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Grand Duchy of Oldenburg: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 53°8′38″N 8°12′50″E / 53.14389°N 8.21389°E / 53.14389; 8.21389
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{{Short description|Grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire}}
{{Short description|German state (1815–1918)}}
{{Other uses|Oldenburg (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Oldenburg (disambiguation)}}
{{Update-EB|date=September 2018}}
{{Update-EB|date=September 2018}}
{{Expand German|Großherzogtum Oldenburg|date=August 2012}}
{{Expand German|Großherzogtum Oldenburg|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = ''Großherzogtum Oldenburg''
| native_name = {{native name|de|Großherzogtum Oldenburg}}
| conventional_long_name = Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
| conventional_long_name = Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
| common_name = Oldenburg
| common_name = Oldenburg
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| p1 = First French Empire
| p1 = First French Empire
| flag_p1 = Flag of France.svg
| flag_p1 = Flag of France.svg
| p2 = Duchy of Oldenburg
| flag_p2 = Van Oldenburg wapen.svg
| border_p2 = no
| s1 = Free State of Oldenburg
| s1 = Free State of Oldenburg
| flag_s1 = Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of Oldenburg (St. George Cross).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Oldenburg (Scandinavian Cross).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Oldenburg (Scandinavian Cross).svg
| image_coat = Coats of arms Grand Duché d Oldenbourg.svg
| image_coat = Coats of arms Grand Duché d Oldenbourg.svg
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| image_map_caption = The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg within the [[German Empire]]
| image_map_caption = The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg within the [[German Empire]]
| capital = [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]]
| capital = [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]]
| coordinates = {{wikidatacoord|display=it}}
| national_anthem = "{{lang|de|{{ill|Heil dir, o Oldenburg|de}}}}"<br><small>"Hail to thee, O Oldenburg"</small>
| title_leader = [[Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Grand Duke]]
| title_leader = [[Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Grand Duke]]
| leader1 = [[Peter Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg| Wilhelm]]
| leader1 = [[Peter Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg| Wilhelm]]
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| year_leader5 = 1900–1918
| year_leader5 = 1900–1918
| title_deputy = [[:de:Großherzogtum Oldenburg#Staatsminister des Gro.C3.9Fherzogtums Oldenburg|Staatsminister]]
| title_deputy = [[:de:Großherzogtum Oldenburg#Staatsminister des Gro.C3.9Fherzogtums Oldenburg|Staatsminister]]
| deputy1 = Karl von Brandenstein
| deputy1 = [[Karl von Brandenstein]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_deputy1 = 1814–1842
| year_deputy1 = 1814–1842
| deputy2 = Franz Friedrich Ruhstrat
| deputy2 = [[Franz Friedrich Ruhstrat]] {{small|(last)}}
| year_deputy2 = 1916–1918
| year_deputy2 = 1916–1918
| currency = {{plainlist|
| currency = {{plainlist|
*[[Thaler]]<br /><small>(until 1858)</small>
*[[Thaler]]<br />{{small|(until 1858)}}
*[[Vereinsthaler]]<br /><small>(1858–1873)</small>
*[[Vereinsthaler]]<br />{{small|(1858–1873)}}
*[[German Goldmark]]<br /><small>(1873–1914)</small>
*[[German Goldmark]]<br />{{small|(1873–1914)}}
*[[German Papiermark]]<br /><small>(1914–1918)</small>}}
*[[German Papiermark]]<br />{{small|(1914–1918)}}}}
| religion = [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg|Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg]]
| religion = [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg|Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg]]
| today = [[Germany]]
| today = [[Germany]]
}}
}}


