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| name = 1988 MTV Video Music Awards
| name = 1988 MTV Video Music Awards
| image = 1988-mtv-vma-logo.jpg
| image = 1988-mtv-vma-logo.jpg
| location = [[Universal Amphitheatre]], Los Angeles
| location = [[Universal Amphitheatre]], [[Los Angeles]]
| country = United States
| country = United States
| date = Wednesday, September 7, 1988
| date = September 7, 1988
| host = [[Arsenio Hall]]
| host = [[Arsenio Hall]]
| most_awards = [[INXS]] (5)
| most_awards = [[INXS]] (5)
| most_nominations = INXS (9)
| most_nominations = INXS (9)
| network = [[MTV]]
| network = [[MTV]]
| producer = [[Dick Clark]] <br> [[Tom Freston]]
| producer = [[Dick Clark]]<br/>[[Tom Freston]]
| director = [[Bruce Gowers]]
| director = [[Bruce Gowers]]
| previous = [[1987 MTV Video Music Awards|1987]]
| previous = [[1987 MTV Video Music Awards|1987]]
| main = {{nowrap|[[MTV Video Music Award]]s}}
| main = {{nowrap|[[MTV Video Music Awards]]}}
| next = [[1989 MTV Video Music Awards|1989]]
| next = [[1989 MTV Video Music Awards|1989]]
}}
}}
The '''1988 MTV Video Music Awards''' aired live on September 7, 1988, from the [[Universal Amphitheatre]] in Los Angeles.<ref name="LAT review">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1874-story.html|title=COMMENTARY : There’s Nothing Hip About Snooze-Inducing MTV Show|last=Willman|first=Chris|date=September 9, 1988|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202111901/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1874-story.html|archive-date=December 2, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> Hosted by [[Arsenio Hall]],<ref name="LAT review"/> the show honored the best [[music videos]] released between May 2, 1987 and April 1, 1988.<ref name="LA Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1872-story.html|title=INXS Rocks Off With 5 Video Awards|date=September 9, 1988|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230628/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1872-story.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref>
The '''1988 MTV Video Music Awards''' aired live on September 7, 1988, from the [[Universal Amphitheatre]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="LAT review">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1874-story.html|title=COMMENTARY : There’s Nothing Hip About Snooze-Inducing MTV Show|last=Willman|first=Chris|date=September 9, 1988|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202111901/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1874-story.html|archive-date=December 2, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref> Hosted by [[Arsenio Hall]],<ref name="LAT review"/> the show honored the best [[music videos]] released between May 2, 1987 and April 1, 1988.<ref name="LA Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1872-story.html|title=INXS Rocks Off With 5 Video Awards|date=September 9, 1988|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230628/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-09-ca-1872-story.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref>


Australian rock band [[INXS]] was both the most-nominated and most-awarded artist at the show, winning five of their nine nominations, including the awards for [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] and [[MTV Video Music Award – Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]] for "[[Need You Tonight]]/[[Mediate (song)|Mediate]]".<ref name="LA Times"/> This marked the first of a few instances in VMA history where the same artist and music video won both awards at the same ceremony. Other artists with multiple nominations included [[George Harrison]] and [[U2]], who earned eight nominations each.
Australian rock band [[INXS]] was both the most-nominated and most-awarded artist at the show, winning five of their nine nominations, including the awards for [[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] and [[MTV Video Music Award – Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]] for "[[Need You Tonight]]/[[Mediate (song)|Mediate]]".<ref name="LA Times"/> This marked the first of a few instances in VMA history where the same artist and music video won both awards at the same ceremony. Other artists with multiple nominations included [[George Harrison]] and [[U2]], who earned eight each.


The category for Best Overall Performance in a Video was eliminated from the award lineup while the category for Most Experimental Video was renamed to "Breakthrough Video", a name it would keep until the [[2010 MTV Video Music Awards]], after which it was also removed from the lineup.
The category for Best Overall Performance in a Video was eliminated from the award lineup while the category for Most Experimental Video was renamed to "Breakthrough Video", a name it would keep until the [[2010 MTV Video Music Awards]], after which it was also removed from the lineup.


