Lakshmi Puja: Difference between revisions

Explanatory note
	Hindu festival dates The Hindu calendar is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: māsa (lunar month), pakṣa (lunar fortnight) and tithi (lunar day). Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. amānta / pūrṇimānta. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa. A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar.
	v; t; e;

Lakshmi Puja
Lakshmi Puja
	Idol of the goddess during Lakshmi Puja
Observed by	Hindus
Type	Hindu
Date	Ashwayuja 30 (amanta tradition) ; Karthika 15 (purnimanta tradition)
2023 date	12 November
2024 date	1 November
Frequency	Annual
Related to	Deepavali and Tihar

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Lakshmi Puja or Lokkhi Pujo (Devnagari: लक्ष्मी पूजा, Bengali: লক্ষ্মী পূজা, Odia: ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା, Romanised: Lakṣmī Pūjā/ Loķhī Pūjō) is a Hindu occasion for the veneration of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Prosperity and the Supreme Goddess of Vaishnavism.^[1] The occasion is celebrated on the amavasya (new moon day) in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar month of Ashwayuja (according to the amanta tradition) or Kartika (according to the purnimanta tradition), on the third day of Deepavali (Tihar) in Nepal and most parts of India.^[1] In Odisha, Assam, Bengal this puja is celebrated five days after Vijaya Dashami.

Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity, visits her devotees and bestows good fortune and her blessings upon them. To welcome the Goddess, devotees clean their houses, decorate them with finery and lights, and prepare sweet treats and delicacies as offerings.^[1] Devotees believe that the happier Goddess Lakshmi is during her visit, the more she blesses the family with health and wealth.^[2]

In Assam, Odisha, and Bengal, Lakshmi Puja (ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା) or Lokkhi Pujo (লক্ষ্মী পূজা) is performed on Ashvin Purnima day on the month of Ashvin, the full moon day following Vijaya Dashami and Durga Puja. This puja is also known as Kojagori Lokkhi Pujo. Women worship the Goddess Lakshmi in the evening, after cleaning their house and decorating the floor of their houses with Jhunti (ଝୁଣ୍ଟି) , alpona or rangoli. It is celebrated in the evening with all family members participating in decorating and cleaning home as part of the puja.

Celebrations

India

Lakshmi is believed to roam the earth on the night of the Lakshmi Puja. She searches for households where she will be welcomed, in which she will enter and spread prosperity and good fortune.^[1] On the evening of Lakshmi Puja, people open their doors and windows to welcome Lakshmi, and place diya lights on their windowsills and balcony ledges to invite her in. During the days leading up to Diwali, people will clean, repair and decorate their homes to make them suitable for welcoming the goddess.^[1]

People wear new clothes or their best outfits as the evening approaches. Then, diyas are lit, pujas are offered to Lakshmi, and to one or more additional deities depending on the region of India; typically Ganesha, Saraswati, or Kubera.^[3] Lakshmi symbolises wealth and prosperity, and her blessings are invoked for a good year ahead.

On this day, the mothers, who work hard all year, are praised by the family. Mothers are seen to embody a part of Lakshmi, the good fortune and prosperity of the household.^[4] Small earthenware lamps filled with oil are lighted and placed in rows by some Hindus along the parapets of temples and houses. Some set diyas adrift on rivers and streams. Important relationships and friendships are also recognised during the day, by visiting relatives and friends, exchanging gifts and sweets.^[5]^[6]

It is popularly believed that Lakshmi likes cleanliness and will visit the cleanest house first. Hence, offerings of haldi (turmeric) and sindoor (vermilion) are made on this day. In certain regions, Lakshmi Puja consists of a combined puja of five deities: Ganesha is worshipped at the beginning of every auspicious act as Vighneshvara; the goddess Lakshmi is worshipped in her three forms: Mahalakshmi, the goddess of wealth and money, Mahasaraswati, the goddess of books and learning, and Mahakali. Kubera the treasurer of the gods is also worshipped.

In Bengal, the goddess Lakshmi is worshipped five days after Vijaya Dashami on the full moon day of Sharada. This is known as Kojagori Lokkhi Pujo (কোজাগরী লক্ষ্মী পুজো) in Bengali. On this day generally, the goddess is worshipped at night. She is also worshipped in the form of banana trees (কলা বউ), designed clay cover of utensils (সরা), accompanied by a small boat containing five drums. She is also worshipped on the eve of Deepavali which is commonly known as Dipanwita Lokkhi puja (দীপান্বিতা লক্ষ্মী পুজো) or Alakshmi Viday (Leaving of Alakshmi). The goddess is also worshipped in the month of Bhadra (August–September) on Thursdays. She is worshipped as rice put into a utensil (হাঁড়ি) which is changed annually. This worship is also practiced in the month of Poush (December–January).

