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{{Short description|American politician (1793–1866)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|expiry=May 8, 2011|small=yes}}
{{for|the video game character|Cave Johnson (Portal)}}
{{Infobox US Cabinet official
{{Infobox officeholder
| name=Cave Johnson
| image=Cave Johnson.jpg
|name = Cave Johnson
|image = Cave Johnson.jpg
| image_width=200px
|office = 12th [[United States Postmaster General]]
| order=12th
|president = [[James K. Polk]]
| title=[[United States Postmaster General]]<ref name="miller-center">{{cite web|last=John|first=Pinheiro|title=Cave Johnson (1845–1849): Postmaster General|url=http://millercenter.org/president/polk/essays/cabinet/232|work=American President: An Online Reference Resource|publisher=University of Virginia|accessdate=15 December 2010}}</ref>
| term_start=March 6, 1845<ref name="miller-center"/>
|term_start = March 6, 1845
| term_end=March 4, 1849
|term_end = March 4, 1849
| predecessor=[[Charles A. Wickliffe]]
|predecessor = [[Charles A. Wickliffe]]
| successor=[[Jacob Collamer]]
|successor = [[Jacob Collamer]]
|office1 = Member of the<br>[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Tennessee]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1793|1|11|mf=y}}<ref name="miller-center"/>
|term_start1 = March 4, 1839
| birth_place=[[Robertson County, Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|term_end1 = March 3, 1845
| death_date={{death date and age|1866|11|23|1793|1|11}}<ref name="miller-center"/>
|predecessor1 = [[Richard Cheatham]]
| death_place=[[Clarksville, Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|successor1 = [[Lucien Bonaparte Chase]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref name="miller-center"/>
|constituency1= {{ushr|TN|9|C}} {{nowrap|(1843–1845)}}<br>{{ushr|TN|11|C}} {{nowrap|(1839–1843)}}
| spouse=
|term_start2 = March 4, 1829
| alma_mater=[[Cumberland College]]{{dn}}<ref name="miller-center"/>
|term_end2 = March 3, 1837
| profession=[[Politician]]<ref name="miller-center"/>
|predecessor2 = [[John Hartwell Marable]]
| religion=
|successor2 = [[Richard Cheatham]]
|constituency2= {{ushr|TN|11|C}} {{nowrap|(1833–1837)}}<br>{{ushr|TN|8|C}} {{nowrap|(1829–1833)}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1793|1|11}}
|birth_place = [[Tennessee County]], [[Southwest Territory]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1866|11|23|1793|1|11}}
|death_place = [[Clarksville, Tennessee]], U.S.
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = Elizabeth Dortch Brunson
|education = [[University of Nashville|Cumberland College]]
|signature = Signature of Cave Johnson.png
}}
}}
'''Cave Johnson''' (January 11, 1793 &ndash; November 23, 1866) was an American politician who served the state of [[Tennessee]] as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] congressman in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. Johnson was the 12th [[United States Postmaster General]] in the administration of [[James K. Polk]] from 1845 to 1849.
{{for|the character in [[Portal 2]]|Characters of Half-Life#Cave Johnson}}
'''Cave Johnson''' (January 11, 1793 &ndash; November 23, 1866) was for fourteen years a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] from [[Tennessee]]. He was also the [[United States Postmaster General]] under [[James K. Polk]] from 1845–1849. He was born in [[Robertson County, Tennessee]], and died in [[Clarksville, Tennessee]] of [[scurvy]].


