to have copies, but I cannot access them. --Mopskatze --> |
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<!--*[http://users.pandora.be/tree/wreck/wreck-database/detail_query.html?filter=1776 Wreck data of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'']--> |
<!--*[http://users.pandora.be/tree/wreck/wreck-database/detail_query.html?filter=1776 Wreck data of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'']--> |
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<!--*[http://www.jrusselljinishiangallery.com/backup/pages/parker-pages/parker-image-lawson.htm Painting of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' by Ed Parker]--> |
<!--*[http://www.jrusselljinishiangallery.com/backup/pages/parker-pages/parker-image-lawson.htm Painting of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' by Ed Parker]--> |
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<!--*[http://www.jrusselljinishiangallery.com/images/parker/parker-Lawson.jpg Painting of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' by Ed Parker]--> |
<!--*[http://www.jrusselljinishiangallery.com/images/parker/parker-Lawson.jpg Painting of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' by Ed Parker]--> |
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<!--*[http://www.oceannavigator.com/article.php?a=5458 Nav Problem: Schooner ''Thomas W. Lawson'']--> |
<!--*[http://www.oceannavigator.com/article.php?a=5458 Nav Problem: Schooner ''Thomas W. Lawson'']--> |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071107010419/http://www.oceannavigator.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=PubPagi&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle+Title&mid=13B2F0D0AFA04476A2ACC02ED28A405F&tier=4&id=CC866946F0F04D5C89F4A05387FDB05E Nav Problem: Schooner ''Thomas W. Lawson''] <!-- archive.org claims to have copies, but I cannot |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071107010419/http://www.oceannavigator.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=PubPagi&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle+Title&mid=13B2F0D0AFA04476A2ACC02ED28A405F&tier=4&id=CC866946F0F04D5C89F4A05387FDB05E Nav Problem: Schooner ''Thomas W. Lawson''] <!-- archive.org claims to have copies, but I cannot access them. --Mopskatze --> |
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<!--*[http://scillynews.severecci.net/?p=11103 The Scilly News - Wreck of the T. W. LAWSON]--> |
<!--*[http://scillynews.severecci.net/?p=11103 The Scilly News - Wreck of the T. W. LAWSON]--> |
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*[http://www.vallejogallery.com/list.php?sld=y&artist_id=78 Realistic oil painting of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' under full sail by Thomas H. Willis providing several detail enlargements of the painting] |
*[http://www.vallejogallery.com/list.php?sld=y&artist_id=78 Realistic oil painting of the ''Thomas W. Lawson'' under full sail by Thomas H. Willis providing several detail enlargements of the painting] |
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{{1907 shipwrecks}} |
{{1907 shipwrecks}} |
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[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]] |
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]] |
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[[Category:Sailing ships of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Tall ships of the United States]] |
[[Category:Tall ships of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly]] |
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly]] |
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[[Category:Oil tankers]] |
[[Category:Oil tankers]] |
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[[Category:Lost sailing vessels]] |
[[Category:Lost sailing vessels]] |
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[[Category:Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:51, 14 December 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2013) |
 Thomas W. Lawson on her maiden voyage in 1902
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| History | |
|---|---|
 United States | |
| Name | Thomas W. Lawson |
| Namesake | Thomas W. Lawson |
| Owner | Thomas W. Lawson |
| Route |
|
| Ordered | June 25, 1901 |
| Builder |
|
| Cost | $248,000 construction, total costs with oil cargo in 1907: ~$400,000 |
| Yard number | 110 |
| Laid down | November, 1901 |
| Launched | July 10, 1902 |
| Christened | July 10, 1902 |
| Completed | August 1902 |
| Maiden voyage | September 1902 via Philadelphia to Newport News, VA |
| Reinstated | 1906 as a tanker for oil in bulk |
| Homeport | Boston, MA |
| Fate | Sunk in a storm within the Isles of Scilly on Saturday, December 14, 1907, after 2 a.m. with the loss of 17 men out of 19 including pilot |
| Badge | none; no figurehead |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type |
|
| Tonnage | 5,218 GRT / 4,914 NRT |
| Displacement | 13,860 ts (at 11,000 ts load); 10,260 ts (at 7,400 ts load) |
| Length |
|
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Height | |
| Draft |
|
| Depth | 36.5 ft (11.1 m) (depth moulded) |
| Depth of hold | 32 ft (9.8 m) |
| Decks | 2 continuous steel decks, poop and forecastle decks |
| Installed power | no auxiliary propulsion; donkey engine for sail winches, steam rudder, generator |
| Propulsion | wind |
| Sail plan | 25 sails: 7 gaff main sails (No. 1 to 6 of equal size, spanker sail of larger size), 7 gaff topsails, 6 staysails, 5 foresails with 43.000 sq ft (4,000 m²) [46,617 sq ft (4,330.86 m²)] sail area |
| Speed | 16 knots (29.632 km/h) |
| Boats & landing craft carried | three lifeboats and captain's gig (stern) |
| Complement | 1902: 16: 1907: 18 |
| Crew | 1902: 16; 1907: 18 (captain, engineer, 2 stewards, two helmsmen (1st & 2nd mates), 10 to 12 able seamen) |
Thomas W. Lawson was a seven-masted, steel-hulled schooner built for the Pacific trade, but used primarily to haul coal and oil along the East Coast of the United States. Named for copper baron Thomas W. Lawson, a Boston millionaire, stock-broker, book author, and president of the Boston Bay State Gas Co., she was launched in 1902 as the largest schooner and largest sailing vessel without an auxiliary engine ever built.