In Odisha, Lakshmi Puja is an 11-day celebration where Goddess Lakshmi is worshiped in the form of Gajalakshmi. Gajalaxmi Puja (ଗଜ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା) traces its origin to Kumar Purnima which is also observed on this day – the last day of Ashwina month, marking the beginning of Kartika as per the Odia(ଓଡିଆ) calendar. Kumar Purnima is mostly dedicated to all unmarried girls.

In Assam, Lakshmi/Lakkhi puja (লক্ষ্মী পূজা) is celebrated five days after Vijoya Doshomi. Family members participates in decorating home entrances to welcome goddess Lakshmi. Prasad usually includes sweets, moong/gram, fruits etc.

Nepal

Lakshmi Puja is celebrated as a part of Tihar, a second national festival of Nepal after Dashain and followed by Chhath. In Nepal, it is celebrated for five days, which include Kag (crow) Tihar; Kukur (dog) Tihar; Gai (cow) Tihar in the morning and Lakshmi Puja at night; Maha puja (self puja); Goru (Ox and Bull) Tihar and Gobardhan puja; and finally, Bhai Tika (Bhai dhooj)—respectively the first, second, third, fourth and fifth days.

On Lakshmi Puja in Nepal, people buy gold and silver, precious gemstones, new utensils of copper, brass and bronze as a sign of good luck, prosperity, money and wealth. These are then used to worship Lakshmi at night. Nepalese people perform this worship at a place cleansed with holy water, cow dung and red mud; they light the whole house with candles and lamps. From Lakshmi Puja, Deusi/Bhailo is performed by gathering with friends.

Puja

In the beginning of the puja, the houses of devotees are cleaned, and rangoli is drawn at the doorstep to welcome the goddess Lakshmi.^[7] While there is no consensus of the standardised ritual to pray to the goddess, variations of the puja exist across the regions of the Indian subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia. However a central component in almost all forms of puja is the process of darshan, a form of devotion via the exchange of affectionate glances between an image of the deity and a devotee, initiating a relationship between the two. Other integral parts of puja come in the form of offerings given to the deity by the devotee, sanctifying the food (prasad) by divine contact, for the devotee to then distribute and consume.^[8]

Procedure

Before beginning the puja, Hindus consider it important to cleanse and purify the space where the puja is being carried out. For this, benzoin is lighted using either coal, or dried pancakes made of cow-dung. Its fumes of incense are considered to purify the atmosphere.

Once the place is cleansed, the puja begins by laying down a piece of new cloth on a raised platform. Handfuls of grains are sprayed in the centre of the cloth and a kalasha made of gold, silver, or copper is placed on top. Three-quarters of the kalasha is filled with water and betel nut, a flower, a coin, and a few rice grains are added to it. Five kinds of leaves are arranged (if a specified species is not available, leaves from a mango tree are used) and a small dish filled with rice grains is placed on the kalasha. A lotus is drawn over the rice grains with turmeric powder and the idol of goddess Lakshmi is placed over the top of the kalasha, and coins are placed around it.

An idol of Ganesha is placed in front of the kalasha, on the right-hand side pointing towards the south-west. Ink and business account books of the worshippers are kept on the platform. Specially blended oils made for puja are used with its ingredients varying, depending on the deity it's being offered to. A "Panchmukhi Diya" (Five faced lamp) accommodating five wicks are lit for this purpose. A special lamp is then lit in front of Lord Ganesha.

The puja begins by offering turmeric, kumkuma and flowers to the goddess Lakshmi. Turmeric, kumkuma, and flowers are offered to the water, later used for the puja. The river goddess Saraswati is invoked to become part of that water. Lakshmi is worshipped and invoked by reciting Vedic mantras, hymns and prayers addressed to her. Her idol is placed in a plate and is bathed with panchamrita (a mixture of milk, curd, ghee or clarified butter, honey, and sugar) and then with water containing a gold ornament or a pearl. Her idol is cleaned and placed back on the kalasha. A special lamp is then lit in front of goddess Lakshmi.