==Early life==
During his tenure at Postmaster General he shifted the postal service from a [[collect on delivery]] postage delivery system to a prepaid postal delivery system by introducing the [[postage stamp]] in 1847. He is also credited with introducing street corner [[Letter box|mail box]]es in urban areas. He later served as president of the [[Bank of Tennessee]] from 1854 to 1860.
Johnson was born near present-day [[Springfield, Tennessee]] to Robert and Mary Noel Johnson. He was named for Rev. Richard Cave, a Baptist minister in the [[Travelling Church]] with whom Mary's mother, also named Mary Noel, had been acquainted in Kentucky. He suspected but could never prove a relation to William Cave Johnson of [[Boone County, Kentucky]].<ref name="titus">{{cite book|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=William T.|title=Picturesque Clarksville, Past and Present|year=1887}}</ref> He was studying at [[University of Nashville|Cumberland College]] when the [[War of 1812]] began, and organized a band of volunteers that [[Andrew Jackson]] declined. In 1813 he joined his father's militia unit in the [[Creek War]], returning to Nashville the next year to complete law studies in the firm of [[Parry Wayne Humphreys]].<ref name="moor">{{cite book|last=Moor|first=John Trotwood|title=Tennessee: The Volunteer State|volume=II|year=1923}}</ref>

==Career==
Johnson settled in [[Clarksville, Tennessee|Clarksville]] and served on its first board of aldermen. At the time of his first election to Congress in 1829, he owned an iron factory that employed both free and enslaved black workers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nebraska and Kansas|journal=Congressional Globe|volume=23|number=2|page=1305|date=May 24, 1854}}</ref> He advocated legal protection of slavery under the federal constitution, believing that this would prevent "moderate" southerners from being overwhelmed by secessionist [[Fire-Eaters]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Holman|title=Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850|year=2014}}</ref>

[[Samuel Morse]]'s proposal for the [[Baltimore–Washington telegraph line]] came before Congress for funding during Johnson's tenure. Johnson mocked the idea by introducing a [[Rider (legislation)|rider]] to fund research into [[animal magnetism]]. After the line was successfully demonstrated he apologized to Morse, calling the telegraph an "astonishing invention".<ref name="wheeler">{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Tom|title=From Gutenberg to Google|year=2019}}</ref>
[[File:State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg|left|thumb|Johnson (standing middle) in Polk's cabinet 1845]]
Johnson acted as a campaign manager for presidential candidate [[James K. Polk]] at both the Democratic party convention and for the general election. After his victory Polk appointed him [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]], which he held during the full term. He shifted the department from a [[collect on delivery]] system to a prepaid system by introducing the adhesive [[postage stamp]] in 1847. Johnson's duties included overseeing operation of the Baltimore–Washington line, which he struggled to make profitable as other private telegraph lines were constructed. He urged that telegraph lines not be left in unregulated private hands, concerned that they would ruin the Post Office while enriching those who held preferential information access, but his fellow Democrats were unreceptive.<ref name="wheeler"/><ref name="wolff">{{cite book|last=Wolff|first=Joshua D.|title=Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893|year=2013}}</ref>

He later served as a state circuit court judge and as president of the [[Third Bank of Tennessee]] from 1854 to 1860.<ref name="moor"/> During the secession crisis he joined the short-lived [[Southern Unionist|Union Party]] that sought to keep Tennessee loyal to the federal government. He joined in drafting an address that urged the state to remain in the Union while refusing to participate in coercive measures against the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]].<ref>{{cite book|author1-last=Hoss|author1-first=Elijah Embree|author2-last=Reese|author2-first=William B.|title=History of Nashville, Tenn.|year=1890}}</ref> Failing in this effort, he sided with the Confederacy but took no personal part in the war.<ref name="moor"/> After the [[Battle of Fort Donelson]] brought Clarksville under Union control, Johnson was one of three spokesmen who greeted the administering Union officer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoppin|first=James Mason|title=Life of Andrew Hull Foote, Rear Admiral|year=1874}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Tennessee Senate|state Senate]] in 1866, but allies of Republican Governor [[William G. Brownlow]] refused to seat him.

