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| death_place = [[Tortuguitas]], Argentina
| death_place = [[Tortuguitas]], Argentina
| resting_place = Island of Skorpios Cemetery
| resting_place = Island of Skorpios Cemetery
| citizenship = Greek<br />Argentine
| citizenship =
{{hlist|Greece|Argentina}}
| alma_mater = [[Queen's College, London]]
| alma_mater = [[Queen's College, London]]
| occupation = Shipping magnate, socialite, heiress
| occupation = Shipping magnate, socialite, heiress
| spouse = {{plainlist|
| spouse = {{marriage|Joseph Bolker|1971|1972|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|Alexandros Andreadis|1975|1977|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|Sergei Kauzov|1978|1980|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|[[Thierry Roussel]]|1984|1987|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Joseph Bolker|1971|1972|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Alexandros Andreadis|1975|1977|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Sergei Kauzov|1978|1980|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Thierry Roussel]]|1984|1987|reason=divorced}}
}}
| children = [[Athina Onassis]]
| children = [[Athina Onassis]]
| parents = [[Aristotle Onassis]]<br/>[[Tina Onassis Niarchos]]
| parents = [[Aristotle Onassis]]<br/>[[Tina Onassis Niarchos]]
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}}
}}


'''Christina Onassis''' ({{lang-el|Χριστίνα Ωνάση}}; 11 December 1950&nbsp;– 19 November 1988) was a Greek businesswoman, socialite, and heiress to the Onassis fortune. She was the only daughter of [[Aristotle Onassis]] and [[Tina Onassis Niarchos|Athina Mary Livanos]].
'''Christina Onassis''' ({{langx|el|Χριστίνα Ωνάση}}; 11 December 1950 – 19 November 1988) was a Greek businesswoman, socialite, and heiress to the Onassis fortune. She was the only daughter of [[Aristotle Onassis]] and [[Tina Onassis Niarchos|Athina Mary "Tina" Livanos]].


==Early life and family==
==Early life and family==
Christina Onassis, the only daughter of the Greek shipping magnate [[Aristotle Onassis]] and his first wife, [[Tina Onassis Niarchos]], was born in New York City at the [[LeRoy Sanitarium]]. Her maternal grandfather was [[Stavros G. Livanos]], founder of the Livanos shipping empire. Onassis had an older brother, [[Alexander Onassis|Alexander]]. She and Alexander were raised and educated in France, [[Greece]], and England.<ref name=green>{{cite journal|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20100665,00.html|first=Michelle|last=Green|title=Fate's Captive: Dead at 37, Christina Onassis Leaves An Empire and Burdens She Could Never Escape to Her Daughter, Athina|journal=People Magazine|volume=30|issue=23|date=5 December 1988|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> She attended the [[Headington School, Oxford|Headington School]] in [[Oxford]] and [[Queen's College, London]] from 1968 to 1969.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=William|title=All the Pain Money Can Buy: The Life of Christina Onassis|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0-743-21163-4|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Poor Little Rich Girl – Christina Onassis |journal=Newsweek|year=1975|volume=86|page=349|publisher=Newsweek, Incorporated}}</ref>
Christina Onassis, the only daughter of the Greek shipping magnate [[Aristotle Onassis]] and his first wife, [[Tina Onassis Niarchos]], was born in [[New York City]] at the [[LeRoy Sanitarium]]. Her maternal grandfather was [[Stavros G. Livanos]], founder of the Livanos shipping empire. Onassis had an older brother, [[Alexander Onassis|Alexander]]. She and Alexander were raised and educated in France, [[Greece]], and England.<ref name=green>{{cite journal|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20100665,00.html|first=Michelle|last=Green|title=Fate's Captive: Dead at 37, Christina Onassis Leaves An Empire and Burdens She Could Never Escape to Her Daughter, Athina|journal=People Magazine|volume=30|issue=23|date=5 December 1988|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> She attended the [[Headington School, Oxford|Headington School]] in [[Oxford]] and [[Queen's College, London]] from 1968 to 1969.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=William|title=All the Pain Money Can Buy: The Life of Christina Onassis|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0-743-21163-4|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Poor Little Rich Girl – Christina Onassis |journal=Newsweek|year=1975|volume=86|page=349|publisher=Newsweek, Incorporated}}</ref>


