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{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Public Security of [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]]
| agency_name = Ministry of Public Security<br>{{small|of [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]]}}
| type = Ministry
| type =
| nativename = Bộ Công an
| nativename = Bộ Công an
| seal_caption = Emblem of the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]]
| seal_caption = Emblem of the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]]
Line 15: Line 15:
| formed = 19 August 1945 (de facto) <br /> 29 August 1953 (official)
| formed = 19 August 1945 (de facto) <br /> 29 August 1953 (official)
| preceding1 = Bureau of Integrity in Northern Vietnam (1945–1946)
| preceding1 = Bureau of Integrity in Northern Vietnam (1945–1946)
* Bureau of Scout in Central Vietnam (1945–1946)
* Bureau of Reconnaisance in Central Vietnam (1945–1946)
* Bureau of National Self-Defence Force in Southern Vietnam (1945–1946)
* Bureau of National Self-Defence Force in Southern Vietnam (1945–1946)
* Office of Public Security of Ministry of Home Affairs (1946–1953)
* Office of Public Security of Ministry of Home Affairs (1946–1953)
Line 29: Line 29:
* Semi-specialized force: 2,000,000 persons
* Semi-specialized force: 2,000,000 persons
* Number of generals on payroll: 199 (2019)
* Number of generals on payroll: 199 (2019)
| budget = 4,19 billions USD (2021)
| budget = 4.19 billion USD (2021)
| minister1_name = [[Colonel general|Col. Gen]] [[Lương Tam Quang]]
| minister1_name = [[General]] [[Lương Tam Quang]]
| minister1_position =
| minister1_position =
| deputyminister1_name = [[Colonel general|Col. Gen]] [[Trần Quốc Tỏ]]<br/>
| deputyminister1_name = [[Colonel general|Col. Gen]] [[Trần Quốc Tỏ]]<br/> [[Major general|Lt. Gen]] [[Lê Quốc Hùng]] <br /> [[Major general|Maj. Gen]] [[Lê Văn Tuyến]] <br>[[Major general|Maj. Gen]] [[Nguyễn Văn Long]] <br /> [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen]] [[Phạm Thế Tùng]] <br> [[Major general|Maj. Gen]] [[Nguyễn Ngọc Lâm]]
[[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen]] [[Nguyễn Duy Ngọc]] <br/> [[Major general|Lt. Gen]] [[Lê Quốc Hùng]] <br /> [[Major general|Maj. Gen]] [[Lê Văn Tuyến]] <br>[[Major general|Maj. Gen]] [[Nguyễn Văn Long]]
| deputyminister1_position =
| deputyminister1_position =
| child1_agency =
| child1_agency = [[Vietnam People's Public Security|People's Public Security]]
| website = [http://en.bocongan.gov.vn/ bocongan.gov.vn]
| website = [http://en.bocongan.gov.vn/ bocongan.gov.vn]
| chief3_name =
| chief3_name = [[Minister of Public Security (Vietnam)|Minister of Public Security]]
| chief3_position =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_name =
Line 54: Line 53:
}}
}}


The '''Ministry of Public Security''' ('''MPS''', {{lang-vi|Bộ Công an (BCA)}})<ref>http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/tpp/Final_Texts/English/VNM_Annex15A.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> is a public agency directly under the [[Government of Vietnam]], performing the function of state management of security, order and social safety; counterintelligence; crime prevention investigation; fire prevention and rescue; execution of criminal judgments, judgment enforcement not subject to imprisonment, custody or temporary detention; legal protection and support; State management of public services in sectors and fields under the Ministry's state management.
The '''Ministry of Public Security''' ('''MPS''', {{langx|vi|Bộ Công an (BCA)}})<ref>http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/tpp/Final_Texts/English/VNM_Annex15A.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> is a public agency and one of the biggest [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] of the [[Government of Vietnam]], performing the function of state management of [[Public security|security]], order and social safety; counterintelligence; crime prevention investigation; fire prevention and rescue; execution of criminal judgments, judgment enforcement not subject to imprisonment, custody or temporary detention; legal protection and support; State management of public services in sectors and fields under the Ministry's state management. It is headed by the [[Minister of Public Security (Vietnam)|Minister of Public Security]].


