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{{Other uses|Bara (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Bara (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Bara
|name = Bara
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|map_type = Syria
|map_type = Syria
|map_alt =
|map_alt =
|latitude = 35.683
|longitude = 36.533
|map_size = 200
|map_size = 200
|location = [[Idlib Governorate]], Syria
|location = [[Idlib Governorate]], Syria
|region =
|region =
|coordinates =
|coordinates = {{coord|35.683|36.533|display=inline}}
|type = settlement
|type = settlement
|part_of = [[Dead Cities]]
|part_of = [[Dead Cities]]
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|excavations =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|archaeologists =
|condition = ruined
|condition = Ruins
|ownership = Public
|ownership = Public
|public_access = Yes
|public_access = Yes
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|pushpin_mapsize =250
|pushpin_mapsize =250
|settlement_type = Village
|settlement_type = Village
|coordinates_region = SY
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{Flag|Syria}}
|subdivision_name = {{Flag|Syria}}
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|subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Nahiyah]]
|subdivision_name3 = Ihsim
|subdivision_name3 = Ihsim
|government_type =
| parts_type = Control
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_name =
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|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|coordinates =
| latd=|latNS=N
| longd=|longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m =
|elevation_m =
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|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Bara''' or '''al-Bara''' ({{lang-ar|بارة}}) is one of the former "[[Dead Cities]]" in northwestern [[Syria]]. It is located in the [[Zawiya Mountain]] approximately {{convert|65|km}} north from [[Hama]] and approx. 80&nbsp;km southwest from [[Aleppo]]. Al-Bara is also town in Ariha district. According to the [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS), al-Bara had a population of 10,353 in the 2004 census.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB07-25-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004]. [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS). Idlib Governorate. {{ar icon}}</ref>
'''Bara''' or '''al-Bara''' ({{langx|ar|بارة}}) is one of the former "[[Dead Cities]]" in northwestern [[Syria]]. It is located in the [[Zawiya Mountain]] approximately {{convert|65|km}} north from [[Hama]] and approx. 80&nbsp;km southwest from [[Aleppo]]. Al-Bara is also a town in Ariha district. According to the [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS), al-Bara had a population of 10,353 in the 2004 census.<ref name="CBS">[http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB07-25-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201233314/http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB07-25-2004.htm |date=1 February 2016 }}. [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS). Idlib Governorate. {{in lang|ar}}</ref>


==History==
The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between [[Antioch]] and [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]]. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and [[olive oil]], it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries. When Muslims conquered the region and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch.
The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between [[Antioch]] and [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]]. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and [[olive oil]], it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries; this was aided by the plentiful underground water in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |first=Ross |last=Burns |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/701061115 |title=The monuments of Syria : a guide |date=2009 |publisher=I.B .Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-489-3 |oclc=701061115}}</ref> Agricultural development accelerated from the 5th century, with peasants digging to access underground springs rather than relying on waterfalls, the appearance of a network of wells and canals across the region, the cutting of private reservoirs in courtyards to collect rainwater, and the digging of large communal reservoirs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Kanjou|first1=Youssef|last2=Tsuneki|first2=Akira|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/967777503 |title=A history of Syria in one hundred sites |date=2016 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78491-381-6 |oclc=967777503}}</ref>


The site’s affluence is demonstrated by well-decorated stonework, industrial-scale olive presses and a small number of decorated monumental tombs from the 6th century. The settlement is one of the only mountain sites of the Dead Cities with more than a dozen hearths.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |first=Georges |last=Tchalenko |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/163449364 |title=Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le massif du Bélus à l'époque Romaine |date=1958 |publisher=Geuthner |oclc=163449364}}</ref> A series of ruined monasteries are close to the southern edge of the site, with Deir Sobat in good condition and Deir Debbane and al-Deir in a poorer state of repair.<ref name=":0" /> Church E5, in the centre of the complex, is particularly richly decorated, with the church layout and mosaic representations similar to those of nearby [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jean-Pascal |last=Fourdrin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1136129551 |title=Eglise E.5 d'El Bara |oclc=1136129551}}</ref>
In 1098, it was conquered by [[First Crusade|crusaders]] (from there they later set off to the infamous [[cannibalism|cannibalistic]] massacre of [[Ma`arat al-Numan]]) led by [[Raymond de Saint-Gilles]]. In 1123, the town was reconquered by Muslims who built a small [[fortress]]. Later in the 12th century, after a severe earthquake, the town was abandoned.

