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{{Short description|Polyphonic synthesizer}}
{{Infobox synthesizer |
{{Infobox synthesizer
image=korg_dss1.jpg|
| image = Korg DSS-1 Digital Sampling Synthesizer.png
image_caption=|
| image_caption =
⚫
synth_name = DSS-1|
| image_size = 250
⚫
synth_manufacturer = [[Korg]]|
⚫
| synth_name = DSS-1
⚫
synthesis_type = [[Digital synthesizer|Digital]] [[Sample-based synthesis|Sample-based]] [[Subtractive synthesis|Subtractive]]|
⚫
| synth_manufacturer = [[Korg]]
⚫
polyphony = 8|
⚫
| synthesis_type = [[Digital synthesizer|Digital]] [[Sample-based synthesis|Sample-based]] [[Subtractive synthesis|Subtractive]]
⚫
timbrality = [[Monotimbral]] but multitimbrality can be obtained using multisamples spread across keyboard|
⚫
| polyphony = 8
⚫
oscillator = 12-bit waveforms/samples|
⚫
| timbrality = [[Monotimbral]] but multitimbrality can be obtained using multisamples spread across keyboard
filter = 8x NJM-2069|
⚫
| oscillator = 12-bit waveforms/samples
⚫
attenuator = 8x|
| filter = switchable 2-pole and 4-pole resonant low-pass
⚫
left_control = Joystick|
⚫
| attenuator = ADBSSR
lfo = 2 - pitch & filter|
⚫
| left_control = Joystick
⚫
keyboard = 61-key|
| lfo = 2
⚫
velocity = yes|
⚫
| keyboard = 61-key
⚫
aftertouch = yes|
⚫
| velocity = yes
⚫
memory = 256kb-2Mb|
⚫
| aftertouch = yes
⚫
ext_control = MIDI|
⚫
| memory = 256kb-2Mb
fx = 2x DDL|
⚫
| ext_control = MIDI
dates = September 1985 - |
| fx = Stereo digital delay
price = $2600|
| dates = 1986
| price = [[Pound sterling|£]]2,259<ref name="mz11190-korg-dss-1" /><ref name="mz1962-korg-dss-1" />
}}
}}
The '''[[Korg]] DSS-1''' is a 12-bit polyphonic sampling [[synthesizer]] released in September 1985. It came out at a time when many of the popular synthesizer companies were beginning to get into sampling, an area of sound design that had previously been left to a handful of fledgling companies such as [[Fairlight (company)|Fairlight]], [[E-mu Systems|E-mu]], and [[Ensoniq]]. Like [[Yamaha]] and [[Casio]], however, Korg did not stay long in the sampling arena. The DSS-1 (along with the rackmount DSM-1) was the company's only sampler until 1998 when Korg introduced sampling options on their [[Korg Triton|Triton]] and Trinity series of workstations, and on their [[Korg Electribe|Electribe]] series of drum-and-phrase samplers.


The '''Korg DSS-1''' (Digital Sampling Synthesizer) is a polyphonic sampling [[synthesizer]] released by [[Korg]] in 1986. As Korg's initial entry into the sampling market, the DSS-1 combines sampling, additive synthesis, and waveform drawing with an analog signal path.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bjørn |first=Kim |title=Patch & Tweak with KORG |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Bjooks |isbn=978-8799999552 |pages=182}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Gordon |date=November 2002 |title=The History Of Korg: Part 2 |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/music-business/history-korg-part-2 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Sound On Sound}}</ref> The DSS-1 was released a time when major synthesizer manufacturers like [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] and [[Casio]] were beginning to explore sampling, an area of sound design dominated by companies like [[Fairlight (company)|Fairlight]], [[E-mu Systems|E-mu]], and [[Ensoniq]]. Korg did not stay long in the sampling arena; the DSS-1 (along with the rackmount DSM-1) was the company's only sampler until 1998 when Korg introduced sampling options on their [[Korg Triton|Triton]] and [[Korg Trinity|Trinity]] series of workstations.
⚫
==Concept and features==


