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Coordinates: Sky map 13h 37m 00.9s, −29° 51′ 57″
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{{Infobox Galaxy
{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 83
| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 83
| image = M83 - Southern Pinwheel.jpg
| image = The Outskirts of the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy (noirlab2429a).jpg
| caption = Messier 83 captured by the Wide Field Imager at ESO's [[La Silla Observatory]] in September 2008
| caption = Messier 83 imaged by the [[Víctor M. Blanco Telescope]] in 2024
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| ra = {{RA|13|37|00.919}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
| ra = {{RA|13|37|00.919}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006 />
| dec = {{DEC|-29|51|56.74}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
| dec = {{DEC|-29|51|56.74}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006 />
| type = SAB(s)c<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>
| type = SAB(s)c<ref name=vaucoulerus1991 />
| dist_ly = {{Convert|4.50|Mpc|Mly|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name=Tully2016/>
| dist_ly = {{Convert|4.50|Mpc|Mly|abbr=on|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name=Tully2016 />
| z = {{Val|0.001721|0.000013|fmt=none}}<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>
| z = {{Val|0.001721|0.000013|fmt=none}}<ref name=vaucoulerus1991 />
| h_radial_v = {{Val|508|u=km/s}}<ref name=Tully2016/>
| h_radial_v = {{Val|508|u=km/s}}<ref name=Tully2016 />
| appmag_v = 7.6<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m083.html |title=Messier 83 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
| appmag_v = 7.6<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://messier.seds.org/m/m083.html
| title = Messier 83
| access-date = 30 April 2022
| website = SEDS Messier Catalog
}}</ref>
| size = {{convert|36.24|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}<br />(diameter; [[Galaxy#Isophotal diameter|26.0 mag/arcsec<sup>2</sup> B-band isophote]])<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>
| size = {{convert|36.24|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}<br />(diameter; [[Galaxy#Isophotal diameter|26.0 mag/arcsec<sup>2</sup> B-band isophote]])<ref name=vaucoulerus1991 />
| size_v = {{nowrap|12′.9 × 11′.5}}<ref name="ned"/>
| size_v = {{nowrap|12′.9 × 11′.5}}<ref name="ned" />
| constellation name = [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
| constellation name = [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
| names = Southern Pinwheel Galaxy, [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 5236, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 48082, UGCA 366<ref name="simbad"/>
| names = {{odlist | name = Southern Pinwheel Galaxy |NGC= 5236 | PGC= 48082 | UGCA= 366 | name2 = ESO 444- G 081 | MCG= -05-32-050 | IRAS= 13341-2936}}<ref name="simbad" />
}}
}}


'''Messier 83''' or '''M83''', also known as the '''Southern Pinwheel Galaxy''' and '''NGC 5236''', is a [[barred spiral galaxy]]<ref name=WISE/> approximately 15 million [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] borders of [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]] and [[Centaurus]]. [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name="jones1991"/> [[Charles Messier]] added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects (now known as the [[Messier object|Messier Catalogue]]) in March 1781.<ref name="jones1991"/>
'''Messier 83''' or '''M83''', also known as the '''Southern Pinwheel Galaxy''' and '''NGC 5236''', is a [[barred spiral galaxy]]<ref name=WISE /> approximately 15 million [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] borders of [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]] and [[Centaurus]]. [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name="jones1991" /> [[Charles Messier]] added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects (now known as the [[Messier object|Messier Catalogue]]) in March 1781.<ref name="jones1991" />


It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, and is visible with [[binoculars]].<ref name=mo/> It has an [[Galaxy#Isophotal diameter|isophotal diameter]] at about {{convert|36.24|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}. Its nickname of the Southern{{efn|Its declination means every day it passes the zenith of the sky at the matching parallel of the earth, which is that of northern Argentina. It can be viewed more than an ideal 15° above the horizon for a further 75° to the north, placing such a northern limit of good observation at the [[45th parallel north]]}} Pinwheel derives from its resemblance to the [[Pinwheel Galaxy]] (M101).
It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, and is visible with [[binoculars]].<ref name=mo /> It has an [[Galaxy#Isophotal diameter|isophotal diameter]] at about {{convert|36.24|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}. Its nickname of the Southern{{efn|Its declination means every day it passes the zenith of the sky at the matching parallel of the earth, which is that of northern Argentina. It can be viewed more than an ideal 15° above the horizon for a further 75° to the north, placing such a northern limit of good observation at the [[45th parallel north]]}} Pinwheel derives from its resemblance to the [[Pinwheel Galaxy]] (M101).