At the height of the [[Byzantine Empire]]’s power, the emperors increased their control over sites like Bara, strategically positioned to both protect mountain access and survey the more contested plains to the east.<ref name=":2" /> When [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslims conquered the region]] and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch under [[Peter I of Narbonne|Peter of Narbonne]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Westervelt|first1=Eric|title=Al Bara And Serjilla: A Taste of Syria's 'Dead Cities'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95939710|date=22 October 2008|publisher=npr.org|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> The centre of the town was excavated in 2007-2010, revealing a large mosque identified thanks to its fully preserved ''[[mihrab]]''. The excavation also uncovered a bath complex which had undergone four distinct phases of occupation: the construction of late [[Thermae|Roman thermal baths]], the conversion to ''[[hammam]]s'' during the early Islamic period, their abandonment during the 11th century, and their conversion to housing during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk period]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1098, Al-Bara was conquered by [[First Crusade|crusaders]] (from there they later set off to the infamous [[Human cannibalism|cannibalistic]] massacre of [[Ma`arat al-Numan]]) led by [[Raymond de Saint-Gilles]]. The town was taken by [[Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan|Ridwan]] in 1104 and retaken by [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] a year later. However, it was retaken by Muslims from 1119 to 1122. In 1123, the town was reconquered by [[Belek Ghazi]] who built a small [[fortress]]. By 1130, it was retaken by the crusaders of Antioch until it was finally controlled by [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nur ad-Din]] in 1148.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Edmond Pottier|author2=René Dussaud|author3=Gaston Migeon|title=Syria, Volume 25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tooeAAAAMAAJ&q=%221148%22|publisher=High Commission of the French Republic in Syria and Lebanon, French Institute of Archaeology in Beirut|year=1948|page=106|language=fr}}</ref> Later in the 12th century, after a severe earthquake, the town was abandoned.


Later, in the beginning of the 20th century, a modern village of the same name arose near the site of the ancient town and till today it has grown to the size of a small town.
Later, in the beginning of the 20th century, a modern village of the same name arose near the site of the ancient town and till today it has grown to the size of a small town.


Ruins are the most extensive of all Dead Cities and are scattered among fields, [[olive]] groves and orchards. Among many others, one can distinguish remains of at least five churches, three [[monastery|monasteries]], several [[villa]]s, two [[pyramid]]al tombs and one underground tomb.
Al-Bara's ruins are the most extensive of all Dead Cities and are scattered among fields, [[olive]] groves and orchards. Due to its long continuous inhabitation, the ruins are also some of the most varied of the Dead Cities.<ref name=":0" /> Among many others, one can distinguish remains of at least five churches, three [[monastery|monasteries]], several [[villa]]s, two [[pyramid]]al tombs and one underground tomb.


On 27 November 2024, HTS rebels captured the city from the Syrian Army.
⚫
==References==


== Gallery ==
{{Empty section|date=April 2013}}
<gallery>
File:Bara, Syria - 5163930898.jpg|Pyramidal tomb in Bara
File:Al-Bara Tomb interior (48701360).jpg|Byzantine sarcophagi in a pyramidal tomb in Bara
</gallery>

⚫
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5115/ Simeon Citadel and Dead Cities], Suggestion to have al-Bara recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site, in 2006, as part of "Simeon Citadel and Dead Cities"-project.
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5115/ Simeon Citadel and Dead Cities], Suggestion to have al-Bara recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site, in 2006, as part of "Simeon Citadel and Dead Cities"-project.
* [http://www.syriagate.com/Syria/about/cities/Idlib/albara.htm Syria Gate]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060329185803/http://www.syriagate.com/Syria/about/cities/Idlib/albara.htm Syria Gate]
* [http://www.middleeast.com/bara.htm MiddleEast.com]
* [http://www.middleeast.com/bara.htm MiddleEast.com]
* [http://www.pbase.com/image/111984255 Tens of pictures of this dead city]
* [http://www.pbase.com/image/111984255 Tens of pictures of this dead city]
* [https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=6362 Manar al-Athar photo archive]


⚫
{{commons category|Al-Bara}}
{{Idlib Governorate |Ariha}}
{{Idlib Governorate |Ariha}}


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[[Category:Dead Cities]]
[[Category:Dead Cities]]
[[Category:Populated places in Ariha District]]
[[Category:Populated places in Ariha District]]

{{Syria-hist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 21:58, 15 December 2024

For other uses, see Bara (disambiguation).