Offerings of sandal paste, saffron paste, garland of cotton beads or flowers, ittar (perfume), turmeric, kumkuma, abir, and gulal are then made to the goddess Lakshmi. Flowers and garlands, such as lotus, marigold, rose, chrysanthemums and leaves of bael (wood apple tree) are also offered. An incense stick is lit for her. An offering of sweets, coconut, fruits, and tambulam, is made later. Puffed rice and batasha (varieties of Indian sweets) are placed near the idol. Puffed rice, batasha, coriander seeds, and cumin seeds are poured or offered to her idol.

In the villages, a pot made of bamboo-canes measuring the paddy known as Nana' is filled up to the brink with freshly harvest paddy. Rice and lentils are also kept with the paddy. The `Mana' is the symbol of Mahalakshmi. Adoration of the goddess is done by offering fruits, coconut, banana, doob-grass, amla, curd, turmeric, flowers, incense etc. It is customary to read out the Odia text Lakshmi Purana while performing the puja.^[9]

A swastika symbol is also then drawn on the safe or vault in which the devotee keeps their valuables and it is worshipped as a symbol of Kubera.

Towards the end of the ritual, the aarti is performed which is dedicated to goddess Lakshmi. The aarti is accompanied by a small bell and is performed in a silent and sublime atmosphere.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. New York, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New York. p. 200. ISBN 0-8239-3180-3.
^ selvam, Kayalvizhi saravana. Arts Of Hindustan. Kayalvizhi saravana selvam. p. 80. ISBN 979-8-5088-2055-8.
^ Pintchman, Tracy. Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares, pp. 59–65. State University of New York Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7914-6596-9.
^ Lochtefeld, James G. "Diwali" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, pp. 200–201. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 9780823931798.
^ Jean Mead, How and Why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, ISBN 978-0-237-534-127
^ John Bowker, ed., Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions (Oxford UP, 2000), See Festivals
^ Rosen, Steven (2006). Essential Hinduism (1st ed.). United States of America: Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. p. 209. ISBN 0-275-99006-0.
^ Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism (2 ed.). New York, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. p. 529. ISBN 0-8239-3180-3.
^ ^a ^b Mohapatra, J (2013). Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals. Partridge Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 9781482816907.

External links

Ashta Lakshmi Deepa puja

[:0-1] Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. New York, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New York. p. 200. ISBN 0-8239-3180-3.

[2] selvam, Kayalvizhi saravana. Arts Of Hindustan. Kayalvizhi saravana selvam. p. 80. ISBN 979-8-5088-2055-8.

[tp-3] Pintchman, Tracy. Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares, pp. 59–65. State University of New York Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7914-6596-9.

[jgl-4] Lochtefeld, James G. "Diwali" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, pp. 200–201. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 9780823931798.

[ReferenceA-5] Jean Mead, How and Why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, ISBN 978-0-237-534-127

[6] John Bowker, ed., Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions (Oxford UP, 2000), See Festivals

[7] Rosen, Steven (2006). Essential Hinduism (1st ed.). United States of America: Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. p. 209. ISBN 0-275-99006-0.

[8] Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism (2 ed.). New York, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. p. 529. ISBN 0-8239-3180-3.