==Personal life==
Johnson proposed to Elizabeth Dortch in 1815. She rejected him for another suitor, embarrassing him so deeply that he dared not pursue a woman again for more than twenty years. His next proposal in 1838 was to the same Elizabeth Dortch, by then widowed. She accepted and they had three sons.<ref name="titus"/> Johnson was the maternal uncle of Lt. Col. [[Cave Johnson Couts]] of California


==References==
==References==
Line 29: Line 51:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{CongBio|J000122}}
{{CongBio|J000122}}
*{{Find a Grave|6009350}}
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6009350 Cave Johnson] at [[Find A Grave]]
* [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library], Emory University: [http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zh8v Cave Johnson papers, 1833-1948]

{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{U.S. Cabinet Official box
| before= [[Charles A. Wickliffe]]
| after= [[Jacob Collamer]]
| years= 1845 &ndash; 1849
| president= [[James K. Polk]]
| office= [[United States Postmaster General]]}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Hartwell Marable]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Hartwell Marable]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district]]|years=1829 &ndash; 1833}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Tennessee|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district]]|years=1829–1833}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David W. Dickinson]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David W. Dickinson]]}}
|-
{{s-new|district}}
{{s-new|constituency}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Tennessee's 11th congressional district]]|years=1833 &ndash; 1837}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Tennessee|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Tennessee's 11th congressional district]]|years=1833–1837}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Cheatham]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Cheatham]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Cheatham]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Cheatham]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Tennessee's 11th congressional district]]|years=1839 &ndash; 1843}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Tennessee|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Tennessee's 11th congressional district]]|years=1839–1843}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Milton Brown]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Milton Brown (politician)|Milton Brown]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harvey Magee Watterson]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James Iver McKay]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Tennessee's 9th congressional district]]|years=1843 &ndash; 1845}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|House Military Affairs Committee]]|years=1839–1840}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lucien Bonaparte Chase]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Waddy Thompson Jr.]]}}
{{end}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harvey Magee Watterson|Harvey Watterson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Tennessee|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Tennessee's 9th congressional district]]|years=1843–1845}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lucien Bonaparte Chase|Lucien Chase]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles A. Wickliffe]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Postmaster General]]|years=1845–1849}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jacob Collamer]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USPostGen}}
{{USPostGen}}
{{US House Armed Services chairs}}
{{Polk cabinet}}
{{Polk cabinet}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Johnson, Cave
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 11, 1793
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Robertson County, Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| DATE OF DEATH = November 23, 1866
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Clarksville, Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Cave}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Cave}}
[[Category:United States Postmasters General]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee]]
[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Clarksville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:People from Robertson County, Tennessee]]
[[Category:People from Robertson County, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Polk administration personnel]]
[[Category:Polk administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Bankers]]
[[Category:United States postmasters general]]
[[Category:Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Tennessee Jacksonians]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Tennessee Democrats]]
[[Category:American bankers]]

[[Category:American lawyers]]

[[Category:University of Nashville alumni]]
{{Tennessee-politician-stub}}
[[Category:19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives]]

[[bg:Кейв Джонсън]]
[[de:Cave Johnson]]
[[it:Cave Johnson]]
[[ja:ケイヴ・ジョンソン]]

Latest revision as of 05:16, 15 December 2024

For the video game character, see Cave Johnson (Portal).
Cave Johnson
12th United States Postmaster General
In office
March 6, 1845 – March 4, 1849
PresidentJames K. Polk
Preceded byCharles A. Wickliffe
Succeeded byJacob Collamer
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee
In office
March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1845
Preceded byRichard Cheatham
Succeeded byLucien Bonaparte Chase
Constituency9th district (1843–1845)
11th district (1839–1843)
In office
March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1837
Preceded byJohn Hartwell Marable
Succeeded byRichard Cheatham
Constituency11th district (1833–1837)
8th district (1829–1833)
Personal details
Born(1793-01-11)January 11, 1793
Tennessee County, Southwest Territory, U.S.
DiedNovember 23, 1866(1866-11-23) (aged 73)
Clarksville, Tennessee, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseElizabeth Dortch Brunson
EducationCumberland College
Signature

Cave Johnson (January 11, 1793 – November 23, 1866) was an American politician who served the state of Tennessee as a Democratic congressman in the United States House of Representatives. Johnson was the 12th United States Postmaster General in the administration of James K. Polk from 1845 to 1849.