⚫
==Sounds and features==
The DSS-1 is a 12-bit [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]] with analog filters and envelopes. It can sample at 12 bit resolution, with a maximum [[sampling frequency]] of 48&nbsp;kHz.<ref>[http://glenstegner.com/dss1/dss-1-om.htm] User's manual and service manual for the DSS_1</ref> The usual sample editing features are included, such as truncate, loop, crossfade, keymapping, and so on. Multisamples can contain up to 16 individual samples. A single floppy disk can hold 4 "systems", each of which stores 32 patches including all subtractive synthesis parameters and the multisamples used in those patches. The maximum internal sample memory is 256k on a factory standard unit, with some (now rare and hard-to-find) hardware upgrades that increased the memory up to 2MB. A single DSS-1 floppy disk can hold up to 512k worth of multisamples, but only a max of 256k can be loaded into the machine's internal memory.
The DSS-1 features a five-octave keyboard, a [[Floppy disk variants|3.5-inch disk]] drive, and a performance [[joystick]] on the left side. The top panel includes sliders for Master volume and tuning, data entry sliders A and B with step buttons, an LCD screen, a keypad, cursor buttons, and various operational buttons. It combines three synthesis methods: [[Sampling (music)|sampling]], [[Additive synthesis|additive harmonic synthesis]], and hand-drawn waveform creation.<ref name="mz1962-korg-dss-1">{{cite magazine |last=Jenkins |first=Mark |date=Apr 1987 |title=Korg DSS-1 |url=http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/korg-dss-1/1962 |access-date=2024-04-11 |magazine=Sound On Sound |publisher=SOS Publications Ltd. |location=United Kingdom |pages=40-42}}</ref><ref name="mz11190-korg-dss-1">{{cite magazine |last=Fishman |first=Paul |date=Nov 1986 |title=Korg DSS-1 |url=https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/korg-dss-1/11190 |access-date=2024-04-11 |magazine=International Musician & Recording World |publisher=Cover Publications Ltd, Northern & Shell Ltd. |location=United Kingdom |pages=84-87}}</ref>


Like most digital-analog hybrid synthesizers, its architecture is set up much in the same way as on a standard subtractive analog [[synthesizer]]. The subtractive analog engine on the DSS-1 allows for two oscillators to be combined and/or detuned. For each oscillator, one of 16 single-cycle waveform loops or full samples can be selected. Also on board the DSS-1 is a simple, non-realtime additive synthesis engine. This allows you to create single-cycle waveforms by either drawing them with a data slider, or by setting the relative amplitude levels of 128 sine waves. These digital oscillators are then fed through a fully resonant VCF and a VCA section. The DSS-1 has the same VCF as on the Korg DW series and the [[Korg Poly-800|Poly-800]] (Korg custom filter # NJM-2069). The DSS-1, unlike the DW series or the Poly-800 allows the filter to be switched between 12dB and 24dB modes.
The sampler is [[Audio bit depth|12-bit]] and supports fixed [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampling rates]] of 16, 24, 32, and 48kHz. The maximum duration for recording varies, with the longest being 16 seconds at 16kHz and the shortest at 5.5 seconds at 48kHz. To record, users navigate a menu system to choose the sampling rate, determine the number of divisions within a sample, and select the key number for each sample. Features for looping include an automatic looping function, as well as [[Fade (audio engineering)|crossfade]] and bidirectional looping options for seamless loop creation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Paul |date=November 1997 |title=Korg DSS1 |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/korg-dss1 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Sound On Sound}}</ref> The DSS-1 also features a simple additive harmonic synthesis engine that allows users to create single-cycle waveforms by either drawing them with a data slider or by setting the relative amplitude levels of 128 sine waves to create complex waveforms as well as the standard [[Sawtooth wave|sawtooth]], [[Square wave|square]] and [[Sine wave|sine]] waves.<ref name="mz1712-the-synth-that-samples" />