The '''Grand Duchy of Oldenburg''' ({{Lang-de|Großherzogtum Oldenburg}}, also known as '''Holstein-Oldenburg''') was a [[grand duchy]] within the [[German Confederation]], [[North German Confederation]] and [[German Empire]] that consisted of three widely separated territories: [[Oldenburg Land|Oldenburg]], [[Eutin]] and [[Birkenfeld]]. It ranked tenth among the German states and had one vote in the [[Bundesrat (German Empire)|Bundesrat]] and three members in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=71}}
The '''Grand Duchy of Oldenburg''' ({{Langx|de|Großherzogtum Oldenburg}}, also known as '''Holstein-Oldenburg''') was a [[grand duchy]] within the [[German Confederation]], [[North German Confederation]] and [[German Empire]] that consisted of three widely separated territories: [[Oldenburg Land|Oldenburg]], [[Eutin]] and [[Principality of Birkenfeld|Birkenfeld]]. It ranked tenth among the German states and had one vote in the {{lang|de|[[Bundesrat (German Empire)|Bundesrat]]}} and three members in the {{lang|de|[[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=71}}


Its ruling family, the [[House of Oldenburg]], also came to rule in [[Denmark]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Norway]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=72}}
Its ruling family, the [[House of Oldenburg]], also came to rule in [[Denmark]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Norway]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]]{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=72}} and [[United Kingdom]].


==History==
==History==
{{See also|Duchy of Oldenburg}}
{{See also|Duchy of Oldenburg}}


The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg came into existence in 1815 combining the territory of the old Duchy of Oldenburg with the Principality of [[Birkenfeld]]. Whilst Oldenburg was elevated to a Grand Duchy at the [[Congress of Vienna]], the first two Grand Dukes continued to style themselves as merely Dukes and it wasn't until 1829 that the newly acceded [[Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Augustus]] used the title of Grand Duke. Although paternalist, the early Grand Dukes did not grant a constitution until events overtook them in 1848.
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg came into existence in 1815 combining the territory of the old Duchy of Oldenburg with the [[Principality of Birkenfeld]]. Whilst Oldenburg was elevated to a grand duchy at the [[Congress of Vienna]], the first two grand dukes continued to style themselves as merely dukes and it was not until 1829 that the newly acceded [[Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Augustus]] used the title of grand duke. Although paternalist, the early grand dukes did not grant a constitution until events overtook them in 1848.


===The European Revolutions===
===The European Revolutions===
Oldenburg did not entirely escape from the [[Revolutions of 1848]] that swept across [[Europe]], but no serious disturbances took place therein. In 1849 Augustus granted a constitution of a very liberal character to his subjects. Hitherto his country had been ruled in the spirit of [[enlightened despotism]] which had been strengthened by the absence of a privileged class of nobles, the comparative independence of the peasantry, and the importance of the towns; thus a certain amount of friction was inevitable. In 1852 some modifications were introduced into the constitution, yet it remained one of the most progressive in the [[German Confederation]]. Important alterations were made in the administrative system in 1855 and again in 1868, and government oversight on church affairs was ordered by a law of 1863. In 1863, [[Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter II]], who had ruled since the death of his father Augustus in 1853, seemed inclined to press a claim to the vacant [[duchy of Schleswig]] and [[duchy of Holstein]], but ultimately in 1867 he abandoned this in favor of the Kingdom of Prussia and received some slight compensation. In 1866 he had sided with Prussia against the [[Austrian Empire]] during the Seven Weeks War and joined the [[North German Confederation]]. In 1871 the grand duchy became a state of the [[German Empire]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=72}}
Oldenburg did not entirely escape from the [[Revolutions of 1848]] that swept across [[Europe]], but no serious disturbances took place therein. In 1849 Augustus granted a constitution of a very liberal character to his subjects. Hitherto his country had been ruled in the spirit of [[enlightened despotism]] which had been strengthened by the absence of a privileged class of nobles, the comparative independence of the peasantry, and the importance of the towns; thus a certain amount of friction was inevitable. In 1852 some modifications were introduced into the constitution, yet it remained one of the most progressive in the [[German Confederation]]. Important alterations were made in the administrative system in 1855 and again in 1868, and government oversight on church affairs was ordered by a law of 1863. In 1863, [[Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter II]], who had ruled since the death of his father Augustus in 1853, seemed inclined to press a claim to the vacant [[Duchy of Schleswig]] and [[Duchy of Holstein]], but ultimately in 1867 he abandoned this in favor of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and received some slight compensation. In 1866 he had sided with Prussia against the [[Austrian Empire]] during the [[Austro-Prussian War|Seven Weeks War]] and joined the [[North German Confederation]]. In 1871 the grand duchy became a state of the [[German Empire]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=72}}