Christina's parents divorced in 1960, precipitated by her father's affair with opera singer [[Maria Callas]]. He later married former [[First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]], widow of US President [[John F. Kennedy]], in 1968. Christina and Alexander reportedly distrusted Kennedy and never warmed to her. Christina's mother married [[Stavros Niarchos]] in 1971.<ref name=green/>
Christina's parents divorced in 1960, precipitated by her father's affair with opera singer [[Maria Callas]]. He later married former [[First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]], widow of US President [[John F. Kennedy]], in 1968. Christina and Alexander reportedly distrusted Kennedy and never warmed to her. Christina's mother married [[Stavros Niarchos]] in 1971.<ref name=green/>


Within a 29-month period, Christina lost her entire immediate family. Her brother Alexander died in a plane crash in [[Athens]] in 1973 at 24, which devastated the family. Her mother died of a suspected drug overdose in 1974, leaving Christina her $77 million estate. Her father's health deteriorated after Alexander's death, and he died in March 1975. After her father's death, Christina [[renunciation of United States citizenship|renounced her U.S. citizenship]] and donated the American portion of her holdings in her father's company to the [[American Hospital of Paris]] (she held dual citizenship in [[Greece]] and [[Argentina]] throughout her life).<ref name="ReferenceA">''Destiny Prevails: My life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina'', Paul J. Ioannidis, Livani Publishing, 2013</ref><ref name=saxon>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/20/obituaries/christina-onassis-shipping-magnate-dies-at-37.html|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|title=Christina Onassis, Shipping Magnate, Dies at 37|work=The New York Times|date=20 November 1988|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0j00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nOsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=778,3368363|first=Marlyn|last=Bender|title=Christina gives up U.S. citizenship|date=9 June 1975|work=The Miami News|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref>
Within a 29-month period, Christina lost her entire immediate family. Her brother Alexander died in a plane crash in [[Athens]] in 1973 at 24, which devastated the family. Her mother died of a suspected drug overdose in 1974, leaving Christina her $77 million estate. Her father's health deteriorated after Alexander's death, and he died in March 1975. After her father's death, Christina [[renunciation of United States citizenship|renounced her U.S. citizenship]] and donated the American portion of her holdings in her father's company to the [[American Hospital of Paris]] (she held dual citizenship in [[Greece]] and [[Argentina]] throughout her life).<ref name="ReferenceA">''Destiny Prevails: My life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina'', Paul J. Ioannidis, Livani Publishing, 2013</ref><ref name=saxon>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/20/obituaries/christina-onassis-shipping-magnate-dies-at-37.html|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|title=Christina Onassis, Shipping Magnate, Dies at 37|work=The New York Times|date=20 November 1988|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0j00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nOsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=778,3368363|first=Marlyn|last=Bender|title=Christina gives up U.S. citizenship|date=9 June 1975|work=The Miami News|accessdate=22 April 2013}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Upon Alexander's death, Aristotle Onassis began grooming his daughter to take over the family business. She was sent to New York City to work in his office. After Aristotle's death, she inherited 55% of his fortune, then estimated to be worth $500 million. The remaining 45% funded a foundation established in Alexander's memory, the [[Alexander S. Onassis Foundation]]. After a legal settlement, Jacqueline Onassis received $26 million from the estate. Christina was the focus of her father's attention until his death; he considered her his successor and trained her in the business operations of the Onassis business empire. She carried the mantle of the Onassis shipping empire, successfully running the business after her father's death.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=The Last Onassis|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/05/athina200505#|publisher=vanityfair.com|page=2|date=May 2005}}</ref>
Upon Alexander's death, [[Aristotle Onassis]] began grooming his daughter to take over the family business. She was sent to New York City to work in his office. After Aristotle's death, she inherited 55% of his fortune, then estimated to be worth $500 million. The remaining 45% funded a foundation established in Alexander's memory, the [[Alexander S. Onassis Foundation]]. After a legal settlement, Jacqueline Onassis received $26 million from the estate. Christina was the focus of her father's attention until his death; he considered her his successor and trained her in the business operations of the Onassis business empire. She carried the mantle of the Onassis shipping empire, successfully running the business after her father's death.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=The Last Onassis|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/05/athina200505#|publisher=vanityfair.com|page=2|date=May 2005}}</ref>