The DSS-1's synthesis structure resembles that of a traditional subtractive analog synthesizer, featuring two oscillators, [[Voltage-controlled filter|voltage-controlled filters]] (VCF) and [[Variable-gain amplifier|voltage-controlled amplifiers]] (VCA). The VCFs can be switched between 24dB and 12dB per octave slopes and incorporate keyboard tracking and an extended ADBSSR (Attack, Decay, Breakpoint, Slope, Sustain, Release) [[Envelope (music)|envelope generator]] that Korg first introduced with the [[Korg Poly-800|Poly-800]]. This envelope enables the insertion of an additional attack or decay phase before reaching the sustain segment. The DSS-1 also borrows the auto-bend feature from the [[Korg DW-8000|DW-8000]], which creates an automatic initial [[Pitch wheel|pitch bend]] towards the played note with adjustable speed.<ref name="mz1962-korg-dss-1" /><ref name="mz1712-the-synth-that-samples">{{cite magazine |last=Wiffen |first=Paul |date=Oct 1986 |title=The Synth That Samples |url=https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/the-synth-that-samples/1712 |access-date=2024-04-11 |magazine=Electronics & Music Maker |publisher=Music Maker Publications (UK), Future Publishing. |location=United Kingdom |pages=50-56}}</ref>
Modulation sources include two individual [[triangle-wave]] [[low-frequency oscillator|LFOs]] (which Korg calls "MG" for "modulation generator"). There is one LFO for pitch and one for filter. There are also two separate modulation sources for the built-in twin digital delays. The DSS-1 has two 6-stage envelope generators (one for filter and one for amp). Other features on the DSS-1 are: auto-bend (which allows for a pitch glide up or down to a destination pitch), oscillator sync (unusual for a sampler), and bit-crushing from 12 bits down to 6 bits. Oscillator sync in combination with autobend (on the slaved oscillator) allows the DSS-1 to emulate [[pulse width modulation]].


[[Keyboard expression|Velocity sensitivity]] in the DSS-1 can modulate the VCF cutoff, VCA level, and the envelopes' attack, decay, and slope, along with the degree of auto-bend. It can also control oscillator switching or crossfading, which is particularly useful for sampled sounds. Aftertouch can introduce [[vibrato]] and VCF modulation, as well as modulate the VCA level.<ref name="mz11190-korg-dss-1" /><ref name="mz1712-the-synth-that-samples" />
The DSS-1 architecture is quite complex, which explains the weight of the machine (19 kilograms). Two microprocessor boards are used to control the synthesizer. The first one is built around a i8085 processor, in charge of floppy disk management, user interface management (LCD and front panel), digital oscillator control. The second one is built around a 63B03 processor, handling MIDI communication, keyboard management and control voltage generation. The digital oscillators are built around a specialized circuitry (based on [[ASIC]]), in charge of playing back samples stored in the [[DRAM]] chips. Each DRAM chip stores 262144 bits, and there are 12 memory chips used in parallel to store the 12 bits samples. A 16 channels [[Digital-to-analog converter|digital to analog converter]] unit generates the 16 oscillator signals (8 voices of polyphony with 2 oscillators per voice), being fed into the analog processing unit built around 8 VCF/VCA chips, each of them being controlled by voltages generated from 63B03 processor board.


There are two individual sine wave [[Low-frequency oscillation|low-frequency oscillators]] (LFOs), one for pitch modulation and the other for VCF modulation. There are also two separate modulation sources for the built-in twin digital delays. The DSS-1 also includes a four-way joystick for performance adjustments, enabling pitch bending and filter manipulation horizontally, as well as vibrato and filter modulation vertically.<ref name="mz1962-korg-dss-1" />
At the tail end of the DSS-1's audio path are two built-in digital delays. The audio signal from the VCA is converted back to digital, run through the twin DDLs (which can be run in parallel or in serial), and then converted back to analog for the final output. Each DDL has a separate modulation sources (separate from the MG section) for modulation of the delayed signals. In parallel mode, the DDL section creates stereo sound by each DDL sending its sound through the unit's separate left and right outputs. The DDL boards are the same as the one used in DW-8000 synthesizer, they are built around a specialized integrated circuit connected to two DRAM chips. This circuit is in charge of delaying the digital signal after its conversion using a successive approximation register. The design of the circuit is not very common, since it uses the same [[digital to analog converter|DAC]] both to generate the output audio after being delayed and for converting incoming analog signal into digital domain. Feedback and effect level are controlled by a TC9154 analog mixer chip.