The Ministry of Public Security is the agency that manages the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]].
The Ministry of Public Security is the agency that manages the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]], the Vietnamese uniformed police forces - while also responsible for domestic civilian administrative management, similar to the role of a standard [[Ministry of home affairs|Ministry of Interior]] (however, not to be confused with the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Vietnam)|Vietnam Ministry of Home Affairs]]).


Col. Gen Lương Tam Quang is the current head of the Vietnamese MPS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam appoints new public security minister |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-appoints-new-public-security-minister-4755204.html |website=VnExpress}}</ref>
Col. Gen Lương Tam Quang is the current head of the Vietnamese MPS.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vietnam appoints new public security minister |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-appoints-new-public-security-minister-4755204.html |newspaper=Vnexpress International – Latest News, Business, Travel and Analysis from Vietnam |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 67: Line 66:
In 1957, it first made official connections to the [[Stasi]], the [[secret police]] of the [[German Democratic Republic]].<ref name="STASIVN"/> From 1972, Stasi head [[Erich Mielke]] provided technical assistance to the MPS in improving its intelligence and [[surveillance state]] operations throughout Vietnam, particularly after selected MPS personnel were sent to [[East Germany]] for further training.<ref name="STASIVN"/>
In 1957, it first made official connections to the [[Stasi]], the [[secret police]] of the [[German Democratic Republic]].<ref name="STASIVN"/> From 1972, Stasi head [[Erich Mielke]] provided technical assistance to the MPS in improving its intelligence and [[surveillance state]] operations throughout Vietnam, particularly after selected MPS personnel were sent to [[East Germany]] for further training.<ref name="STASIVN"/>


On June 12, 1981, Decree 250/CP was signed, which defined the mandate of the Ministry of Interior. The Interior Minister then signed Decision 12-QD/BNV to prescribe the powers of the General Department of Police (GDP) with 12 subordinate units.<ref name="ASEANPOLVN"/>
On 12 June 1981, Decree 250/CP was signed, which defined the mandate of the Ministry of Interior. The Interior Minister then signed Decision 12-QD/BNV to prescribe the powers of the General Department of Police (GDP) with 12 subordinate units.<ref name="ASEANPOLVN"/>


The Ministry of Public Security received many titles such as [[Hero of the People's Armed Forces]] 13 times, [[Gold Star Order (Vietnam)]] and 88 [[Order of Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh Orders]].<ref name="MPSVNHISTORY"/>
The Ministry of Public Security received many titles such as [[Hero of the People's Armed Forces]] 13 times, [[Gold Star Order (Vietnam)]] and 88 [[Order of Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh Orders]].<ref name="MPSVNHISTORY"/>