Christina received considerable media attention for her lavish lifestyle, spending habits, and turbulent personal life. Her frequent battles with her weight and inability to find lasting love left her unhappy, despite her wealth. She frequently went on [[Dieting|crash diets]] and would lose large amounts of weight, only to gain it back when she became depressed. Diagnosed with [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]] at the age of 30, she was prescribed [[barbiturate]]s, [[amphetamine]]s, and sleeping pills, to which she developed an addiction.<ref name=green/> Onassis was reportedly hospitalized for overdosing on sleeping pills in the 1970s.<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|title=Christina Onassis Dies; Investigation Ordered|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-11-20/news/mn-495_1_christina-onassis|work=Los Angeles Times|date=20 November 1988}}</ref>
Christina received considerable media attention for her lavish lifestyle, spending habits, and turbulent personal life. Her frequent battles with her weight and inability to find lasting love left her unhappy, despite her wealth. She frequently went on [[Dieting|crash diets]] and would lose large amounts of weight, only to gain it back when she became depressed. Diagnosed with [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]] at the age of 30, she was prescribed [[barbiturate]]s, [[amphetamine]]s, and sleeping pills, to which she developed an addiction.<ref name=green/> Onassis was reportedly hospitalized for overdosing on sleeping pills in the 1970s.<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|title=Christina Onassis Dies; Investigation Ordered|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-20-mn-495-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=20 November 1988}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
[[File:Christina Onassis and Sergei Kauzov 1978.jpg|thumb|left|Marriage of Christina Onassis and Sergei Kauzov on 2 August 1978]]
[[File:Christina Onassis and Sergei Kauzov 1978.jpg|thumb|left|Marriage of Christina Onassis and [[Sergei Kauzov]] on 2 August 1978]]
In a period of only 16 years, Onassis married four times, each ending in divorce. She wed her first husband, real estate developer Joseph Bolker, at age 20 in 1971. Bolker was a divorced father of four, 27 years her senior. Onassis's father reportedly disapproved and pressured her to divorce him. The marriage ended after nine months.<ref name=saxon/>
In a period of 16 years, Onassis married four times, each ending in divorce. She wed her first husband, real estate developer Joseph Bolker, at age 20 in 1971. Bolker was a divorced father of four, 27 years her senior. Onassis's father reportedly disapproved and pressured her to divorce him. The marriage ended after nine months.<ref name=saxon/>


Her second husband was Greek shipping and banking heir Alexander Andreadis, whom she married shortly after her father's death in 1975. They divorced after 14 months.
Her second husband was Greek shipping and banking heir Alexander Andreadis, whom she married shortly after her father's death in 1975. They divorced after 14 months.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}


Onassis's third husband was Russian shipping agent Sergei Kauzov, whom she married in 1978. They divorced the following year.
Onassis's third husband was Russian shipping agent [[Sergei Kauzov]], whom she married in 1978. They divorced the following year.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}