The mono signal from the synthesizer section is then routed through two internal [[Delay (audio effect)|digital delay]] effects, each linked to an independent audio output for [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] functionality. The delays offer controls for delay time, modulation, and feedback, enabling a range of effects including [[Chorus (audio effect)|chorus]], echo and [[Reverb effect|slapback reverb]]. Users can configure the delays to operate either in series or parallel and invert the phase of the second unit's modulation wave to produce stereo effects. A built-in [[Equalization (audio)|EQ effect]] offers treble and bass adjustments to help shape the output sound.<ref name="mz1962-korg-dss-1" /><ref name=":0" />
⚫
The DSS-1 has its operating system stored on ROM chips, so if you lose your floppy disks you can still boot the system up (unlike the [[E-mu Emulator]], [[Ensoniq Mirage]], and early [[Roland]] samplers which required you always have a floppy disk containing the OS). However, each time you boot up the DSS-1 you will not have any sounds available until you load a system into memory from floppy disk. This can usually take anywhere from 20 to 40 seconds, depending on the size and number of multisamples contained in that system. The floppies that the DSS-1 understands are the older DSDD ([[Double-sided disk|double-sided]] double-density) disks that were also used on the Ensoniq Mirage and on early Macintosh computers.


Sounds in the DSS-1 are categorized into Samples, Multi Sounds, and Systems. A Sample is a sound you record using the synthesizer's input. A System is a collection of up to 32 programs that can be stored and accessed simultaneously for ease of use during live performances. Multi Sounds allow for the combination of several samples, each assigned to specific keys on the keyboard. This configuration enables a layered or split keyboard setup, where different sounds can be played in different sections of the keyboard.<ref name="mz1962-korg-dss-1" /><ref name="mz11190-korg-dss-1" />
For performance control, Korg offers up their standard 4-way joystick (same one found on DW series and Poly-800), and channel aftertouch (not polyphonic aftertouch) and velocity control. One can also assign a parameter to one of the data sliders for tweaking in realtime. It does not include portamento, an arpeggiator, or a built-in sequencer.


⚫
The DSS-1 has its operating system stored on ROM chips, so if you lose your floppy disks you can still boot the system up (unlike the [[E-mu Emulator]], [[Ensoniq Mirage]], and early [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] samplers which required you always have a floppy disk containing the OS). However, each time you boot up the DSS-1 you will not have any sounds available until you load a system into memory from floppy disk. This can usually take anywhere from 20 to 40 seconds, depending on the size and number of multisamples contained in that system. The floppies that the DSS-1 understands are the older DSDD ([[Double-sided disk|double-sided]] double-density) disks that were also used on the Ensoniq Mirage and on early Macintosh computers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
==Retrofit kit (2010)==
In 2010, Tom Virostek<ref>[http://www.straylightengineering.com/projects/korg-dss-1] Tom Virostek page about the DSS-1 retrofit kit</ref> has presented a retrofit kit for the DSS-1. This kit installs itself over the 8085 CPU board, and replace the processor by a much more powerful and faster [[NEC V20#Variants and successors|NEC V40]] processor. This kit also extends the DRAM to 4 Msamples (against the original 256K), and allows to load the sample from a USB key.