Early life

[edit]

Johnson was born near present-day Springfield, Tennessee to Robert and Mary Noel Johnson. He was named for Rev. Richard Cave, a Baptist minister in the Travelling Church with whom Mary's mother, also named Mary Noel, had been acquainted in Kentucky. He suspected but could never prove a relation to William Cave Johnson of Boone County, Kentucky.[1] He was studying at Cumberland College when the War of 1812 began, and organized a band of volunteers that Andrew Jackson declined. In 1813 he joined his father's militia unit in the Creek War, returning to Nashville the next year to complete law studies in the firm of Parry Wayne Humphreys.[2]

Career

[edit]

Johnson settled in Clarksville and served on its first board of aldermen. At the time of his first election to Congress in 1829, he owned an iron factory that employed both free and enslaved black workers.[3] He advocated legal protection of slavery under the federal constitution, believing that this would prevent "moderate" southerners from being overwhelmed by secessionist Fire-Eaters.[4]

Samuel Morse's proposal for the Baltimore–Washington telegraph line came before Congress for funding during Johnson's tenure. Johnson mocked the idea by introducing a rider to fund research into animal magnetism. After the line was successfully demonstrated he apologized to Morse, calling the telegraph an "astonishing invention".[5]

Johnson (standing middle) in Polk's cabinet 1845

Johnson acted as a campaign manager for presidential candidate James K. Polk at both the Democratic party convention and for the general election. After his victory Polk appointed him Postmaster General, which he held during the full term. He shifted the department from a collect on delivery system to a prepaid system by introducing the adhesive postage stamp in 1847. Johnson's duties included overseeing operation of the Baltimore–Washington line, which he struggled to make profitable as other private telegraph lines were constructed. He urged that telegraph lines not be left in unregulated private hands, concerned that they would ruin the Post Office while enriching those who held preferential information access, but his fellow Democrats were unreceptive.[5][6]

He later served as a state circuit court judge and as president of the Third Bank of Tennessee from 1854 to 1860.[2] During the secession crisis he joined the short-lived Union Party that sought to keep Tennessee loyal to the federal government. He joined in drafting an address that urged the state to remain in the Union while refusing to participate in coercive measures against the Confederacy.[7] Failing in this effort, he sided with the Confederacy but took no personal part in the war.[2] After the Battle of Fort Donelson brought Clarksville under Union control, Johnson was one of three spokesmen who greeted the administering Union officer.[8] He was elected to the state Senate in 1866, but allies of Republican Governor William G. Brownlow refused to seat him.

Personal life

[edit]

Johnson proposed to Elizabeth Dortch in 1815. She rejected him for another suitor, embarrassing him so deeply that he dared not pursue a woman again for more than twenty years. His next proposal in 1838 was to the same Elizabeth Dortch, by then widowed. She accepted and they had three sons.[1] Johnson was the maternal uncle of Lt. Col. Cave Johnson Couts of California

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Titus, William T., ed. (1887). Picturesque Clarksville, Past and Present.
  2. ^ a b c Moor, John Trotwood (1923). Tennessee: The Volunteer State. Vol. II.
  3. ^ "Nebraska and Kansas". Congressional Globe. 23 (2): 1305. May 24, 1854.
  4. ^ Hamilton, Holman (2014). Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850.
  5. ^ a b Wheeler, Tom (2019). From Gutenberg to Google.
  6. ^ Wolff, Joshua D. (2013). Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893.
  7. ^ Hoss, Elijah Embree; Reese, William B. (1890). History of Nashville, Tenn.
  8. ^ Hoppin, James Mason (1874). Life of Andrew Hull Foote, Rear Admiral.
[edit]
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 8th congressional district
1829–1833 		Succeeded by
New constituency Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 11th congressional district
1833–1837 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 11th congressional district
1839–1843 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the House Military Affairs Committee
1839–1840 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 9th congressional district
1843–1845 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by United States Postmaster General
1845–1849 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cave_Johnson&oldid=1263186261"