==Background==
==Background==
Nominees were announced on July 12.<ref>{{cite news |title=INXS tops MTV award nominees |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104978194/the-baltimore-sun/ |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=July 14, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> [[Dick Clark]] was announced as producer and [[Arsenio Hall]] was announced as a co-host in late July.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dick Clark, Arsenio Hall rule MTV music awards |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104978341/the-des-moines-register/ |work=[[The Des Moines Register]] |date=August 1, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> (No other co-host was ever announced.) Clark's hiring was rooted in MTV's desire to streamline the ceremony by bringing in a producer with experience in music and award ceremony broadcasting.<ref name="post-star">{{cite news |last=Bobbin |first=Jay |title=MTV readying awards show |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104978791/the-post-star/ |work=[[The Post-Star]] |date=September 3, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The ceremony broadcast was preceded by the ''1988 MTV Video Music Awards Pre-Game Show'', during which [[Ken Ober]] and [[Colin Quinn]] highlighted the nominated videos.<ref name="post-star"></ref>
Nominees were revealed on July 12, 1988.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104978194/the-baltimore-sun/|title=INXS tops MTV award nominees|date=July 14, 1988|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=July 5, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> [[Dick Clark]] was announced as the show's producer on August 1 while [[Arsenio Hall]] was named a co-host<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104978341/the-des-moines-register/|title=Dick Clark, Arsenio Hall rule MTV music awards|last=Rhein|first=Dave|date=August 1, 1988|work=[[The Des Moines Register]]|access-date=July 5, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>—no other co-host was subsequently announced. Clark's hiring was rooted in MTV's desire to streamline the ceremony by bringing in a producer with experience in music and award ceremony broadcasting.<ref name=post-star>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104978791/the-post-star/|title=MTV readying awards show|last=Bobbin|first=Jay|date=September 3, 1988|work=[[The Post-Star]]|access-date=July 5, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> On show-day, the live broadcast was preceded by the ''1988 MTV Video Music Awards Pre-Game Show'', during which [[Ken Ober]] and [[Colin Quinn]] highlighted the nominated videos.<ref name=post-star/>


== Performances ==
== Performances ==
Line 51: Line 51:
| [[Depeche Mode]]
| [[Depeche Mode]]
| "[[Strangelove (song)|Strangelove]]"
| "[[Strangelove (song)|Strangelove]]"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MTV highlights">{{cite web|url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/ayfsqn/highlights/brjsxp|title=Highlights|website=[[MTV.com]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220508015354/https://www.mtv.com/photos/ayfsqn/highlights/brjsxp|archive-date=May 8, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MTV highlights">{{cite web|url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/ayfsqn/highlights/brjsxp|title=Highlights|website=[[MTV.com]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220508015354/https://www.mtv.com/photos/ayfsqn/highlights/brjsxp|archive-date=May 8, 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Crowded House]]
| [[Crowded House]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Rolling Stone performers"/>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Rolling Stone performers"/>
|-
|-
| [[The Fat Boys]] (featuring [[Chubby Checker]])
| [[The Fat Boys]] <br /> [[Chubby Checker]]
| "[[Louie Louie]]"<br/>"[[The Twist (song)|The Twist]]"
| "[[Louie Louie]]"<br/>"[[The Twist (song)|The Twist]]"
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
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== Presenters ==
== Presenters ==
* [[David Coverdale]] and [[Tawny Kitaen]] – presented Best Group Video<ref name="LAT review"/><!--ref names then as presenters but not what award they presented-->
* [[David Coverdale]] and [[Tawny Kitaen]] – presented Best Group Video<ref name="LAT review"/><!--ref names then as presenters but not what award they presented-->
* [[Eric Roberts]] and [[Teri Garr]] – presented Best Video from a Film
* [[Eric Roberts]] and [[Teri Garr]]<ref name=post-star/> – presented Best Video from a Film
* [[Bryan Ferry]] and [[Melanie Griffith]] – presented Breakthrough Video
* [[Bryan Ferry]] and [[Melanie Griffith]]<ref name=post-star/> – presented Breakthrough Video
* [[Crowded House]] – presented Best New Artist in a Video
* [[Crowded House]] – presented Best New Artist in a Video
* [[Cassandra Peterson|Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]], and [[Magic Johnson]] – presented Best Concept Video<ref name="MTV highlights"/><!--ref names then as presenters but not what award they presented-->
* [[Cassandra Peterson|Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]], and [[Magic Johnson]] – presented Best Concept Video<ref name="MTV highlights"/><!--ref names then as presenters but not what award they presented-->
* [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince]] and [[Justine Bateman]] – presented Best Stage Performance in a Video
* [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince]] and [[Justine Bateman]]<ref name=post-star/> – presented Best Stage Performance in a Video
* [[Peter Gabriel]] – presented the Video Vanguard award to [[Michael Jackson]] during his acceptance segment in London<ref name="MTV highlights"/>
* [[Peter Gabriel]] – presented the Video Vanguard award to [[Michael Jackson]] during his acceptance segment in London<ref name="MTV highlights"/>
* [[Suzanne Vega]] and [[Robert Downey, Jr.]] – presented Best Direction in a Video
* [[Adam Curry]] and [[Kevin Seal]] – announced the winners for Best Special Effects, Best Art Direction, Best Editing, and Best Cinematography in a Video
* [[Suzanne Vega]]<ref name=post-star/> and [[Robert Downey Jr.]]<ref name=post-star/> – presented Best Direction in a Video
* [[Julie Brown]] and [[Downtown Julie Brown]] – presented Best Choreography in a Video; also appeared in pre-commercial segments about what was 'coming up' on the show
* [[Julie Brown]] and [[Downtown Julie Brown]] – presented Best Choreography in a Video; also appeared in pre-commercial segments about what was 'coming up' on the show
* [[The Bangles]] – presented Best Male Video
* [[The Bangles]] – presented Best Male Video
* [[Cyndi Lauper]] and [[Rod Stewart]] – presented Viewer's Choice
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]<ref name=post-star/> and [[Rod Stewart]] – presented Viewer's Choice
* [[Aerosmith]] – presented Best Female Video<ref name="MTV highlights"/>
* [[Aerosmith]] – presented Best Female Video<ref name="MTV highlights"/>
* [[Cher]] – presented Video of the Year (alongside host [[Arsenio Hall]])<ref name="MTV highlights"/>
* [[Cher]] and Hall – presented Video of the Year<ref name="MTV highlights"/>