[JM-9] Mohapatra, J (2013). Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals. Partridge Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 9781482816907.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Deepavali occasion dedicated to the goddess Lakshmi}}
+{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}{{Short description|Deepavali occasion dedicated to the goddess Lakshmi}}{{Infobox holiday
-{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
-{{Infobox holiday
 | holiday_name  = Lakshmi Puja
 | type          = Hindu
@@ Line 10: / Line 7: @@
 | caption       = Idol of the goddess during Lakshmi Puja
 | observedby    = [[Hindu]]s
-| date          = Ashwayuja 30 ([[Hindu_calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) <br> Karthika 15 ([[Hindu_calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition)
+| date          = Ashwayuja 30 ([[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) <br> Karthika 15 ([[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition)
 | ends          =
-| date2022      = October 23
+| date2023      = 12 November
-| date2023      = October 28
+| date2024      = 1 November
 | celebrations  =
 | observances   =
@@ Line 22: / Line 19: @@
 {{Hindu festival date info}}
 {{Hinduism}}
-'''Lakshmi Puja''' ({{Lang-sa|लक्ष्मी पूजा|translit=Lakṣmī Pūjā}}) is a [[Hindu]] occasion for the veneration of [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity and the supreme goddess of [[Vaishnavism]]. The occasion is celebrated on the [[amavasya]] (new moon day) in the [[Bikram Sambat|Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar]] month of [[Ashwayuja]] (according to the [[Hindu_calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) or [[Kartik (month)|Kartika]] (according to the [[Hindu_calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition), on the third day of [[Diwali|Deepavali]] in most part of India. In Assam, Bengal, and Odisha, this puja is celebrated 5 days after [[Vijaya Dashami]].
+'''Lakshmi Puja''' or '''Lokkhi Pujo''' ([[Devnagari]]: लक्ष्मी पूजा, [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: লক্ষ্মী পূজা, [[Odia language|Odia]]: ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା, [[Romanised]]: Lakṣmī Pūjā/ Loķhī Pūjō) is a [[Hindu]] occasion for the veneration of [[Lakshmi]], the Goddess of Prosperity and the Supreme Goddess of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name=":0" /> The occasion is celebrated on the [[amavasya]] (new moon day) in the [[Bikram Sambat|Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar]] month of [[Ashwayuja]] (according to the [[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) or [[Kartik (month)|Kartika]] (according to the [[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition), on the third day of [[Diwali|Deepavali]] ([[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]]) in [[Nepal]] and most parts of [[India]].<ref name=":0" /> In Odisha, Assam, Bengal this puja is celebrated five days after [[Vijaya Dashami]].
-According to popular belief, [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and [[Vishnu]]'s wife, visits her devotees, and bestows good fortune and her blessings upon them. To welcome the goddess, devotees clean their houses, decorate them with finery and lights, and prepare sweet treats and delicacies as offerings. Devotees believe that the happier Lakshmi is during her visit, the more she blesses the family with health and wealth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=selvam |first=Kayalvizhi saravana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utUvEAAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+puja&pg=PA81 |title=Arts Of Hindustan |publisher=Kayalvizhi saravana selvam |isbn=979-8-5088-2055-8 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[Lakshmi]], the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity, visits her devotees and bestows good fortune and her blessings upon them. To welcome the Goddess, devotees clean their houses, decorate them with finery and lights, and prepare sweet treats and delicacies as offerings.<ref name=":0" /> Devotees believe that the happier Goddess Lakshmi is during her visit, the more she blesses the family with health and wealth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=selvam |first=Kayalvizhi saravana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utUvEAAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmi+puja&pg=PA81 |title=Arts Of Hindustan |publisher=Kayalvizhi saravana selvam |isbn=979-8-5088-2055-8 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref>
-In [[Assam]], [[Odisha]], and parts of [[Bengal]], ''Lokkhi Puja'' or ''Lakshmi Puja'' (লক্ষ্মী পূজা) is performed on [[Sharad Purnima|Ashvin Purnima]] day on the month of Ashvin, the full moon day following Vijaya Dashami and [[Durga Puja]]. This puja is also known as Kojagori Lokkhi Pujo. Women worship the goddess Lakshmi in the evening, after cleaning their house and decorating the floor of their houses with alpona, or [[rangoli]]. It is celebrated in the evening with all family members participating in decorating and cleaning home as part of the puja.
+In [[Assam]], [[Odisha]], and [[Bengal]], '''Lakshmi Puja (ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା)''' or '''Lokkhi Pujo''' (লক্ষ্মী পূজা) is performed on [[Sharad Purnima|Ashvin Purnima]] day on the month of Ashvin, the full moon day following [[Vijaya Dashami]] and [[Durga Puja]]. This puja is also known as ''Kojagori Lokkhi Pujo''. Women worship the [[Goddess Lakshmi]] in the evening, after cleaning their house and decorating the floor of their houses with Jhunti (ଝୁଣ୍ଟି) , [[alpona]] or [[rangoli]]. It is celebrated in the evening with all family members participating in decorating and cleaning home as part of the puja.
 ==Celebrations==
@@ Line 34: / Line 32: @@
 ===India===
-Lakshmi is believed to roam the earth on the night of the Lakshmi Puja.<ref>https://www.bspirituality.com/2019/10/lakshmi-puja-2020-2020.html</ref> On the evening of Lakshmi Puja, people open their doors and windows to welcome Lakshmi, and place ''diya'' lights on their windowsills and balcony ledges to invite her in.
+Lakshmi is believed to roam the earth on the night of the Lakshmi Puja. She searches for households where she will be welcomed, in which she will enter and spread prosperity and good fortune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James |title=The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8239-3180-3 |location=New York, USA |pages=200 |language=English}}</ref> On the evening of Lakshmi Puja, people open their doors and windows to welcome Lakshmi, and place ''diya'' lights on their windowsills and balcony ledges to invite her in. During the days leading up to Diwali, people will clean, repair and decorate their homes to make them suitable for welcoming the goddess.<ref name=":0" />
