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{{Short description|an extinct Ohlone language}}
{{Short description|Extinct Ohlone language}}
{{distinguish|Santa Cruz language}}
{{distinguish|Santa Cruz language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Awaswas
| name = Awaswas
|nativename=Santa Cruz
| nativename = Santa Cruz
|states= [[United States]]
| states = [[United States]]
|region=[[California]]
| region = [[California]]
|extinct=?
| extinct = 19th century
| ref = <ref name="CLA">{{Cite web |title=Awaswas |url=https://cla.berkeley.edu/languages/awaswas.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=California Language Archive |language=en}}</ref>
|familycolor=American
| familycolor = penutian
|fam1=[[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]]
|fam2=[[Utian languages|Utian]]
| fam1 = [[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]]
|fam3=[[Ohlone languages|Ohlone]]
| fam2 = [[Utian languages|Utian]]
| fam3 = [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone]]
|fam4=Northern
| fam4 = Northern
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
|iso3=none
| iso3 = none
|iso3comment=(included in {{ethnolink|cst}})
| iso3comment = (included in {{ISO 639|cst|link=yes}} [cst])
|glotto=sant1428
| glotto = sant1428
|glottorefname=Santa Cruz (Northern Ohlone)
| glottorefname = Santa Cruz (Northern Ohlone)
| dialects = four varieties<ref name=":1" />
| map = File:Ohlone_color_map.svg
| mapcaption = Map of Ohlone varieties with {{legend inline|#d4b285|Awaswas}}
}}
}}


[[File:MissionSantaCruzCalifornia.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Chapel of the [[Mission Santa Cruz]], reconstruction.]]
[[File:MissionSantaCruzCalifornia.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Chapel of the [[Mission Santa Cruz]], reconstruction.]]


'''Awaswas''', or '''Santa Cruz''', is one of eight [[Ohlone languages]]. It was historically spoken by the [[Awaswas people]], an [[indigenous peoples of California|indigenous people of California]].
'''Awaswas''', or '''Santa Cruz''', is one of eight [[Ohlone languages]]. It was historically spoken by the [[Awaswas people]], an [[indigenous peoples of California|indigenous people of California]]. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since.<ref name="CLA" />


Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area but it was renamed to Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Milliken|first=Randall|last2=Shoup|first2=Laurence H.|last3=Oritz|first3=Beverly R.|date=2009|title=Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today|url=https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_ind_1/6|journal=Government Documents and Publications|pages=17-36}}</ref>
Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Milliken|first=Randall|last2=Shoup|first2=Laurence H.|last3=Oritz|first3=Beverly R.|date=2009|title=Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today|url=https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_ind_1/6|journal=Government Documents and Publications|pages=17-36}}</ref> 'Awaswas' is derived from the term {{lang|cst|ʔawas-was}}, meaning 'north-people from there'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Golla |first=Victor |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/668191602 |title=California Indian languages |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26667-4 |location=Berkeley |oclc=668191602}}</ref>
[[File:Utian_langs_(cropped).png|thumb|Area where the Utian languages were spoken]]
[[File:Utian_langs_(cropped).png|thumb|Area where the Utian languages were spoken]]


== History ==
== History ==


The Awaswas lived in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] and along the coast of present-day [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]] from present-day [[Davenport, California|Davenport]] to [[Aptos, California|Aptos]]. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the [[Mission Santa Cruz]].<ref>{{Cite web
The Awaswas lived in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] and along the coast of present-day [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]] from present-day [[Davenport, California|Davenport]] to [[Aptos, California|Aptos]]. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the [[Mission Santa Cruz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awaswas |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/awaswas.php |website=[[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]] |accessdate=2012-07-28}}</ref> However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1952 |editor-last=Heizer |editor-first=R. F. |title=California Indian Linguistic Records: The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart |url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar015-001.pdf |journal=Anthropological Records |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher=University of California Press |volume=15 |issue=1}}</ref> and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."<ref name=":0" />
| title = Awaswas
| work = [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-28
| url = http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/awaswas.php
}}</ref> However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1952|editor-last=Heizer|editor-first=R. F.|title=California Indian Linguistic Records: The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar015-001.pdf|journal=Anthropological Records|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press|volume=15|issue=1}}</ref> and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."<ref name=":0" />


The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of Italian, while others, such as [[Rumsen language|Rumsen]], [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]], and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."<ref name=":0" />
The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of Italian, while others, such as [[Rumsen language|Rumsen]], [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]], and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."<ref name=":0" />


In 2012, [[Ohlone people|Amah Mutsun]] Tribal Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."<ref>{{Cite news
In 2012, {{ill|Amah Mutsun|WD=Q111585476}} Tribal Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Donna Jones |date=2012-12-21 |title=Healing ceremonies recall California Mission heritage |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/watsonville/ci_22243087/healing-ceremonies-recall-california-mission-heritage |accessdate=2012-12-23}}</ref>
| last = Donna Jones
| title = Healing ceremonies recall California Mission heritage
| work = Santa Cruz Sentinel
| accessdate = 2012-12-23
| date = 2012-12-21
| url = http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/watsonville/ci_22243087/healing-ceremonies-recall-california-mission-heritage
}}</ref>



==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 03:34, 15 December 2024

Not to be confused with Santa Cruz language.
Awaswas
Santa Cruz
Native toUnited States
RegionCalifornia
Extinct19th century[1]
Yok-Utian
Dialectsfour varieties[2]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3(included in Northern Ohlone [cst])
Glottologsant1428
Map of Ohlone varieties with   Awaswas
Chapel of the Mission Santa Cruz, reconstruction.

Awaswas, or Santa Cruz, is one of eight Ohlone languages. It was historically spoken by the Awaswas people, an indigenous people of California. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since.[1]

Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages.[3] 'Awaswas' is derived from the term ʔawas-was, meaning 'north-people from there'.[4]

Area where the Utian languages were spoken

History

[edit]

The Awaswas lived in the Santa Cruz Mountains and along the coast of present-day Santa Cruz County from present-day Davenport to Aptos. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the Mission Santa Cruz.[5] However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan[2] and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."[3]

The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of Italian, while others, such as Rumsen, Mutsun, and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."[3]

In 2012, Amah Mutsun [Wikidata] Tribal Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."[6]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Awaswas". California Language Archive. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  2. ^ a b Heizer, R. F., ed. (1952). "California Indian Linguistic Records: The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart" (PDF). Anthropological Records. 15 (1). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  3. ^ a b c Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H.; Oritz, Beverly R. (2009). "Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today". Government Documents and Publications: 17–36.
  4. ^ Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4. OCLC 668191602.
  5. ^ "Awaswas". Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  6. ^ Donna Jones (2012-12-21). "Healing ceremonies recall California Mission heritage". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 2012-12-23.

References

[edit]
  • Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington, D.C: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. (map of villages, page 465)
  • Milliken, Randall. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910 Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. ISBN 0-87919-132-5 (alk. paper)
  • Teixeira, Lauren. The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997. ISBN 0-87919-141-4.
  • Yamane, Linda, ed. 2002. A Gathering of Voices: The Native Peoples of the Central California Coast. Santa Cruz County History Journal, Number 5. Santa Cruz, CA: Museum of Art & History. ISBN 0-940283-11-5
[edit]
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