== Winners and nominees ==
== Winners and nominees ==
Nominees were selected from "a list of 644 videos that were exhibited for the first time on MTV between May 2, 1987, and April 1, 1988."<ref name="voting">{{cite news |last=Ladd |first=Patty |title=Arsenio Hall, video stars at MTV awards |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105352876/the-central-new-jersey-home-news/ |work=[[Home News Tribune|The Central New Jersey Home News]] |agency=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] |date=September 4, 1988 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Two rounds of voting were used to first select ten semifinalists followed by five finalists in each category.<ref name="voting"></ref> Winners were selected in the third round of voting.<ref name="voting"></ref> The selection of semifinalists was open to "record company executives, record and video retailers, radio station program directors, the press, attorneys, agents, and artists," while the selection of finalists was open to the 1,800 members of MTV's Video Music Awards voting body.<ref name="voting"></ref> Winners were either selected by the Video Music Awards voting body (general categories), members of the music video industry (professional categories), or MTV viewers (Viewer's Choice and Hall of Fame).<ref name="voting"></ref>
Nominees were selected from "a list of 644 videos that were exhibited for the first time on MTV between May 2, 1987, and April 1, 1988."<ref name=voting>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105352876/the-central-new-jersey-home-news/|title=Arsenio Hall, video stars at MTV awards|last=Ladd|first=Patty|date=September 4, 1988|work=[[Home News Tribune|The Central New Jersey Home News]]|agency=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|access-date=July 10, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Two rounds of voting were used to first select ten semifinalists followed by five finalists in each category. Winners were selected in the third round of voting. The selection of semifinalists was open to "record company executives, record and video retailers, radio station program directors, the press, attorneys, agents, and artists," while the selection of finalists was open to the 1,800 members of MTV's Video Music Awards (VMA) voting body. Winners were selected by the VMA voting body (general categories), members of the music video industry (professional categories), or MTV viewers (Viewer's Choice and Hall of Fame).<ref name=voting/>