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
[[file:M83 - Southern Pinwheel.jpg|thumb|left|Messier 83 captured by the Wide Field Imager at ESO's [[La Silla Observatory]] in September 2008]]
M83 is a massive, [[grand design spiral galaxy]].<ref name=Calzetti1999/> Its [[Galaxy morphological classification|morphological classification]] in the [[De Vaucouleurs]] system is SAB(s)c,<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/> where the 'SAB' denotes a weak-barred spiral, '(s)' indicates a pure spiral structure with no ring, and 'c' means the spiral arms are loosely wound.<ref name=deVaucouleurs1963/> The peculiar dwarf galaxy [[NGC 5253]] lies near M83,<ref name=Thim2003/> and the two likely interacted within the last billion years resulting in [[Starburst region|starburst]] activity in their central regions.<ref name=Calzetti1999/>
M83 is a massive, [[grand design spiral galaxy]].<ref name=Calzetti1999 /> Its [[Galaxy morphological classification|morphological classification]] in the [[De Vaucouleurs]] system is SAB(s)c,<ref name=vaucoulerus1991 /> where the 'SAB' denotes a weak-barred spiral, '(s)' indicates a pure spiral structure with no ring, and 'c' means the spiral arms are loosely wound.<ref name=deVaucouleurs1963 /> The peculiar dwarf galaxy [[NGC 5253]] lies near M83,<ref name=Thim2003 /> and the two likely interacted within the last billion years resulting in [[Starburst region|starburst]] activity in their central regions.<ref name=Calzetti1999 />


The [[star formation]] rate in M83 is higher along the leading edge of the spiral arms, as predicted by [[density wave theory]].<ref name=Villa2012/> [[NASA]]'s [[Galaxy Evolution Explorer]] project on 16 April 2008 reported finding large numbers of new stars in the outer reaches of the galaxy—{{Val|20|ul=kpc}} from the center. It had been thought that these areas lacked the materials necessary for [[star formation]].<ref name="galex"/><ref name=Cong2008/>
The [[star formation]] rate in M83 is higher along the leading edge of the spiral arms, as predicted by [[density wave theory]].<ref name=Villa2012 /> [[NASA]]'s [[Galaxy Evolution Explorer]] project on 16 April 2008 reported finding large numbers of new stars in the outer reaches of the galaxy—{{Val|20|ul=kpc}} from the center. It had been thought that these areas lacked the materials necessary for [[star formation]].<ref name="galex" /><ref name=Cong2008 />


=== Supernovae ===
== Supernovae ==
Six [[supernova]]e have been observed in M83:
Six [[supernova]]e have been observed in M83: SN 1923A (mag. 14),<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1923A Transient Name Server entry for SN 1923A.] Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref> SN 1945B (mag. 14.2),<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1945B Transient Name Server entry for SN 1945B.] Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref> SN 1950B (mag. 14.5),<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1950B Transient Name Server entry for SN 1950B.] Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref> SN 1957D (mag. 15),<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1957D Transient Name Server entry for SN 1957D.] Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref><ref name=Romaniello2005/> SN 1968L ([[Type_II_supernova|type II-P]], mag. 11.9),<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1996AJ....111.2017V |title=Supernovae and Massive Star Formation Regions |last1=Van Dyk |first1=Schuyler D. |last2=Hamuy |first2=Mario |last3=Filippenko |first3=Alexei V. |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=1996 |volume=111 |page=2017 |doi=10.1086/117937 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1968L Transient Name Server entry for SN 1968L.] Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref> and SN 1983N ([[type Ia supernova|type&nbsp;Ia]], mag. 11.9).<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1983N Transient Name Server entry for SN 1983N.] Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref>
* SN 1923A (type unknown, mag. 14) was discovered by [[Carl Otto Lampland]] on 5 May 1923.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1923A | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1923A | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1923PASP...35..166L | title=Note on a Nova | last1=Lampland | first1=C. O. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | date=1923 | volume=35 | issue=205 | page=166 | doi=10.1086/123293}}</ref>