===Controversies===
===Controversies===
<ref>https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/3794136/Nguyen-Quoc-Tan-Trung.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Following the [[Fall of Saigon]], the MPS imprisoned at least 200,000 to 300,000 former [[Republic of Vietnam Military Forces|South Vietnamese military]] officers, government employees, and supporters of the former government of [[South Vietnam]] in [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|re-education camp]]s,<ref name="Porter & Roberts 1988">{{cite journal|authorlink1=Gareth Porter|last1=Porter|first1=Gareth|last2=Roberts|first2=James|title=Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of ''A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975–1983'', Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson.|jstor=2759306|journal=[[Pacific Affairs]]|volume=61|issue=2|date=Summer 1988|pages=303–310|doi=10.2307/2759306|quote=At this point, Desbarats and Jackson make a major factual error which makes it even more difficult to make sense of their methodology. They assert that there were one million Vietnamese who experienced incarceration in reeducation camps, based primarily on an alleged admission by then Prime Minister [[Phạm Văn Đồng|Pham Van Dong]], quoted in their unpublished preliminary draft as 'in over three years, I released over a million prisoners from the camps.' But what Dong actually said was rather different, as Desbarats and Jackson confirm in a different version of the article: 'In over three years, we returned to civilian life and to their families more than a million persons who in one way or another had collaborated with the enemy.' The difference between the two translations is important, because Dong was clearly referring to those who were released after only a few days of reeducation in their own home towns—not released from longterm reeducation in distant camps. The actual number of reeducation camp internees, according to both official communist sources and former officials of the regime who later fled to the West, was between 200,000 and 300,000.}}</ref><ref name=Loneliness>{{cite web|last1=Sagan|first1=Ginetta|last2=Denney|first2=Stephen|url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~sdenney/Vietnam-Reeducation-Camps-1982|title=Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death|work=The Indochina Newsletter|date=October–November 1982|accessdate=2016-09-01}}</ref> where both physical torture and [[mental abuse]] were common.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons: Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jvs/article-abstract/11/2/43/60506/From-Reeducation-Camps-to-Little|date=August 1, 2016|first=Tuan|last=Hoang|journal=[[Journal of Vietnamese Studies]]|volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=43–95 |doi=10.1525/jvs.2016.11.2.43 |access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> The MPS has also played a role in the surveillance and persecution of [[dissident]] poets, writers, and [[political prisoners]], and in the ongoing efforts to repress the [[Vietnamese democracy movement]], especially since the 2006 foundation of [[Bloc 8406]]. For example, lawyer and [[labor union]] activist [[Trần Quốc Hiền]] was sentenced in 2007 to five years imprisonment for "endangering [[secret police|state security]]", membership in Bloc 8406, and writing online articles titled, "The Tail", which critically described life under MPS surveillance.<ref name=HRW>{{cite book |title=Not yet a workers' paradise: Vietnam's suppression of the independent workers' movement |year=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn= 9781564324764|page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgAO5tpkWeoC&q=Tran+Quoc+Hien&pg=PA24 |access-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>
<ref>https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/3794136/Nguyen-Quoc-Tan-Trung.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Following the [[Fall of Saigon]], the MPS imprisoned at least 200,000 to 300,000 former [[Republic of Vietnam Military Forces|South Vietnamese military]] officers, government employees, and supporters of the former government of [[South Vietnam]] in [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|re-education camp]]s,<ref name="Porter & Roberts 1988">{{cite journal|authorlink1=Gareth Porter|last1=Porter|first1=Gareth|last2=Roberts|first2=James|title=Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of ''A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975–1983'', Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson.|jstor=2759306|journal=[[Pacific Affairs]]|volume=61|issue=2|date=Summer 1988|pages=303–310|doi=10.2307/2759306|quote=At this point, Desbarats and Jackson make a major factual error which makes it even more difficult to make sense of their methodology. They assert that there were one million Vietnamese who experienced incarceration in reeducation camps, based primarily on an alleged admission by then [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]] [[Phạm Văn Đồng|Pham Van Dong]], quoted in their unpublished preliminary draft as 'in over three years, I released over a million prisoners from the camps.' But what Dong actually said was rather different, as Desbarats and Jackson confirm in a different version of the article: 'In over three years, we returned to civilian life and to their families more than a million persons who in one way or another had collaborated with the enemy.' The difference between the two translations is important, because Dong was clearly referring to those who were released after only a few days of reeducation in their own home towns—not released from longterm reeducation in distant camps. The actual number of [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Re-education cam]] internees, according to both official communist sources and former officials of the regime who later fled to the West, was between 200,000 and 300,000.}}</ref><ref name=Loneliness>{{cite web|last1=Sagan|first1=Ginetta|last2=Denney|first2=Stephen|url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~sdenney/Vietnam-Reeducation-Camps-1982|title=Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death|work=The Indochina Newsletter|date=October–November 1982|accessdate=2016-09-01}}</ref> where both physical torture and [[mental abuse]] were common.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons: Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jvs/article-abstract/11/2/43/60506/From-Reeducation-Camps-to-Little|date=August 1, 2016|first=Tuan|last=Hoang|journal=[[Journal of Vietnamese Studies]]|volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=43–95 |doi=10.1525/jvs.2016.11.2.43 |access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> The MPS has also played a role in the surveillance and persecution of [[dissident]] poets, writers, and [[political prisoners]], and in the ongoing efforts to repress the [[Vietnamese democracy movement]], especially since the 2006 foundation of [[Bloc 8406]]. For example, lawyer and [[labor union]] activist [[Trần Quốc Hiền]] was sentenced in 2007 to five years imprisonment for "endangering [[secret police|state security]]", membership in Bloc 8406, and writing online articles titled, "The Tail", which critically described life under MPS surveillance.<ref name=HRW>{{cite book |title=Not yet a workers' paradise: Vietnam's suppression of the independent workers' movement |year=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn= 9781564324764|page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgAO5tpkWeoC&q=Tran+Quoc+Hien&pg=PA24 |access-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