Thomas W. Lawson was destroyed off the uninhabited island of Annet, in the Isles of Scilly, in a storm on December 14, 1907, killing all but two of her eighteen crew and a harbor pilot already aboard. Her cargo of 58,000 barrels of light paraffin oil caused perhaps the first large marine oil spill.
Development and construction
[edit]Thomas W. Lawson was designed by naval architect Bowdoin B. Crowninshield (famous for his fast yachts) for Captain John G. Crowley of the Coastwise Transportation Company of Boston, Massachusetts. Construction was contracted to the Fore River Ship and Engine Company on June 25, 1901 at a cost of approximately $250,000. She was the only seven-masted schooner, the only seven-masted sailing ship in modern times (see Zheng He's treasure ships), the largest schooner, and the largest pure sailing vessel, in terms of tonnage, ever built. Larger sailing vessels with auxiliary engines for propulsion were the British Great Eastern (1866), the French France II (1911) and German R. C. Rickmers (1906), the latter two of which were five-masted barques.[citation needed]
Thomas W. Lawson's design and purpose was an ultimately unsuccessful bid to keep sailing ships competitive with the burgeoning steamship freight transport trade. However the ship's submerged hull was too large and sail area too small for good sailing properties; compounded by a forced reduction in load capacity from 11,000 to 7,400 long tons that made “working to capacity” impossible, the combination undermined expected profits.[citation needed]
Launched on July 10, 1902, Thomas W. Lawson was 475 ft (145 m) overall, 395 feet (120.4 m) on deck, and contained seven masts of equal height (193 feet (58.8 m)) which carried 25 sails (seven gaff sails, seven gaff topsails, six topmast staysails and five jib sails (fore staysail, jib, flying jib, jib topsail, balloon jib) encompassing 43,000 square feet (4,000 m²)) of canvas. Originally painted white, the ship's hull was later painted black. The naming of her masts was always a subject for some discussion (see external link "The Masts of the Thomas W. Lawson"). In the original sail plan and during construction named (fore to aft): 'no. 1 to no. 7', no. 7 being replaced by "spanker mast." The names of the masts changed then to: 'fore, main, mizzen, spanker, jigger, driver, and pusher' at launch and to: 'forecastle, fore, main, mizzen, jigger, and spanker' after launch. Different naming systems ensued, e.g. 'fore, main, mizzen, rusher, driver, jigger, and spanker' or 'fore, main, mizzen, no. 4, no. 5, no. 6, and no. 7', the naming preferred by the crew (which incorporated a possible misunderstanding between "fore" meaning "foremast" and "mast no. four"). Even a naming after the days of the week was discussed with the foremast being named "Sunday" and the spankermast "Saturday".[citation needed]
The ship consisted of a steel hull with high bulwarks and a double cellular bottom four feet deep and used 1,000 tons of water ballast. She measured 5,218 gross register tons, could carry nearly 11,000 tons of coal, and was operated by a crew of 16 to 18 including captain, engineer, two helmsmen, and two stewards. Due to the shallow depth of the eastern ports except Newport News, Virginia, she could not enter them with her maximum load. As a result, she carried a reduced capacity of 7,400 tons in order to reduce her working draft. She had two continuous decks, poop and forecastle decks, a large superstructure on the poop deck including the captain's rooms with fine furniture and leather seats, the officers' mess and rooms, card room, and a separate rudder house. On the main deck were two deckhouses around mast no. 5 and behind mast no. 6, as well as six main hatches to access the holds between the masts. Two huge steam winches were built in under the forecastle and behind mast no. 6. on the main deck. Smaller electrically driven winches were installed beside each mast. The exhaust for the donkey engine boiler was horizontally installed. All seven lower steel masts were secured by five (foremast: six) shrouds per side, the wooden topmasts with four shrouds per side to the crosstrees. The two ship's stockless anchors weighed five tons each.[citation needed]
Service