Winners are listed first and highlighted in '''bold'''.<ref name="LA Times"/>
Winners are listed first and highlighted in '''bold'''.<ref name="LA Times"/>
Line 223: Line 224:
** [[Suzanne Vega]] – "[[Luka (song)|Luka]]" (Director of Photography: [[Dariusz Wolski]])
** [[Suzanne Vega]] – "[[Luka (song)|Luka]]" (Director of Photography: [[Dariusz Wolski]])
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
*'''[[INXS]] – "[[Need You Tonight]]/[[Mediate (song)|Mediate]]"
*'''[[INXS]] – "[[Need You Tonight]]/[[Mediate (song)|Mediate]]"'''
** [[George Harrison]] – "[[When We Was Fab]]"
** [[George Harrison]] – "[[When We Was Fab]]"
** [[Bruce Springsteen]] – "[[Tunnel of Love (Bruce Springsteen song)|Tunnel of Love]]"
** [[Bruce Springsteen]] – "[[Tunnel of Love (Bruce Springsteen song)|Tunnel of Love]]"
Line 241: Line 242:
* [[Jim Turner (comedian)|Jim Turner]] (as "Randee of the Redwoods") – appeared in a pre-commercial segment telling viewers what was 'coming up' on the show
* [[Jim Turner (comedian)|Jim Turner]] (as "Randee of the Redwoods") – appeared in a pre-commercial segment telling viewers what was 'coming up' on the show
* [[Adam Curry]] and [[Kevin Seal]] – introduced the winners of the professional categories; also appeared in pre-commercial segments about what was 'coming up' on the show
* [[Adam Curry]] and [[Kevin Seal]] – introduced the winners of the professional categories; also appeared in pre-commercial segments about what was 'coming up' on the show
* [[Sam Kinison]] – performed a stand-up routine and introduced [[Guns N' Roses]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/32-most-outrageous-mtv-vmas-moments-of-all-time-169564/sam-kinison-stands-up-against-rehab-1988-227127/|title=32 Most Outrageous MTV VMAs Moments|last1=Weingarten|first1=Christopher R.|last2=Shipley|first2=Al|last3=Fischer|first3=Reed|last4=Johnston|first4=Maura|date=August 30, 2020|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130140346/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/32-most-outrageous-mtv-vmas-moments-of-all-time-169564/|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Sam Kinison]] – performed a stand-up routine and introduced [[Guns N' Roses]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/32-most-outrageous-mtv-vmas-moments-of-all-time-169564/sam-kinison-stands-up-against-rehab-1988-227127/|title=32 Most Outrageous MTV VMAs Moments|last1=Weingarten|first1=Christopher R.|last2=Shipley|first2=Al|last3=Fischer|first3=Reed|last4=Johnston|first4=Maura|author4-link=Maura Johnston |date=August 30, 2020|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130140346/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/32-most-outrageous-mtv-vmas-moments-of-all-time-169564/|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Penn & Teller]] – performed a magic routine<ref name="LAT review"/>
* [[Penn & Teller]] – performed a magic routine<ref name="LAT review"/>


Line 248: Line 249:


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.mtv.com/ Official MTV site]
*[https://www.mtv.com Official MTV site]


{{MTV Video Music Awards}}
{{MTV Video Music Awards}}

Latest revision as of 07:20, 15 December 2024

1988 MTV Video Music Awards
DateSeptember 7, 1988
LocationUniversal Amphitheatre, Los Angeles
CountryUnited States
Hosted byArsenio Hall
Most awardsINXS (5)
Most nominationsINXS (9)
Television/radio coverage
NetworkMTV
Produced byDick Clark
Tom Freston
Directed byBruce Gowers
← 1987 · MTV Video Music Awards · 1989 →

The 1988 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 7, 1988, from the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles.[1] Hosted by Arsenio Hall,[1] the show honored the best music videos released between May 2, 1987 and April 1, 1988.[2]

Australian rock band INXS was both the most-nominated and most-awarded artist at the show, winning five of their nine nominations, including the awards for Video of the Year and Viewer's Choice for "Need You Tonight/Mediate".[2] This marked the first of a few instances in VMA history where the same artist and music video won both awards at the same ceremony. Other artists with multiple nominations included George Harrison and U2, who earned eight each.

The category for Best Overall Performance in a Video was eliminated from the award lineup while the category for Most Experimental Video was renamed to "Breakthrough Video", a name it would keep until the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, after which it was also removed from the lineup.