Bara
بارة
Ruins of Bara
Bara, Syria is located in Syria
Bara, Syria
Shown within Syria
LocationIdlib Governorate, Syria
Coordinates35°40′59″N 36°31′59″E / 35.683°N 36.533°E / 35.683; 36.533
Typesettlement
Part ofDead Cities
History
Founded4th century AD
Abandoned12th century AD
CulturesByzantine
Site notes
ConditionRuins
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes
Al-Bara
البارة
Village
Country Syria
GovernorateIdlib Governorate
DistrictAriha District
NahiyahIhsim
Population
 (2004 census)[1]
 • Total
10,353
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)

Bara or al-Bara (Arabic: بارة) is one of the former "Dead Cities" in northwestern Syria. It is located in the Zawiya Mountain approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) north from Hama and approx. 80 km southwest from Aleppo. Al-Bara is also a town in Ariha district. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Bara had a population of 10,353 in the 2004 census.[1]

History

[edit]

The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between Antioch and Apamea. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and olive oil, it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries; this was aided by the plentiful underground water in the area.[2] Agricultural development accelerated from the 5th century, with peasants digging to access underground springs rather than relying on waterfalls, the appearance of a network of wells and canals across the region, the cutting of private reservoirs in courtyards to collect rainwater, and the digging of large communal reservoirs.[3]

The site’s affluence is demonstrated by well-decorated stonework, industrial-scale olive presses and a small number of decorated monumental tombs from the 6th century. The settlement is one of the only mountain sites of the Dead Cities with more than a dozen hearths.[4] A series of ruined monasteries are close to the southern edge of the site, with Deir Sobat in good condition and Deir Debbane and al-Deir in a poorer state of repair.[2] Church E5, in the centre of the complex, is particularly richly decorated, with the church layout and mosaic representations similar to those of nearby Apamea.[5]

At the height of the Byzantine Empire’s power, the emperors increased their control over sites like Bara, strategically positioned to both protect mountain access and survey the more contested plains to the east.[4] When Muslims conquered the region and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch under Peter of Narbonne.[6] The centre of the town was excavated in 2007-2010, revealing a large mosque identified thanks to its fully preserved mihrab. The excavation also uncovered a bath complex which had undergone four distinct phases of occupation: the construction of late Roman thermal baths, the conversion to hammams during the early Islamic period, their abandonment during the 11th century, and their conversion to housing during the Mamluk period.[3]

In 1098, Al-Bara was conquered by crusaders (from there they later set off to the infamous cannibalistic massacre of Ma`arat al-Numan) led by Raymond de Saint-Gilles. The town was taken by Ridwan in 1104 and retaken by Tancred a year later. However, it was retaken by Muslims from 1119 to 1122. In 1123, the town was reconquered by Belek Ghazi who built a small fortress. By 1130, it was retaken by the crusaders of Antioch until it was finally controlled by Nur ad-Din in 1148.[7] Later in the 12th century, after a severe earthquake, the town was abandoned.

Later, in the beginning of the 20th century, a modern village of the same name arose near the site of the ancient town and till today it has grown to the size of a small town.

Al-Bara's ruins are the most extensive of all Dead Cities and are scattered among fields, olive groves and orchards. Due to its long continuous inhabitation, the ruins are also some of the most varied of the Dead Cities.[2] Among many others, one can distinguish remains of at least five churches, three monasteries, several villas, two pyramidal tombs and one underground tomb.

On 27 November 2024, HTS rebels captured the city from the Syrian Army.

[edit]
  • Pyramidal tomb in Bara
    Pyramidal tomb in Bara
  • Byzantine sarcophagi in a pyramidal tomb in Bara
    Byzantine sarcophagi in a pyramidal tomb in Bara

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004 Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Idlib Governorate. (in Arabic)
  2. ^ a b c Burns, Ross (2009). The monuments of Syria : a guide. I.B .Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-489-3. OCLC 701061115.
  3. ^ a b Kanjou, Youssef; Tsuneki, Akira (2016). A history of Syria in one hundred sites. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78491-381-6. OCLC 967777503.
  4. ^ a b Tchalenko, Georges (1958). Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le massif du Bélus à l'époque Romaine. Geuthner. OCLC 163449364.
  5. ^ Fourdrin, Jean-Pascal. Eglise E.5 d'El Bara. OCLC 1136129551.
  6. ^ Westervelt, Eric (22 October 2008). "Al Bara And Serjilla: A Taste of Syria's 'Dead Cities'". npr.org. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  7. ^ Edmond Pottier; René Dussaud; Gaston Migeon (1948). Syria, Volume 25 (in French). High Commission of the French Republic in Syria and Lebanon, French Institute of Archaeology in Beirut. p. 106.
[edit]
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