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Often criticized by marine writers (and some seamen) and considered difficult to maneuver and sluggish (comparisons to a "bath tub" and a "beached whale" were made), Thomas W. Lawson proved problematic in the ports she was intended to operate in due to the amount of water she displaced. She tended to yaw and needed a strong wind to be held on course. Originally built for the Pacific trade, the schooner was used as collier along the American East Coast. A year later in 1903, Crowley withdrew her from the coal trade. He had the topmasts, gaff booms and all other wooden spars removed and had chartered her out as a sea-going barge for the transportation of case oil. In 1906, she was retrofitted for sail at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company for use as a bulk oil carrier using the lower steel masts to vent oil gasses from the holds. Her capacity was 60,000 barrels. Under charter to Sun Oil Company, she was the world's first pure sailing tanker, carrying bulk oil from Texas to the eastern seaboard.[citation needed]
Wreck
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In 1907, Thomas W. Lawson was under charter to the Anglo-American Oil Company (part of Standard Oil) and set sail on November 19 from the piers of Marcus Hook Refinery (20 miles south of Philadelphia) to London with 58,000 barrels of light paraffin oil. Two days before leaving, the new captain, George Washington Dow, had to hire six new men to the crew because six other seamen had quit their jobs due to payment problems. Those new men weren't able seamen and some did not speak fluent English. Leaving the mouth of the Delaware River, on November 20, the large schooner set course for England under fair weather conditions. But the following day the weather turned considerably worse. The ship was not sighted for more than 20 days during its first transatlantic journey, which was quite horrible in extremely stormy weather. With the loss of most of her sails, all but one lifeboat, and the breach of hatch no. 6, causing the ship's pumps to clog due to a mixture of intruding seawater and the engine's coal in the ship's hold, the schooner reached the Celtic Sea northwest of the Isles of Scilly. On December 13, entering the English Channel, she mistakenly passed inside the Bishop Rock lighthouse. Her captain anchored between the Nundeeps shallows and Gunner's Rock, northwest of the island of Annet, to ride out an impending gale, refusing several requests of St. Agnes and St. Mary's lifeboat crews to abandon the ship. Captain Dow, trusting in his anchors, only accepted the Trinity House pilot Billy "Cook" Hicks from St. Agnes lifeboat, who came aboard at 5 p.m. on Friday 13. Both lifeboats of St. Agnes and St. Mary's had to return to their stations because of an unconscious crewman on the former and a broken mast on the latter. They cabled to Falmouth, Cornwall, for a tug which could not put to sea, unable to face the storm.[1]
During the night, around 1:15 a.m., the storm increased, her port anchor chain broke, and half an hour later the starboard anchor chain snapped close to the hawsepipe. Left to the mercy of the raging seas, the pounding schooner was smashed starboardside on against Shag Rock near Annet by tremendously heavy seas after having grounded on the dangerous underwater rocks. All seven masts broke off and fell into the sea with all of the seamen who had climbed the rigging for safety, on their captain's command. The stern section broke apart behind mast no. 6, drifting from the capsizing and sinking ship. In the morning light the ship's upturned keel could be seen near the reef from which the wreck slid off into deeper water. Some 16 of the 18 crew and the Scillonian pilot Wm. "Cook" Hicks, who was already on board, having climbed up the spanker rigging for safety, were lost. Captain George W. Dow and engineer Edward L. Rowe from Boston were the only survivors, probably because they managed to get on deck from the rigging and jumped into the sea before the ship capsized. Both were lucky in being washed to a rock in the Hellweathers, to the south of the wrecking site, to be rescued hours later by the pilot's son, in the six-oared gig Slippen, looking for his father.[2] Despite wearing their lifebelts, the other seamen died in the thick oil layer, the smashing seas, and the schooner's rigging that had drowned so many of the crew, including the pilot. Four bodies were found later – those of Mark Stenton from Brooklyn, cabin boy, of two seamen from Germany and Scandinavia, and that of a man from Nova Scotia or Maine. Furthermore, some bodies without heads, legs or arms were also found which could not be identified. They were all buried in a mass grave in St Agnes cemetery.[citation needed]