Oldenburg remained a monarchy until the [[German Revolution of 1918-1919]], when the last Grand Duke, [[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Frederick Augustus II]], abdicated and Oldenburg became a constituent state of the [[Weimar Republic]] as the [[Free State of Oldenburg]].
Oldenburg remained a monarchy until the [[German Revolution of 1918-1919]], when the last grand duke, [[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Frederick Augustus II]], abdicated and Oldenburg became a constituent state of the [[Weimar Republic]] as the [[Free State of Oldenburg]].


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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{{States of the German Empire}}
{{States of the German Empire}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Germany}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of}}

Latest revision as of 18:19, 15 December 2024

For other uses, see Oldenburg (disambiguation).
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
Großherzogtum Oldenburg (German)
1815–1918
Flag of Oldenburg
Flag
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg within the German Empire
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg within the German Empire
StatusState of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire
CapitalOldenburg
53°8′38″N 8°12′50″E / 53.14389°N 8.21389°E / 53.14389; 8.21389
Religion
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
Grand Duke 
• 1815–1823
Wilhelm
• 1823–1829
Peter I
• 1829–1853
Augustus
• 1853–1900
Peter II
• 1900–1918
Frederick Augustus II
Staatsminister 
• 1814–1842
Karl von Brandenstein (first)
• 1916–1918
Franz Friedrich Ruhstrat (last)
History 
1815
9 November 1918
Currency
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
First French Empire
Duchy of Oldenburg
Free State of Oldenburg
Today part ofGermany

The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (German: Großherzogtum Oldenburg, also known as Holstein-Oldenburg) was a grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire that consisted of three widely separated territories: Oldenburg, Eutin and Birkenfeld. It ranked tenth among the German states and had one vote in the Bundesrat and three members in the Reichstag.[1]

Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Russia[2] and United Kingdom.

History

[edit]
See also: Duchy of Oldenburg

The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg came into existence in 1815 combining the territory of the old Duchy of Oldenburg with the Principality of Birkenfeld. Whilst Oldenburg was elevated to a grand duchy at the Congress of Vienna, the first two grand dukes continued to style themselves as merely dukes and it was not until 1829 that the newly acceded Augustus used the title of grand duke. Although paternalist, the early grand dukes did not grant a constitution until events overtook them in 1848.

The European Revolutions

[edit]

Oldenburg did not entirely escape from the Revolutions of 1848 that swept across Europe, but no serious disturbances took place therein. In 1849 Augustus granted a constitution of a very liberal character to his subjects. Hitherto his country had been ruled in the spirit of enlightened despotism which had been strengthened by the absence of a privileged class of nobles, the comparative independence of the peasantry, and the importance of the towns; thus a certain amount of friction was inevitable. In 1852 some modifications were introduced into the constitution, yet it remained one of the most progressive in the German Confederation. Important alterations were made in the administrative system in 1855 and again in 1868, and government oversight on church affairs was ordered by a law of 1863. In 1863, Peter II, who had ruled since the death of his father Augustus in 1853, seemed inclined to press a claim to the vacant Duchy of Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein, but ultimately in 1867 he abandoned this in favor of the Kingdom of Prussia and received some slight compensation. In 1866 he had sided with Prussia against the Austrian Empire during the Seven Weeks War and joined the North German Confederation. In 1871 the grand duchy became a state of the German Empire.[2]

Oldenburg remained a monarchy until the German Revolution of 1918-1919, when the last grand duke, Frederick Augustus II, abdicated and Oldenburg became a constituent state of the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Oldenburg.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  1. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 71.
  2. ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 72.

Works cited

[edit]
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Oldenburg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72.
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