 People wear new clothes or their best outfits as the evening approaches. Then, ''[[Diya (lamp)|diyas]]'' are lit, pujas are offered to [[Lakshmi]], and to one or more additional deities depending on the region of India; typically [[Ganesha]], [[Saraswati]], or [[Kubera]].<ref name=tp>Pintchman, Tracy. ''Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares'', pp.&nbsp;59–65. State University of New York Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7914-6596-9}}.</ref> Lakshmi symbolises wealth and prosperity, and her blessings are invoked for a good year ahead.
@@ Line 46: / Line 44: @@
 In Bengal, the goddess Lakshmi is worshipped five days after Vijaya Dashami on the full moon day of Sharada. This is known as Kojagori Lokkhi Pujo (কোজাগরী লক্ষ্মী পুজো) in Bengali. On this day generally, the goddess is worshipped at night. She is also worshipped in the form of banana trees (কলা বউ), designed clay cover of utensils (সরা), accompanied by a small boat containing five drums. She is also worshipped on the eve of [[Diwali|Deepavali]] which is commonly known as Dipanwita Lokkhi puja (দীপান্বিতা লক্ষ্মী পুজো) or Alakshmi Viday (Leaving of Alakshmi). The goddess is also worshipped in the month of Bhadra (August–September) on Thursdays. She is worshipped as rice put into a utensil (হাঁড়ি) which is changed annually. This worship is also practiced in the month of Poush (December–January).
+In Odisha, Lakshmi Puja is an 11-day celebration where Goddess Lakshmi is worshiped in the form of [[Gajalakshmi]]. Gajalaxmi Puja (ଗଜ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା) traces its origin to Kumar Purnima which is also observed on this day – the last day of Ashwina month, marking the beginning of Kartika as per the Odia(ଓଡିଆ) calendar. Kumar Purnima is mostly dedicated to all unmarried girls.
-In [[Assam]], Lakshmi/Lakkhi puja (লক্ষ্মী পূজা) is celebrated five days after Vijoya Doshomi. Family members participates in decorating home entrances to welcome goddess Lakshmi. Prasad usually includes sweets, moong/gram, fruits etc
+In [[Assam]], Lakshmi/Lakkhi puja (লক্ষ্মী পূজা) is celebrated five days after Vijoya Doshomi. Family members participates in decorating home entrances to welcome goddess Lakshmi. Prasad usually includes sweets, moong/gram, fruits etc.
 ===Nepal===
-Lakshmi Puja is celebrated as a part of [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]], a second national festival of Nepal after [[Dashain]]. In Nepal, it is celebrated for five days, which include Kag (crow) Tihar; Kukur (dog) Tihar; Gai (cow) Tihar in the morning and Lakshmi Puja at night; Maha puja (self puja); Goru (Ox and Bull) Tihar and Gobardhan puja; and finally, Bhai Tika (Bhai dhooj)—respectively the first, second, third, fourth and fifth days.
+Lakshmi Puja is celebrated as a part of [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]], a second national festival of Nepal after [[Dashain]] and followed by [[Chhath]]. In Nepal, it is celebrated for five days, which include Kag (crow) Tihar; Kukur (dog) Tihar; Gai (cow) Tihar in the morning and Lakshmi Puja at night; Maha puja (self puja); Goru (Ox and Bull) Tihar and Gobardhan puja; and finally, Bhai Tika (Bhai dhooj)—respectively the first, second, third, fourth and fifth days.
-On Lakshmi Puja in Nepal, people buy gold and silver, precious gemstones, new utensils of copper, brass and bronze as a sign of good luck, prosperity, money and wealth. These are then used to worship Lakshmi at night. Nepalese people perform this worship at a place cleansed with holy water, cow dung and red mud; they light the whole house with candles and lamps. From Lakshmi Puja, [[Deusi]] and [[Bhailo]] is played by gathering with friends.
+On Lakshmi Puja in Nepal, people buy gold and silver, precious gemstones, new utensils of copper, brass and bronze as a sign of good luck, prosperity, money and wealth. These are then used to worship Lakshmi at night. Nepalese people perform this worship at a place cleansed with holy water, cow dung and red mud; they light the whole house with candles and lamps. From Lakshmi Puja, [[Deusi/Bhailo]] is performed by gathering with friends.
 ==Puja==
 [[File:Lakshmi Puja, Bhubaneswar - Oct 2010.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi Puja, Bhubaneshwar]]
-In the beginning of the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], the houses of devotees are cleaned, and [[rangoli]] is drawn at the doorstep to welcome the goddess Lakshmi. While there is no consensus of the standardised ritual to pray to the goddess, variations of the puja exist across the regions of the Indian subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia.
+In the beginning of the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], the houses of devotees are cleaned, and [[rangoli]] is drawn at the doorstep to welcome the goddess Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |title=Essential Hinduism |publisher=Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2006 |isbn=0-275-99006-0 |edition=1st |location=United States of America |pages=209 |language=English}}</ref> While there is no consensus of the standardised ritual to pray to the goddess, variations of the puja exist across the regions of the Indian subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia. However a central component in almost all forms of puja is the process of ''darshan'', a form of devotion via the exchange of affectionate glances between an image of the deity and a devotee, initiating a relationship between the two. Other integral parts of puja come in the form of offerings given to the deity by the devotee, sanctifying the food (''prasad'') by divine contact, for the devotee to then distribute and consume.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James |title=The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group Inc |year=2002 |isbn=0-8239-3180-3 |edition=2 |location=New York, USA |pages=529 |language=English}}</ref>
 ===Procedure===
 Before beginning the puja, Hindus consider it important to cleanse and purify the space where the puja is being carried out. For this, benzoin is lighted using either coal, or dried pancakes made of cow-dung. Its  fumes of incense are considered to purify the atmosphere.
 Once the place is cleansed, the puja begins by laying down a piece of new cloth on a raised platform. Handfuls of grains are sprayed in the centre of the cloth and a [[kalasha]] made of gold, silver, or copper is placed on top. Three-quarters of the kalasha is filled with water and betel nut, a flower, a coin, and a few rice grains are added to it. Five kinds of leaves are arranged (if a specified species is not available, leaves from a mango tree are used) and a small dish filled with rice grains is placed on the kalasha. A lotus is drawn over the rice grains with turmeric powder and the idol of goddess Lakshmi is placed over the top of the kalasha, and coins are placed around it.
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 [[Category:October observances]]
 [[Category:November observances]]
+[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]