* SN 1945B (type unknown, mag. 14.2) was discovered by [[William Liller]] on 13 July 1945.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1945B | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1945B | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1990IAUC.5091....2L | title=Supernova 1945B in NGC 5236 | last1=Liller | first1=W. | journal=International Astronomical Union Circular | date=1990 | issue=5091 | page=2}}</ref>
'''SN 1983N''' was discovered by [[Robert Evans (astronomer)|Robert Evans]] from Australia on July 3, 1983.<ref name=Thompson_et_al_1983/> On July 6, it was observed with the [[Very Large Array]] and became the first type I supernova to have a [[Astronomical radio source|radio emission]] detected. The supernova reached peak optical brightness on July 17, achieving an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 11.54.<ref name=Sramek_et_al_1984/> Although identified as type I, the spectrum was considered peculiar. A year after the explosion, about {{val|0.3|ul=Solar mass}} of iron was discovered in the ejecta. This was the first time that such a large amount of iron was unambiguously detected from a supernova explosion.<ref name=Graham_et_al_1986/> SN 1983N became the modern prototype of a hydrogen deficient [[type Ib supernova]], with the progenitor being inferred as a [[Wolf–Rayet star]].<ref name=Gaskell_et_al_1986/>
* SN 1950B (type unknown, mag. 14.5) was discovered by [[Guillermo Haro]] on 15 March 1950.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1950B | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1950B | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>
* SN 1957D (type unknown, mag. 15)<ref name=Romaniello2005 /> was discovered by H. S. Gates on 28 December 1957.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1957D | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1957D | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1643b.jpg
| title = Circular No. 1643
| last = Hansen
| first = Julie M. Vinter
| date = 7 March 1958
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Observatory Copenhagen
| access-date = 30 November 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1959LAstr..73..453B | title=Les cinq supernovæ découvertes depuis 1957 | last1=Bertaud | first1=Ch. | journal=L'Astronomie | date=1959 | volume=73 | page=453}}</ref>
* SN 1968L ([[Type II supernova|type II-P]], mag. 11.9)<ref>{{cite journal
| bibcode = 1996AJ....111.2017V
| title = Supernovae and Massive Star Formation Regions
| last1 = Van Dyk
| first1 = Schuyler D.
| last2 = Hamuy
| first2 = Mario
| last3 = Filippenko
| first3 = Alexei V.
| journal = The Astronomical Journal
| date = 1996
| volume = 111
| page = 2017
| doi = 10.1086/117937
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1968L | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1968L | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> was discovered by J. C. Bennett on 17 July 1968.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC2085.jpg
| title = Circular No. 2085
| last = Marsden
| first = Brian G.
| date = 17 July 1968
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
| access-date = 2 December 2024
}}</ref>
* SN 1983N ([[type Ia supernova|type&nbsp;Ia]], mag. 11.9) was discovered by [[Robert Evans (astronomer)|Robert Evans]] from Australia on July 3, 1983.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1983N | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1983N | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=Thompson_et_al_1983 /> On July 6, it was observed with the [[Very Large Array]] and became the first type I supernova to have a [[Astronomical radio source|radio emission]] detected. The supernova reached peak optical brightness on July 17, achieving an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 11.54.<ref name=Sramek_et_al_1984 /> Although identified as type I, the spectrum was considered peculiar. A year after the explosion, about {{val|0.3|ul=Solar mass}} of iron was discovered in the ejecta. This was the first time that such a large amount of iron was unambiguously detected from a supernova explosion.<ref name=Graham_et_al_1986 /> SN 1983N became the modern prototype of a hydrogen deficient [[type Ib supernova]], with the progenitor being inferred as a [[Wolf–Rayet star]].<ref name=Gaskell_et_al_1986 />