The MPS is structured according to the following as of 2018:
The MPS is structured according to the following as of 2018:
* Office of the Ministry of Public Security (V01)
* Office of the Ministry of Public Security (V01)
* Department of Foreign Affairs (V02)
* Bureau of Foreign Affairs (V02)
*Department of Legal Affairs and Judicial Reform (V03)
* Bureau of Legal Affairs and Judicial Reform (V03)
* Department of Science, Strategy and History of the Public Security (V04)
* Bureau of Science, Strategy and History of the Public Security (V04)
* Department of Construction of the all-people movement to protect national security (V05)
* Bureau of Construction of the all-people movement to protect national security (V05)
* Department of Professional Records (V06)
* Bureau of Professional Records (V06)
⚫
* Bureau of Organization and Personnel (X01)
⚫
*Department of Foreign Security (A01)
* Department of Homeland Security (A02)
* Bureau of Training (X02)
*Department of Internal Political Security (A03)
* Bureau of Party and Political Affair (X03)
* Department of Economic Security (A04)
* Bureau of Communication of People's Public Security (X04)
*Department of Cybersecurity and High-Tech Crime Prevention and Control (A05)
⚫
* Department of Professional Technology (A06)
* Offline Department (A07)
⚫
* Administration of Immigration (A08)
⚫
*Bureau of Investigation Security (A09)
⚫
*Department of Information Processing and Intelligence Support (B01)
⚫
*Asia Intelligence Bureau (B02)
*US, Europe, Africa Intelligence Service (B03)
⚫
*Bureau of Secret Intelligence (B04)
⚫
*Bureau of Economic, Scientific, Technical and Environmental Intelligence (B05)
⚫
* Department of Organization and Personnel (X01)
* Training Department (X02)
* Department of Party and Political Work (X03)
* Communication Department of the People's Public Security (X04)
* Inspector of the Ministry of Public Security (X05)
* Inspector of the Ministry of Public Security (X05)
* Central Public Security Party Committee Inspection Committee Organ (X06)
* Central Public Security Party Committee Inspection Committee Organ (X06)
⚫
* Bureau of Foreign Security (A01)
⚫
*Office of the Police Investigation Agency (C01)
* Bureau of Homeland Security (A02)
*Criminal Police Department (C02)
* Bureau of Internal Political Security (A03)
*The Police Department investigates crimes related to corruption, economy, and smuggling (C03)
* Bureau of Economic Security (A04)
*Police Department investigating drug crimes (C04)
*Environmental Crime Prevention Police Department (C05)
* Bureau of Cybersecurity and High-Tech Crime Prevention and Control (A05)
* Bureau of Technical Services (A06)
*Police Department for administrative management of social order (C06)
* Bureau of External Affairs (A07)
⚫
*Police Department of Fire Prevention and Rescue (C07)
⚫
* Bureau of Immigration (A08)
⚫
*Traffic Police Department (C08)
⚫
* Bureau of Investigation Security (A09)
⚫
*The Police Department manages prisons, compulsory education institutions, reform school (C10)
⚫
* Bureau of Information Processing and Intelligence Support (B01)
⚫
*The Police Department manages custody, temporary detention and criminal judgment execution in the community (C11)
⚫
* Bureau of Asia Intelligence (B02)
⚫
*Department of Planning and Finance (H01)
*Department of Equipment and Logistics (H03)
* Bureau of Americas, Europe, and Africa Intelligence (B03)
⚫
* Bureau of Secret Intelligence (B04)
⚫
*Department of Construction Management and Barracks (H02)
⚫
* Bureau of Economic, Scientific, Technical and Environmental Intelligence (B05)
⚫
*Department of Telecommunications and Cipher (H04)
⚫
* Office of the Police Investigation Agency (C01)
*Information Technology Department (H05)
* Police Bureau of Criminal Investigation (C02)
⚫
*Department of Health (H06)
* Police Bureau of Corruption, Economy, and Smuggling Investigation (C03)
*Logistics Department (H07)
* Bureau of Counter-Narcotics Police (C04)
*Security Industry Bureau (H08)
* Police Bureau of Environmental Crime Prevention (C05)
⚫
*Security Command (K01)- (It is equivalent to the Department level with the task of protecting key people and state-level officials)
* Police Bureau for Administrative Management of Social Order (C06)
⚫
*Mobile Police Command (K02)- (it is equivalent to Department level)
⚫
* Police Bureau of Fire Prevention and Rescue (C07)
⚫
*(Vietnam) International Academy (B06)
⚫
* Bureau of Traffic Police (C08)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Security Academy (T01/C500)
⚫
* Police Bureau for Managing Prisons, Compulsory education institutions, and Reform school (C10)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Police Academy (T02/T18/T32)
⚫
* Police Bureau for Managing Custody, Temporary detention and Criminal judgment Execution in the Community (C11)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Public Security Political Academy (T03/T29)
⚫
* Bureau of Planning and Finance (H01)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Security University (T04/T47)
* Bureau of Equipment and Logistics (H03)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Police University (T05/T48)
⚫
* Bureau of Construction Management and Barracks (H02)
⚫
*Vietnam Police Fire Prevention and Fighting University (T06/K56)
⚫
* Bureau of Telecommunications and Cipher (H04)
⚫
*Vietnam Technical - Logistics People's Public Security University (T07/T36)
⚫
* Bureau of Information Technology (H05)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Security College I (T08)
⚫
* Bureau of Health (H06)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Police College I (T09)
* Bureau of Logistics (H07)
⚫
*Vietnam People's Police College II (T10)
*Institute of Criminal Science (C09)
* Bureau of Security Industry (H08)
⚫
* VIP Protection Command (K01) (It is equivalent to the Bureau level with the task of protecting VIPs and state-level officials)
⚫
*Institute of Science and Technology (H09)
⚫
* Mobile Police Command (K02) (It is equivalent to Bureau level with the task of being the primary police tactic unit)
⚫
*Hospital August,19
⚫
* International Academy (B06)
⚫
*Hospital April, 30
⚫
* Vietnam People's Security Academy (T01/C500)
⚫
*Hospital One Nine Nine - 199
⚫
* Vietnam People's Police Academy (T02/T18/T32)
⚫
*Traditional Medicine Hospital
⚫
* Vietnam People's Public Security Political Academy (T03/T29)
⚫
* Vietnam People's Security University (T04/T47)
⚫
* Vietnam People's Police University (T05/T48)
⚫
* Vietnam Police Fire Prevention and Fighting University (T06/K56)
⚫
* Vietnam Technical - Logistics People's Public Security University (T07/T36)
⚫
* Vietnam People's Security College I (T08)
⚫
* Vietnam People's Police College I (T09)
⚫
* Vietnam People's Police College II (T10)
* Institute of Criminal Science (C09)