Background

[edit]

Nominees were revealed on July 12, 1988.[3] Dick Clark was announced as the show's producer on August 1 while Arsenio Hall was named a co-host[4]—no other co-host was subsequently announced. Clark's hiring was rooted in MTV's desire to streamline the ceremony by bringing in a producer with experience in music and award ceremony broadcasting.[5] On show-day, the live broadcast was preceded by the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards Pre-Game Show, during which Ken Ober and Colin Quinn highlighted the nominated videos.[5]

Performances

[edit]
List of musical performances
Artist(s) Song(s) Ref.
Rod Stewart "Forever Young" [6]
Jody Watley "Some Kind of Lover" [7]
Aerosmith "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" [7]
Elton John "I Don't Wanna Go on with You Like That" (live from Miami) [7]
Depeche Mode "Strangelove" [8]
Crowded House "Better Be Home Soon" [7]
Michael Jackson "Bad" (live from London) [2]
Cher "Main Man" [7]
The Fat Boys
Chubby Checker 		"Louie Louie"
"The Twist"
Guns N' Roses "Welcome to the Jungle" [7]
INXS "New Sensation"

Presenters

[edit]

Winners and nominees

[edit]

Nominees were selected from "a list of 644 videos that were exhibited for the first time on MTV between May 2, 1987, and April 1, 1988."[9] Two rounds of voting were used to first select ten semifinalists followed by five finalists in each category. Winners were selected in the third round of voting. The selection of semifinalists was open to "record company executives, record and video retailers, radio station program directors, the press, attorneys, agents, and artists," while the selection of finalists was open to the 1,800 members of MTV's Video Music Awards (VMA) voting body. Winners were selected by the VMA voting body (general categories), members of the music video industry (professional categories), or MTV viewers (Viewer's Choice and Hall of Fame).[9]

Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.[2]

Video of the Year Best Male Video
Best Female Video Best Group Video
Best New Artist in a Video Best Concept Video
Best Video from a Film Breakthrough Video
Best Stage Performance in a Video Best Direction in a Video
Best Choreography in a Video Best Special Effects in a Video
Best Art Direction in a Video Best Editing in a Video
Best Cinematography in a Video Viewer's Choice
Video Vanguard Award
Michael Jackson

Other appearances

[edit]
  • Jim Turner (as "Randee of the Redwoods") and Kevin Seal – appeared in pre-commercial vignettes about Viewer's Choice voting procedures
  • Ken Ober – appeared in a couple of pre-commercial segments telling viewers what was 'coming up' on the show
  • Paul Reiser – performed a brief stand-up routine and introduced Jody Watley
  • Bobby McFerrin – sang the eligibility and voting rules for the 1988 VMAs
  • Jim Turner (as "Randee of the Redwoods") – appeared in a pre-commercial segment telling viewers what was 'coming up' on the show
  • Adam Curry and Kevin Seal – introduced the winners of the professional categories; also appeared in pre-commercial segments about what was 'coming up' on the show
  • Sam Kinison – performed a stand-up routine and introduced Guns N' Roses[10]
  • Penn & Teller – performed a magic routine[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Willman, Chris (September 9, 1988). "COMMENTARY : There's Nothing Hip About Snooze-Inducing MTV Show". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "INXS Rocks Off With 5 Video Awards". Los Angeles Times. September 9, 1988. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  3. ^ "INXS tops MTV award nominees". The Baltimore Sun. July 14, 1988. Retrieved July 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Rhein, Dave (August 1, 1988). "Dick Clark, Arsenio Hall rule MTV music awards". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved July 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Bobbin, Jay (September 3, 1988). "MTV readying awards show". The Post-Star. Retrieved July 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ Hellman, Peter (August 23, 2017). "MTV VMAs Announce Rod Stewart Performance (Really)". Stereogum. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Greene, Andy (August 27, 2014). "Readers' Poll: The 10 Best MTV VMAs Performances". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Highlights". MTV.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Ladd, Patty (September 4, 1988). "Arsenio Hall, video stars at MTV awards". The Central New Jersey Home News. Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved July 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Weingarten, Christopher R.; Shipley, Al; Fischer, Reed; Johnston, Maura (August 30, 2020). "32 Most Outrageous MTV VMAs Moments". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
[edit]
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