== Environment ==
== Environment ==
M83 is at the center of one of two subgroups within the [[Centaurus A/M83 Group]], a nearby [[galaxy group]].<ref name="karachentsevetal2002"/> [[Centaurus A]] is at the center of the other subgroup. These are sometimes identified as one group,<ref name="nbg"/><ref name="fouqueetal1992"/> and sometimes as two.<ref name="garcia1993"/> However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.<ref name="karachentsev2005"/>
M83 is at the center of one of two subgroups within the [[Centaurus A/M83 Group]], a nearby [[galaxy group]].<ref name="karachentsevetal2002" /> [[Centaurus A]] is at the center of the other subgroup. These are sometimes identified as one group,<ref name="nbg" /><ref name="fouqueetal1992" /> and sometimes as two.<ref name="garcia1993" /> However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.<ref name="karachentsev2005" />


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[List of Messier objects]]
* [[List of Messier objects]]
* [[M83 (band)]], the band named after the galaxy
* [[M83 (band)]], the band named after the galaxy
Line 45: Line 87:
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=


<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad | title=M 83 | access-date=2009-11-29}}</ref>
<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad
| title = M 83
| access-date = 2009-11-29
}}</ref>


<ref name=Calzetti1999>{{cite journal
<ref name=Calzetti1999>{{cite journal
| title=The Structure and Morphology of the Ionized Gas in Starburst Galaxies: NGC 5253/5236
| title = The Structure and Morphology of the Ionized Gas in Starburst Galaxies: NGC 5253/5236
| last1 = Calzetti
| last1=Calzetti | first1=Daniela |author1-link= Daniela Calzetti | last2=Conselice | first2=Christopher J.
| first1 = Daniela
| last3=Gallagher | first3=John S. III | last4=Kinney | first4=Anne L.
| author1-link = Daniela Calzetti
| journal=The Astronomical Journal
| last2 = Conselice
| volume=118 | issue=2 | pages=797–816 | date=August 1999
| first2 = Christopher J.
| doi=10.1086/300972 | arxiv=astro-ph/9904428
| last3 = Gallagher
| bibcode=1999AJ....118..797C | s2cid=16296827 }}</ref>
| first3 = John S. III
| last4 = Kinney
| first4 = Anne L.
| journal = The Astronomical Journal
| volume = 118
| issue = 2
| pages = 797–816
| date = August 1999
| doi = 10.1086/300972
| arxiv = astro-ph/9904428
| bibcode = 1999AJ....118..797C
| s2cid = 16296827
}}</ref>


<ref name=Thim2003>{{citation
<ref name=Thim2003>{{citation
| title=The Cepheid Distance to NGC 5236 (M83) with the ESO Very Large Telescope
| title = The Cepheid Distance to NGC 5236 (M83) with the ESO Very Large Telescope
| last1=Thim | first1=Frank | last2=Tammann | first2=G. A.
| last1 = Thim
| first1 = Frank
| last3=Saha | first3=A. | last4=Dolphin | first4=A.
| last2 = Tammann
| last5=Sandage | first5=Allan | last6=Tolstoy | first6=E.
| first2 = G. A.
| last7=Labhardt | first7=Lukas | display-authors=1
| last3 = Saha
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| first3 = A.
| volume=590 | issue=1 | pages=256–270 | date=June 2003
| last4 = Dolphin
| doi=10.1086/374888 | arxiv=astro-ph/0303101
| first4 = A.
| bibcode=2003ApJ...590..256T | s2cid=121984029 }}</ref>
| last5 = Sandage
| first5 = Allan
| last6 = Tolstoy
| first6 = E.
| last7 = Labhardt
| first7 = Lukas
| display-authors = 1
| journal = The Astrophysical Journal
| volume = 590
| issue = 1
| pages = 256–270
| date = June 2003
| doi = 10.1086/374888
| arxiv = astro-ph/0303101
| bibcode = 2003ApJ...590..256T
| s2cid = 121984029
}}</ref>