Her fourth and final marriage was to French businessman [[Thierry Roussel]] in 1984. Onassis and Roussel had a daughter, [[Athina Onassis|Athina]] (named after Onassis' mother), in 1985.<ref name=saxon/> They divorced after Onassis discovered that Roussel had fathered a child with his long-time mistress, Swedish model Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, during the marriage.<ref name=gage>{{cite web|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=The Last Onassis|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/05/athina200505|publisher=vanityfair.com|page=1|date=May 2005}}</ref>
Her fourth and final marriage was to French businessman [[Thierry Roussel]] in 1984. Onassis and Roussel had a daughter, [[Athina Onassis|Athina]] (named after Onassis' mother), in 1985.<ref name=saxon/> They divorced after Onassis discovered that Roussel had fathered a child with his long-time mistress, Swedish model Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, during the marriage.<ref name=gage>{{cite magazine|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=The Last Onassis|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/05/athina200505|magazine=Vanity Fair|page=1|date=May 2005}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
On 19 November 1988, Christina's body was found by her maid in the bathtub of a mansion in [[Tortuguitas]], outside of Buenos Aires, where she had been staying.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> An autopsy found no evidence of suicide, drug overdose or foul play, but found that Onassis had died of a heart attack caused by acute [[pulmonary edema]].<ref name=saxon/><ref name=gage/><ref name=CT19881121>{{cite news
On 19 November 1988, Christina's body was found by her maid in the bathtub of a mansion in [[Tortuguitas]], outside of [[Buenos Aires]], where she had been staying.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> An autopsy found no evidence of suicide, drug overdose or foul play, but found that Onassis had died of a heart attack caused by acute [[pulmonary edema]].<ref name=saxon/><ref name=gage/><ref name=CT19881121>{{cite news
| last = de Lama
| last = de Lama
| first = George
| first = George
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| publisher =
| publisher =
| date = 21 November 1988
| date = 21 November 1988
| url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-11-21/news/8802180303_1_marina-dodero-thierry-roussel-christina-onassis
| url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/11/21/onassis-died-of-natural-causes-autopsy-reportedly-indicates/
| accessdate = 10 October 2014}}</ref> She was 37 years old. A private [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] funeral was held for her on 20 November at a chapel on the Onassis-owned island of [[Skorpios]], where she was buried in the Onassis family plot alongside her father and brother.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=James F.|title='The Poor Little Rich Girl': Autopsy Held as Friends Mourn Christina Onassis|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-11-21/news/mn-354_1_christina-onassis|work=Los Angeles Times|date=21 November 1988}}</ref>
| access-date = 10 October 2014}}</ref> She was 37 years old. A private [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] funeral was held for her on 20 November at a chapel on the Onassis-owned island of [[Skorpios]], where she was buried in the Onassis family plot alongside her father and brother.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=James F.|title='The Poor Little Rich Girl': Autopsy Held as Friends Mourn Christina Onassis|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-21-mn-354-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=21 November 1988}}</ref>


Onassis willed her fortune, worth an estimated $250 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|250|1988|r=0|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}), to her only child, [[Athina Onassis|Athina]].<ref name=latimes/> Raised in [[Switzerland]] by her father, [[Thierry Roussel]], and his wife, Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, Athina gained control of half of the estate on her 18th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Onassis Heiress Turns 18, Inherits Billions|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125391|publisher=abcnews.go.com|date=29 January 2003}}</ref>
Onassis willed her fortune, worth an estimated $250 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|250|1988|r=0|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}), to her only child, [[Athina Onassis|Athina]].<ref name=latimes/> Raised in [[Switzerland]] by her father, [[Thierry Roussel]], and his wife, Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, Athina gained control of half of the estate on her 18th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Onassis Heiress Turns 18, Inherits Billions|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125391|publisher=abcnews.go.com|date=29 January 2003}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The Spanish composer [[Joaquín Sabina]] dedicated a song to Onassis called "Pobre Cristina" (Poor Christina) on his 1990 album ''[[Mentiras piadosas (Joaquín Sabina album)|Mentiras Piadosas]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}, the musician [[Patty Griffin]] also dedicated the song "[[Flaming Red|Christina]]" to Onassis.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}