==VST control==
== Korg DSM-1 ==
The Korg DSM-1, released in 1987, is a rack-mounted variant of the DSS-1, boasting a memory capacity of 1Mb—four times greater than its predecessor—and featuring a quicker operating system, a high-density disk drive, individual outputs, and a [[Timbrality|multitimbral]] mode. While it doubled the polyphony to 16 notes (which reduces back to eight when layering two voices for performances), it lacks the digital delay lines, the second oscillator (and then oscillator sync) and filter resonance that largely defined the DSS-1's unique sound. Nonetheless, it maintains some compatibility with DSS-1 disks.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
In 2012, the Dutch company KissBox introduced a VST plugin (written by B.Bouchez) designed as a librarian/editor for the DSS-1, named VSTizer DSS1.<ref>[http://www.kissbox.nl/products_midi.html] KissBox webpage for VSTizer DSS1</ref> The plugin does not generate sounds by itself, it is designed to remotely control the DSS-1 over a [[RTP MIDI]] communication link. This plugin simplifies sound edition (the DSS-1 uses a single slider for the 78 parameters of a sound, combined with numerical entry via the keypad). It is also able to load and save the complete synthesizer memory over MIDI, including the samples (avoiding the use of the DSS-1 floppy disk). The author of the plugin is planning to convert the complete disk library into VST banks.

==Notable users==
*[[Kevin Moore]] of [[Dream Theater]].
*[[Phil Lanzon]] of [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]].
*[[Steve Winwood]].
*[[Depeche Mode]] (during ''[[Black Celebration]]'' album production and [[Black Celebration Tour|tour]]).
*[[Grup Yorum]] on their debut album, [[Sıyrılıp Gelen]].
*[http://www.entertainmentdesignsystems.com Simian Sound Source]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.polynominal.com/Korg-DSS-1/ Korg DSS1 page with audio clips, manual and schematics]
* [http://www.polynominal.com/Korg-DSS-1/ Polynominal page]




{{Korg}}
{{Korg}}
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[[Category:Samplers (musical instrument)]]
[[Category:Samplers (musical instrument)]]
[[Category:Polyphonic synthesizers]]
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[[Category:Digital synthesizers]]
[[Category:1986 musical instruments]]

Latest revision as of 00:17, 16 December 2024

DSS-1
ManufacturerKorg
Dates1986
Price£2,259[1][2]
Technical specifications
Polyphony8
TimbralityMonotimbral but multitimbrality can be obtained using multisamples spread across keyboard
Oscillator12-bit waveforms/samples
LFO2
Synthesis typeDigital Sample-based Subtractive
Filterswitchable 2-pole and 4-pole resonant low-pass
AttenuatorADBSSR
Aftertouch expressionyes
Velocity expressionyes
Storage memory256kb-2Mb
EffectsStereo digital delay
Input/output
Keyboard61-key
Left-hand controlJoystick
External controlMIDI

The Korg DSS-1 (Digital Sampling Synthesizer) is a polyphonic sampling synthesizer released by Korg in 1986. As Korg's initial entry into the sampling market, the DSS-1 combines sampling, additive synthesis, and waveform drawing with an analog signal path.[3][4] The DSS-1 was released a time when major synthesizer manufacturers like Yamaha and Casio were beginning to explore sampling, an area of sound design dominated by companies like Fairlight, E-mu, and Ensoniq. Korg did not stay long in the sampling arena; the DSS-1 (along with the rackmount DSM-1) was the company's only sampler until 1998 when Korg introduced sampling options on their Triton and Trinity series of workstations.

Sounds and features

[edit]

The DSS-1 features a five-octave keyboard, a 3.5-inch disk drive, and a performance joystick on the left side. The top panel includes sliders for Master volume and tuning, data entry sliders A and B with step buttons, an LCD screen, a keypad, cursor buttons, and various operational buttons. It combines three synthesis methods: sampling, additive harmonic synthesis, and hand-drawn waveform creation.[2][1]