The broken-up and scattered wreck was relocated in 1969. The bow lies at 56 ft deep on position 49°53′38″N 06°22′55″W / 49.89389°N 6.38194°W to the north-east of Shag Rock, and the stern, with the spanker mast 400 m to the southwest.[1] It can be visited by scuba divers under calm weather conditions. One of the anchors is now built into the outside wall of Bleak House, Broadstairs, the former home of Charles Dickens, and can be seen with a picture of the schooner.[citation needed]
Memorial
[edit]In 2008 a memorial seat was blessed by the Reverend Guy Scott in the churchyard of St Agnes, the nearest inhabitable island to the wreck and the home of the pilot, Billy "Cook" Hicks. The seat, made of granite from a St Breward quarry, faces the mass, unmarked grave of many of Thomas W. Lawson's dead.[3]
See also
[edit]- Preußen, the largest square-rig pure sail ship ever launched
- Wyoming (schooner), largest wooden hull schooner built in the United States
- List of large sailing vessels
References
[edit]- Kates, Minor W., History of the Sun Marine Department. Retrieved from http://www.fleetsheet.com/lawson.htm on August 2, 2006.
- Sarcone, Anthony F. and Lawrence S. Rines, A History of Shipbuilding at Fore River. Published 1975. Retrieved from http://thomascranelibrary.org/shipbuildingheritage/history/historyindex.html on July 14, 2009.
- ^ a b Larn, Richard (1992). Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly. Nairn: Thomas & Lochar.
- ^ Mothersole, Jessie (1914). The Isles of Scilly. London: The Religious Trace Society. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
- ^ Memorial seat commemorates one of Scilly’s most tragic wrecks. Cornishman. 15 May 2008. p.31
Further reading
[edit]- Hall, Thomas S., The T. W. Lawson - The fate of the world's only seven-masted schooner. Scituate, MA (2005).
- Hall, Thomas S., The T. W. Lawson - The Fate of the World's Only Seven-Masted Schooner. The History Press, Charleston, SC, (2006). ISBN 1-59629-208-3
- Hicks, John, An Absolute Wreck: The Loss of the Thomas W. Lawson. London: Private publication (2015), 219pp with 58 illustrations and seven appendices. ISBN 978-1-909817-25-8
- Hornsby, Thomas, The Last Voyage of the Thomas W. Lawson. Publ. in the 'Nautical Research Journal' Vol. 5 (1959), pp. 53–59, 61, illust.
- The Western Weekly News: DISASTER AT SCILLY - American Sailing Ship Lost. Hugh Town, Scilly Isles, December 21, 1907
- Rodd, Peter, Wreck of Thomas W. Lawson. Publ. in The American Neptune Vol. 29, Salem (1969) pp. 133–138.
- Coughlin, W. P., The Last Voyage of the Thomas W. Lawson. (1964).
- Largest Vessel of Her Class Ever Constructed In A Shipyard, San Francisco Call, Volume 90, Number 160, 7 November 1901
External links
[edit]
- Characteristics of the Thomas W. Lawson on www.bruzelius.info
- The Masts of the Thomas W. Lawson
- The Glamorous Sixmasters - the large New England six-masted schooners including the Thomas W. Lawson
- Photograph taken during her maiden voyage
- Photograph of the Thomas W. Lawson ; lying deeply laden in the roads (of Boston harbor)
- Seven-masted schooner Thomas W. Lawson unladen in the roads of Boston harbor
- several (contemporary) reports on the catastrophe and the ship
- Painting of the Thomas W. Lawson by Ed Parker
- Nav Problem: Schooner Thomas W. Lawson
- Realistic oil painting of the Thomas W. Lawson under full sail by Thomas H. Willis providing several detail enlargements of the painting
- Enlarged painting of the Thomas W. Lawson by Thomas H. Willis
- Model and characteristics of the ship
- Photograph of the Thomas W. Lawson lying in ballast in the roads
49°53′38″N 06°22′55″W / 49.89389°N 6.38194°W
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1907 | |
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