v t e Festivals in the Hindu calendar
Major festivals	Ayudha Puja Chhath Diwali Durga Puja Ganesh Chaturthi Holi Krishna Janmashtami Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Rama Navami Thaipusam Vijayadashami
Harvest festivals	Bhogi Lohri Maghi Maghe Sankranti Makar Sankranti Makaravilakku Onam Pongal Pusnâ Shakrain
New year's days	Balipratipada Bohag Bihu Bisu Parba Chaitra Navaratri Cheti Chand Gudi Padwa Mesha Sankranti Mha Puja Jur Sital Navreh Nyepi Pana Sankranti Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Sajibu Nongma Panba Sankranti Ugadi Vaisakhi Vishu
Other festivals	Aadi Perukku Bhaubeej Datta Jayanti Dhanteras Gaura Parva Gowri Habba Hanuman Jayanti Kali Puja Karthika Deepam Karva Chauth Kashmiri Hindu festivals Lakshmi Puja Kumbh Mela Mahalakshmi Vrata Mahamaham Panguni Uthiram Pargat Diwas Raksha Bandhan Ratha-Yatra Savitri Vrata Teej Tulasi Vivaha Vaikasi Visakam
Holy days	Akshaya Tritiya Amalaka Ekadashi Amavasya Ananta Chaturdashi Ashadhi Ekadashi Guru Purnima Kamada Ekadashi Kartik Purnima Naga Panchami Naraka Chaturdashi Narali Purnima Nirjala Ekadashi Pausha Putrada Ekadashi Prabodhini Ekadashi Pradosha Rishi Panchami Sankashti Chaturthi Sharad Purnima Shayani Ekadashi Shravana Putrada Ekadashi Vaikuntha Ekadashi Varuthini Ekadashi Vasant Panchami Vat Purnima
Balinese festivals	Galungan Nyepi
Holy periods	Chaturmasya Pitru Paksha Uttarayana Dakshinayana
Hindu festivals