⚫
* Institute of Science and Technology (H09)
⚫
* Hospital 19 of August
⚫
* Hospital 30 of April
⚫
* Hospital One Nine-Nine - 199
⚫
* Traditional Medicine Hospital


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 00:22, 15 December 2024

Ministry of Public Security
of Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Bộ Công an
Emblem of the Vietnam People's Public Security
Agency overview
Formed19 August 1945 (de facto)
29 August 1953 (official)
Preceding agency
  • Bureau of Integrity in Northern Vietnam (1945–1946)
    • Bureau of Reconnaisance in Central Vietnam (1945–1946)
    • Bureau of National Self-Defence Force in Southern Vietnam (1945–1946)
    • Office of Public Security of Ministry of Home Affairs (1946–1953)
    • Deputy Ministry of Public Security (1953)
    • Ministry of Public Security (1953–1975)
    • Ministry of Home Affairs (1975–1998)
JurisdictionGovernment of Vietnam
Headquarters47 Pham Van Dong Street, Mai Dich Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi
Employees
  • Regular force: Not disclosed.
  • Semi-specialized force: 2,000,000 persons
  • Number of generals on payroll: 199 (2019)
Annual budget4.19 billion USD (2021)
Minister responsible
Deputy Minister responsible
Agency executive
Child agency
Websitebocongan.gov.vn

The Ministry of Public Security (MPS, Vietnamese: Bộ Công an (BCA))[1] is a public agency and one of the biggest ministry of the Government of Vietnam, performing the function of state management of security, order and social safety; counterintelligence; crime prevention investigation; fire prevention and rescue; execution of criminal judgments, judgment enforcement not subject to imprisonment, custody or temporary detention; legal protection and support; State management of public services in sectors and fields under the Ministry's state management. It is headed by the Minister of Public Security.