<ref name=Romaniello2005>{{citation
<ref name=Romaniello2005>{{citation
| title=Very Large Telescope FORS1 Imaging Polarimetry of M83 (NGC 5236). I. Search for Light Echoes from Historical Supernovae
| title = Very Large Telescope FORS1 Imaging Polarimetry of M83 (NGC 5236). I. Search for Light Echoes from Historical Supernovae
| last1 = Romaniello
| last1=Romaniello | first1=Martino | last2=Patat | first2=Ferdinando
| first1 = Martino
| last3=Panagia | first3=Nino | last4=Sparks | first4=William B.
| last2 = Patat
| last5=Gilmozzi | first5=Roberto | last6=Spyromilio | first6=Jason
| first2 = Ferdinando
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| last3 = Panagia
| volume=629 | issue=1 | pages=250–258 | date=August 2005
| first3 = Nino
| doi=10.1086/431470 | arxiv=astro-ph/0505100
| last4 = Sparks
| bibcode=2005ApJ...629..250R | s2cid=118978264 }}</ref>
| first4 = William B.
| last5 = Gilmozzi
| first5 = Roberto
| last6 = Spyromilio
| first6 = Jason
| journal = The Astrophysical Journal
| volume = 629
| issue = 1
| pages = 250–258
| date = August 2005
| doi = 10.1086/431470
| arxiv = astro-ph/0505100
| bibcode = 2005ApJ...629..250R
| s2cid = 118978264
}}</ref>


<ref name=Cong2008>{{Cite journal
<ref name=Cong2008>{{Cite journal
| title=Spitzer Observations of Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Disk of M83 (NGC5236)
| title = Spitzer Observations of Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Disk of M83 (NGC5236)
| last1 = Dong
| last1=Dong | first1=Hui | last2=Calzetti | first2=Daniela|author2-link= Daniela Calzetti
| first1 = Hui
| last3=Regan | first3=Michael | last4=Thilker | first4=David
| last2 = Calzetti
| last5=Bianchi | first5=Luciana | last6=Meurer | first6=Gerhardt R.
| first2 = Daniela
| last7=Walter | first7=Fabian | display-authors=1
| author2-link = Daniela Calzetti
| journal=The Astronomical Journal
| last3 = Regan
| volume=136 | issue=1 | pages=479–497 | date=July 2008
| first3 = Michael
| doi=10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/479
| last4 = Thilker
| bibcode=2008AJ....136..479D | arxiv=0804.3632 | s2cid=119189782 }}</ref>
| first4 = David
| last5 = Bianchi
| first5 = Luciana
| last6 = Meurer
| first6 = Gerhardt R.
| last7 = Walter
| first7 = Fabian
| display-authors = 1
| journal = The Astronomical Journal
| volume = 136
| issue = 1
| pages = 479–497
| date = July 2008
| doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/479
| bibcode = 2008AJ....136..479D
| arxiv = 0804.3632
| s2cid = 119189782
}}</ref>


<ref name=Villa2012>{{Cite journal
<ref name=Villa2012>{{Cite journal
| title=The relation between surface star formation rate density and spiral arms in NGC 5236 (M 83)
| title = The relation between surface star formation rate density and spiral arms in NGC 5236 (M 83)
| last1=Silva-Villa | first1=E. | last2=Larsen | first2=S. S.
| last1 = Silva-Villa
| first1 = E.
| last2 = Larsen
| first2 = S. S.
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=537 | id=A145 | page=9 | date=January 2012
| volume = 537
| id = A145
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117432
| page = 9
| bibcode=2012A&A...537A.145S | arxiv=1111.1249 | s2cid=119295019 }}</ref>
| date = January 2012
| doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117432
| bibcode = 2012A&A...537A.145S
| arxiv = 1111.1249
| s2cid = 119295019
}}</ref>