==References and sources==
==References and sources==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
'''Sources'''
'''Sources'''
{{refbegin|1}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last= Ioannidis|first=Paul|year=2015|title= Destiny Prevails: My Life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina|location=New York|publisher=Significance Press-paperback or kindle edition|isbn=978-0990757474}}
* {{cite book|last= Ioannidis|first=Paul|year=2015|title= Destiny Prevails: My Life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina|location=New York|publisher=Significance Press-paperback or kindle edition|isbn=978-0990757474}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Argentine businesspeople]]
[[Category:Argentine businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Greek businesswomen]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in Argentina]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in Argentina]]
[[Category:Deaths from pulmonary edema]]
[[Category:Deaths from pulmonary edema]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine businesswomen]]

Latest revision as of 16:52, 15 December 2024

Christina Onassis
Christina Onassis in 1978
Born(1950-12-11)11 December 1950
New York City, U.S.
Died19 November 1988(1988-11-19) (aged 37)
Tortuguitas, Argentina
Resting placeIsland of Skorpios Cemetery
Citizenship
  • Greece
  • Argentina
Alma materQueen's College, London
Occupation(s)Shipping magnate, socialite, heiress
Spouses
Joseph Bolker
​
​
(m. 1971; div. 1972)​
Alexandros Andreadis
​
​
(m. 1975; div. 1977)​
Sergei Kauzov
​
​
(m. 1978; div. 1980)​
​
​
(m. 1984; div. 1987)​
ChildrenAthina Onassis
Parent(s)Aristotle Onassis
Tina Onassis Niarchos
RelativesAlexander Onassis (brother)

Christina Onassis (Greek: Χριστίνα Ωνάση; 11 December 1950 – 19 November 1988) was a Greek businesswoman, socialite, and heiress to the Onassis fortune. She was the only daughter of Aristotle Onassis and Athina Mary "Tina" Livanos.

Early life and family

[edit]

Christina Onassis, the only daughter of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his first wife, Tina Onassis Niarchos, was born in New York City at the LeRoy Sanitarium. Her maternal grandfather was Stavros G. Livanos, founder of the Livanos shipping empire. Onassis had an older brother, Alexander. She and Alexander were raised and educated in France, Greece, and England.[1] She attended the Headington School in Oxford and Queen's College, London from 1968 to 1969.[2][3]

Christina's parents divorced in 1960, precipitated by her father's affair with opera singer Maria Callas. He later married former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of US President John F. Kennedy, in 1968. Christina and Alexander reportedly distrusted Kennedy and never warmed to her. Christina's mother married Stavros Niarchos in 1971.[1]

Within a 29-month period, Christina lost her entire immediate family. Her brother Alexander died in a plane crash in Athens in 1973 at 24, which devastated the family. Her mother died of a suspected drug overdose in 1974, leaving Christina her $77 million estate. Her father's health deteriorated after Alexander's death, and he died in March 1975. After her father's death, Christina renounced her U.S. citizenship and donated the American portion of her holdings in her father's company to the American Hospital of Paris (she held dual citizenship in Greece and Argentina throughout her life).[4][5][6]

Career

[edit]

Upon Alexander's death, Aristotle Onassis began grooming his daughter to take over the family business. She was sent to New York City to work in his office. After Aristotle's death, she inherited 55% of his fortune, then estimated to be worth $500 million. The remaining 45% funded a foundation established in Alexander's memory, the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation. After a legal settlement, Jacqueline Onassis received $26 million from the estate. Christina was the focus of her father's attention until his death; he considered her his successor and trained her in the business operations of the Onassis business empire. She carried the mantle of the Onassis shipping empire, successfully running the business after her father's death.[7]