The Ministry of Public Security is the agency that manages the Vietnam People's Public Security, the Vietnamese uniformed police forces - while also responsible for domestic civilian administrative management, similar to the role of a standard Ministry of Interior (however, not to be confused with the Vietnam Ministry of Home Affairs).

Col. Gen Lương Tam Quang is the current head of the Vietnamese MPS.[2]

History

[edit]

The foundation of the MPS started on August 19, 1945 when the Indochinese Communist Party formed three departments, consisting of the Security Service Bureau in Northern Vietnam, the Surveillance Service in central Vietnam and the National Self-Defense Force Bureau in southern Vietnam.[3][4] The three departments provided protection for Ho Chi Minh and other CPV leaders in time for September 2, 1945 when independence was declared for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[4] On February 21, 1945, Ho Chi Minh signed Decree 23, which unified the three bureaus into the Vietnam People’s Police Department under the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[3] Le Gian served as the first head of the MIA.[3]

The Sub-Ministry of Public Security was established in February 1953 when it was under North Vietnamese control[5] after Ho Chi Minh signed Decree 141/SL.[4] At the time of establishment, it formally had seven departments and divisions.[4] After the Government Council was presided from August 27 to 29 of 1953, the Sub-Ministry was updated to the Ministry of Public Security.[4]

In 1957, it first made official connections to the Stasi, the secret police of the German Democratic Republic.[5] From 1972, Stasi head Erich Mielke provided technical assistance to the MPS in improving its intelligence and surveillance state operations throughout Vietnam, particularly after selected MPS personnel were sent to East Germany for further training.[5]

On 12 June 1981, Decree 250/CP was signed, which defined the mandate of the Ministry of Interior. The Interior Minister then signed Decision 12-QD/BNV to prescribe the powers of the General Department of Police (GDP) with 12 subordinate units.[4]

The Ministry of Public Security received many titles such as Hero of the People's Armed Forces 13 times, Gold Star Order (Vietnam) and 88 Ho Chi Minh Orders.[3]

Controversies

[edit]

[6] Following the Fall of Saigon, the MPS imprisoned at least 200,000 to 300,000 former South Vietnamese military officers, government employees, and supporters of the former government of South Vietnam in re-education camps,[7][8] where both physical torture and mental abuse were common.[9] The MPS has also played a role in the surveillance and persecution of dissident poets, writers, and political prisoners, and in the ongoing efforts to repress the Vietnamese democracy movement, especially since the 2006 foundation of Bloc 8406. For example, lawyer and labor union activist Trần Quốc Hiền was sentenced in 2007 to five years imprisonment for "endangering state security", membership in Bloc 8406, and writing online articles titled, "The Tail", which critically described life under MPS surveillance.[10]

Structure

[edit]

The MPS is structured according to the following as of 2018:

  • Office of the Ministry of Public Security (V01)
  • Bureau of Foreign Affairs (V02)
  • Bureau of Legal Affairs and Judicial Reform (V03)
  • Bureau of Science, Strategy and History of the Public Security (V04)
  • Bureau of Construction of the all-people movement to protect national security (V05)
  • Bureau of Professional Records (V06)
  • Bureau of Organization and Personnel (X01)
  • Bureau of Training (X02)
  • Bureau of Party and Political Affair (X03)
  • Bureau of Communication of People's Public Security (X04)
  • Inspector of the Ministry of Public Security (X05)
  • Central Public Security Party Committee Inspection Committee Organ (X06)
  • Bureau of Foreign Security (A01)
  • Bureau of Homeland Security (A02)
  • Bureau of Internal Political Security (A03)
  • Bureau of Economic Security (A04)
  • Bureau of Cybersecurity and High-Tech Crime Prevention and Control (A05)
  • Bureau of Technical Services (A06)
  • Bureau of External Affairs (A07)
  • Bureau of Immigration (A08)
  • Bureau of Investigation Security (A09)
  • Bureau of Information Processing and Intelligence Support (B01)
  • Bureau of Asia Intelligence (B02)
  • Bureau of Americas, Europe, and Africa Intelligence (B03)
  • Bureau of Secret Intelligence (B04)
  • Bureau of Economic, Scientific, Technical and Environmental Intelligence (B05)
  • Office of the Police Investigation Agency (C01)
  • Police Bureau of Criminal Investigation (C02)
  • Police Bureau of Corruption, Economy, and Smuggling Investigation (C03)
  • Bureau of Counter-Narcotics Police (C04)
  • Police Bureau of Environmental Crime Prevention (C05)
  • Police Bureau for Administrative Management of Social Order (C06)
  • Police Bureau of Fire Prevention and Rescue (C07)
  • Bureau of Traffic Police (C08)
  • Police Bureau for Managing Prisons, Compulsory education institutions, and Reform school (C10)
  • Police Bureau for Managing Custody, Temporary detention and Criminal judgment Execution in the Community (C11)
  • Bureau of Planning and Finance (H01)
  • Bureau of Equipment and Logistics (H03)
  • Bureau of Construction Management and Barracks (H02)
  • Bureau of Telecommunications and Cipher (H04)
  • Bureau of Information Technology (H05)
  • Bureau of Health (H06)
  • Bureau of Logistics (H07)
  • Bureau of Security Industry (H08)
  • VIP Protection Command (K01) (It is equivalent to the Bureau level with the task of protecting VIPs and state-level officials)
  • Mobile Police Command (K02) (It is equivalent to Bureau level with the task of being the primary police tactic unit)
  • International Academy (B06)
  • Vietnam People's Security Academy (T01/C500)
  • Vietnam People's Police Academy (T02/T18/T32)
  • Vietnam People's Public Security Political Academy (T03/T29)
  • Vietnam People's Security University (T04/T47)
  • Vietnam People's Police University (T05/T48)
  • Vietnam Police Fire Prevention and Fighting University (T06/K56)
  • Vietnam Technical - Logistics People's Public Security University (T07/T36)
  • Vietnam People's Security College I (T08)
  • Vietnam People's Police College I (T09)
  • Vietnam People's Police College II (T10)
  • Institute of Criminal Science (C09)
  • Institute of Science and Technology (H09)
  • Hospital 19 of August
  • Hospital 30 of April
  • Hospital One Nine-Nine - 199
  • Traditional Medicine Hospital

References

[edit]
  1. ^ http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/tpp/Final_Texts/English/VNM_Annex15A.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  2. ^ Vnexpress. "Vietnam appoints new public security minister". Vnexpress International – Latest News, Business, Travel and Analysis from Vietnam.
  3. ^ a b c d "News".
  4. ^ a b c d e f "The Office of Investigation Police Agency Ministry of Public Security Socialist Republic of Viet Nam".
  5. ^ a b c "Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police | Wilson Center".
  6. ^ https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/3794136/Nguyen-Quoc-Tan-Trung.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  7. ^ Porter, Gareth; Roberts, James (Summer 1988). "Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975–1983, Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson". Pacific Affairs. 61 (2): 303–310. doi:10.2307/2759306. JSTOR 2759306. At this point, Desbarats and Jackson make a major factual error which makes it even more difficult to make sense of their methodology. They assert that there were one million Vietnamese who experienced incarceration in reeducation camps, based primarily on an alleged admission by then Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, quoted in their unpublished preliminary draft as 'in over three years, I released over a million prisoners from the camps.' But what Dong actually said was rather different, as Desbarats and Jackson confirm in a different version of the article: 'In over three years, we returned to civilian life and to their families more than a million persons who in one way or another had collaborated with the enemy.' The difference between the two translations is important, because Dong was clearly referring to those who were released after only a few days of reeducation in their own home towns—not released from longterm reeducation in distant camps. The actual number of Re-education cam internees, according to both official communist sources and former officials of the regime who later fled to the West, was between 200,000 and 300,000.
  8. ^ Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982). "Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death". The Indochina Newsletter. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  9. ^ Hoang, Tuan (1 August 2016). "From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons: Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 11 (2): 43–95. doi:10.1525/jvs.2016.11.2.43. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  10. ^ Not yet a workers' paradise: Vietnam's suppression of the independent workers' movement. Human Rights Watch. 2009. p. 24. ISBN 9781564324764. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
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