<ref name=Tully2016>{{Cite journal
<ref name=Tully2016>{{Cite journal
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| last2 = Courtois
| title=Cosmicflows-3 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
| first2 = Hélène M.
| volume=152 | issue=2 | id=50 | page=21 | date=August 2016
| last3 = Sorce
| doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50 | bibcode=2016AJ....152...50T
| first3 = Jenny G.
| arxiv=1605.01765 | s2cid=250737862 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
| display-authors = 1
| title = Cosmicflows-3
| journal = The Astronomical Journal
| volume = 152
| issue = 2
| id = 50
| page = 21
| date = August 2016
| doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50
| bibcode = 2016AJ....152...50T
| arxiv = 1605.01765
| s2cid = 250737862
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>


<ref name=Skrutskie2006>{{cite journal
<ref name=Skrutskie2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/498708 |last1=Skrutskie |first1=Michael F. |last2=Cutri |first2=Roc M. |last3=Stiening |first3=Rae |last4=Weinberg |first4=Martin D. |last5=Schneider |first5=Stephen E. |last6=Carpenter |first6=John M. |last7=Beichman |first7=Charles A. |last8=Capps |first8=Richard W. |last9=Chester |first9=Thomas |last10=Elias |first10=Jonathan H. |last11=Huchra |first11=John P. |last12=Liebert |first12=James W. |last13=Lonsdale |first13=Carol J. |last14=Monet |first14=David G. |last15=Price |first15=Stephan |last16=Seitzer |first16=Patrick |last17=Jarrett |first17=Thomas H. |last18=Kirkpatrick |first18=J. Davy |last19=Gizis |first19=John E. |last20=Howard |first20=Elizabeth V. |last21=Evans |first21=Tracey E. |last22=Fowler |first22=John W. |last23=Fullmer |first23=Linda |last24=Hurt |first24=Robert L. |last25=Light |first25=Robert M. |last26=Kopan |first26=Eugene L. |last27=Marsh |first27=Kenneth A. |last28=McCallon |first28=Howard L. |last29=Tam |first29=Robert |last30=Van Dyk |first30=Schuyler D. |last31=Wheelock |first31=Sherry L. |title=The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=1 February 2006 |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=1163–1183 |bibcode=2006AJ....131.1163S |s2cid=18913331 |issn=0004-6256 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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| url = http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m83&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{WikiSky}}
* {{WikiSky}}
* [http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0136/ ESO Photo Release eso0136, An Infrared Portrait of the Barred Spiral Galaxy Messier 83]
* [http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0136/ ESO Photo Release eso0136, An Infrared Portrait of the Barred Spiral Galaxy Messier 83]
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112044352/http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M83.html M83 The Southern Pinwheel]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112044352/http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M83.html M83 The Southern Pinwheel]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/sn1957d.html X-rays Discovered From Young Supernova Remnant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617102630/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/sn1957d.html |date=17 June 2019 }} (SN 1957D)
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/sn1957d.html X-rays Discovered From Young Supernova Remnant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617102630/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/sn1957d.html |date=17 June 2019 }} (SN 1957D)
* {{cite web
* {{cite web|last=Bauer|first=Amanda|title=M83 – Southern Pinwheel Galaxy|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M83_southern_pinwheel.html|work=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author2=Haese, Paul}}
| last = Bauer
| first = Amanda
| title = M83 – Southern Pinwheel Galaxy
| url = http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M83_southern_pinwheel.html
| work = Deep Sky Videos
| publisher = [[Brady Haran]]
| author2 = Haese, Paul
}}
* [http://www.constellation-guide.com/messier-83-southern-pinwheel-galaxy/ Messier 83 (Southern Pinwheel Galaxy) at Constellation Guide]
* [http://www.constellation-guide.com/messier-83-southern-pinwheel-galaxy/ Messier 83 (Southern Pinwheel Galaxy) at Constellation Guide]


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 083}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 083}}
[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1752|17520223]]
[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Starburst galaxies]]
[[Category:Centaurus A/M83 Group]]
[[Category:Centaurus A/M83 Group]]
[[Category:Hydra (constellation)]]
[[Category:Hydra (constellation)]]
[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Messier objects|083]]
[[Category:Messier objects|083]]
[[Category:MCG objects|-05-32-050]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|48082]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|048082]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1752|17520223]]
[[Category:ESO objects|444-081]]
[[Category:UGCA objects]]
[[Category:IRAS catalogue objects|13341-2936]]
[[Category:Starburst galaxies]]
[[Category:UGCA objects|366]]

Latest revision as of 03:18, 15 December 2024

This article is about the galaxy. For the band, see M83 (band).