Christina received considerable media attention for her lavish lifestyle, spending habits, and turbulent personal life. Her frequent battles with her weight and inability to find lasting love left her unhappy, despite her wealth. She frequently went on crash diets and would lose large amounts of weight, only to gain it back when she became depressed. Diagnosed with clinical depression at the age of 30, she was prescribed barbiturates, amphetamines, and sleeping pills, to which she developed an addiction.[1] Onassis was reportedly hospitalized for overdosing on sleeping pills in the 1970s.[8]

Personal life

[edit]
Marriage of Christina Onassis and Sergei Kauzov on 2 August 1978

In a period of 16 years, Onassis married four times, each ending in divorce. She wed her first husband, real estate developer Joseph Bolker, at age 20 in 1971. Bolker was a divorced father of four, 27 years her senior. Onassis's father reportedly disapproved and pressured her to divorce him. The marriage ended after nine months.[5]

Her second husband was Greek shipping and banking heir Alexander Andreadis, whom she married shortly after her father's death in 1975. They divorced after 14 months.[citation needed]

Onassis's third husband was Russian shipping agent Sergei Kauzov, whom she married in 1978. They divorced the following year.[citation needed]

Her fourth and final marriage was to French businessman Thierry Roussel in 1984. Onassis and Roussel had a daughter, Athina (named after Onassis' mother), in 1985.[5] They divorced after Onassis discovered that Roussel had fathered a child with his long-time mistress, Swedish model Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, during the marriage.[9]

Death

[edit]

On 19 November 1988, Christina's body was found by her maid in the bathtub of a mansion in Tortuguitas, outside of Buenos Aires, where she had been staying.[4] An autopsy found no evidence of suicide, drug overdose or foul play, but found that Onassis had died of a heart attack caused by acute pulmonary edema.[5][9][10] She was 37 years old. A private Greek Orthodox funeral was held for her on 20 November at a chapel on the Onassis-owned island of Skorpios, where she was buried in the Onassis family plot alongside her father and brother.[11]

Onassis willed her fortune, worth an estimated $250 million (equivalent to $644 million in 2023), to her only child, Athina.[8] Raised in Switzerland by her father, Thierry Roussel, and his wife, Marianne "Gaby" Landhage, Athina gained control of half of the estate on her 18th birthday.[12]

References and sources

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Green, Michelle (5 December 1988). "Fate's Captive: Dead at 37, Christina Onassis Leaves An Empire and Burdens She Could Never Escape to Her Daughter, Athina". People Magazine. 30 (23). Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  2. ^ Wright, William (2000). All the Pain Money Can Buy: The Life of Christina Onassis. Simon and Schuster. p. 62. ISBN 0-743-21163-4.
  3. ^ "Poor Little Rich Girl – Christina Onassis". Newsweek. 86. Newsweek, Incorporated: 349. 1975.
  4. ^ a b Destiny Prevails: My life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina, Paul J. Ioannidis, Livani Publishing, 2013
  5. ^ a b c d Saxon, Wolfgang (20 November 1988). "Christina Onassis, Shipping Magnate, Dies at 37". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  6. ^ Bender, Marlyn (9 June 1975). "Christina gives up U.S. citizenship". The Miami News. Retrieved 22 April 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ Gage, Nicholas (May 2005). "The Last Onassis". vanityfair.com. p. 2.
  8. ^ a b "Christina Onassis Dies; Investigation Ordered". Los Angeles Times. 20 November 1988.
  9. ^ a b Gage, Nicholas (May 2005). "The Last Onassis". Vanity Fair. p. 1.
  10. ^ de Lama, George (21 November 1988). "Onassis Died Of Natural Causes, Autopsy Reportedly Indicates". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  11. ^ Smith, James F. (21 November 1988). "'The Poor Little Rich Girl': Autopsy Held as Friends Mourn Christina Onassis". Los Angeles Times.
  12. ^ "Onassis Heiress Turns 18, Inherits Billions". abcnews.go.com. 29 January 2003.

Sources

  • Ioannidis, Paul (2015). Destiny Prevails: My Life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina. New York: Significance Press-paperback or kindle edition. ISBN 978-0990757474.
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