Messier 83
Messier 83 imaged by the Víctor M. Blanco Telescope in 2024
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationHydra
Right ascension13h 37m 00.919s[1]
Declination−29° 51′ 56.74″[1]
Redshift0.001721±0.000013[2]
Heliocentric radial velocity508 km/s[3]
Distance14.7 Mly (4.50 Mpc)[3]
Apparent magnitude (V)7.6[4]
Characteristics
TypeSAB(s)c[2]
Size36.24 kiloparsecs (118,000 light-years)
(diameter; 26.0 mag/arcsec2 B-band isophote)[2]
Apparent size (V)12′.9 × 11′.5[5]
Other designations
Southern Pinwheel Galaxy, ESO 444- G 081, IRAS 13341-2936, NGC 5236, UGCA 366, MCG -05-32-050, PGC 48082[6]

Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy[7] approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope.[8] Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects (now known as the Messier Catalogue) in March 1781.[8]

It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, and is visible with binoculars.[9] It has an isophotal diameter at about 36.24 kiloparsecs (118,000 light-years). Its nickname of the Southern[a] Pinwheel derives from its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy (M101).

Characteristics

[edit]
Messier 83 captured by the Wide Field Imager at ESO's La Silla Observatory in September 2008

M83 is a massive, grand design spiral galaxy.[10] Its morphological classification in the De Vaucouleurs system is SAB(s)c,[2] where the 'SAB' denotes a weak-barred spiral, '(s)' indicates a pure spiral structure with no ring, and 'c' means the spiral arms are loosely wound.[11] The peculiar dwarf galaxy NGC 5253 lies near M83,[12] and the two likely interacted within the last billion years resulting in starburst activity in their central regions.[10]

The star formation rate in M83 is higher along the leading edge of the spiral arms, as predicted by density wave theory.[13] NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer project on 16 April 2008 reported finding large numbers of new stars in the outer reaches of the galaxy—20 kpc from the center. It had been thought that these areas lacked the materials necessary for star formation.[14][15]

Supernovae

[edit]

Six supernovae have been observed in M83:

  • SN 1923A (type unknown, mag. 14) was discovered by Carl Otto Lampland on 5 May 1923.[16][17]
  • SN 1945B (type unknown, mag. 14.2) was discovered by William Liller on 13 July 1945.[18][19]
  • SN 1950B (type unknown, mag. 14.5) was discovered by Guillermo Haro on 15 March 1950.[20]
  • SN 1957D (type unknown, mag. 15)[21] was discovered by H. S. Gates on 28 December 1957.[22][23][24]
  • SN 1968L (type II-P, mag. 11.9)[25][26] was discovered by J. C. Bennett on 17 July 1968.[27]
  • SN 1983N (type Ia, mag. 11.9) was discovered by Robert Evans from Australia on July 3, 1983.[28][29] On July 6, it was observed with the Very Large Array and became the first type I supernova to have a radio emission detected. The supernova reached peak optical brightness on July 17, achieving an apparent visual magnitude of 11.54.[30] Although identified as type I, the spectrum was considered peculiar. A year after the explosion, about 0.3 M☉ of iron was discovered in the ejecta. This was the first time that such a large amount of iron was unambiguously detected from a supernova explosion.[31] SN 1983N became the modern prototype of a hydrogen deficient type Ib supernova, with the progenitor being inferred as a Wolf–Rayet star.[32]

Environment

[edit]

M83 is at the center of one of two subgroups within the Centaurus A/M83 Group, a nearby galaxy group.[33] Centaurus A is at the center of the other subgroup. These are sometimes identified as one group,[34][35] and sometimes as two.[36] However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  1. ^ Its declination means every day it passes the zenith of the sky at the matching parallel of the earth, which is that of northern Argentina. It can be viewed more than an ideal 15° above the horizon for a further 75° to the north, placing such a northern limit of good observation at the 45th parallel north
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