The sampler is 12-bit and supports fixed sampling rates of 16, 24, 32, and 48kHz. The maximum duration for recording varies, with the longest being 16 seconds at 16kHz and the shortest at 5.5 seconds at 48kHz. To record, users navigate a menu system to choose the sampling rate, determine the number of divisions within a sample, and select the key number for each sample. Features for looping include an automatic looping function, as well as crossfade and bidirectional looping options for seamless loop creation.[5] The DSS-1 also features a simple additive harmonic synthesis engine that allows users to create single-cycle waveforms by either drawing them with a data slider or by setting the relative amplitude levels of 128 sine waves to create complex waveforms as well as the standard sawtooth, square and sine waves.[6]

The DSS-1's synthesis structure resembles that of a traditional subtractive analog synthesizer, featuring two oscillators, voltage-controlled filters (VCF) and voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCA). The VCFs can be switched between 24dB and 12dB per octave slopes and incorporate keyboard tracking and an extended ADBSSR (Attack, Decay, Breakpoint, Slope, Sustain, Release) envelope generator that Korg first introduced with the Poly-800. This envelope enables the insertion of an additional attack or decay phase before reaching the sustain segment. The DSS-1 also borrows the auto-bend feature from the DW-8000, which creates an automatic initial pitch bend towards the played note with adjustable speed.[2][6]

Velocity sensitivity in the DSS-1 can modulate the VCF cutoff, VCA level, and the envelopes' attack, decay, and slope, along with the degree of auto-bend. It can also control oscillator switching or crossfading, which is particularly useful for sampled sounds. Aftertouch can introduce vibrato and VCF modulation, as well as modulate the VCA level.[1][6]

There are two individual sine wave low-frequency oscillators (LFOs), one for pitch modulation and the other for VCF modulation. There are also two separate modulation sources for the built-in twin digital delays. The DSS-1 also includes a four-way joystick for performance adjustments, enabling pitch bending and filter manipulation horizontally, as well as vibrato and filter modulation vertically.[2]

The mono signal from the synthesizer section is then routed through two internal digital delay effects, each linked to an independent audio output for stereo functionality. The delays offer controls for delay time, modulation, and feedback, enabling a range of effects including chorus, echo and slapback reverb. Users can configure the delays to operate either in series or parallel and invert the phase of the second unit's modulation wave to produce stereo effects. A built-in EQ effect offers treble and bass adjustments to help shape the output sound.[2][5]

Sounds in the DSS-1 are categorized into Samples, Multi Sounds, and Systems. A Sample is a sound you record using the synthesizer's input. A System is a collection of up to 32 programs that can be stored and accessed simultaneously for ease of use during live performances. Multi Sounds allow for the combination of several samples, each assigned to specific keys on the keyboard. This configuration enables a layered or split keyboard setup, where different sounds can be played in different sections of the keyboard.[2][1]

The DSS-1 has its operating system stored on ROM chips, so if you lose your floppy disks you can still boot the system up (unlike the E-mu Emulator, Ensoniq Mirage, and early Roland samplers which required you always have a floppy disk containing the OS). However, each time you boot up the DSS-1 you will not have any sounds available until you load a system into memory from floppy disk. This can usually take anywhere from 20 to 40 seconds, depending on the size and number of multisamples contained in that system. The floppies that the DSS-1 understands are the older DSDD (double-sided double-density) disks that were also used on the Ensoniq Mirage and on early Macintosh computers.[citation needed]

Korg DSM-1

[edit]

The Korg DSM-1, released in 1987, is a rack-mounted variant of the DSS-1, boasting a memory capacity of 1Mb—four times greater than its predecessor—and featuring a quicker operating system, a high-density disk drive, individual outputs, and a multitimbral mode. While it doubled the polyphony to 16 notes (which reduces back to eight when layering two voices for performances), it lacks the digital delay lines, the second oscillator (and then oscillator sync) and filter resonance that largely defined the DSS-1's unique sound. Nonetheless, it maintains some compatibility with DSS-1 disks.[4][5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Fishman, Paul (Nov 1986). "Korg DSS-1". International Musician & Recording World. United Kingdom: Cover Publications Ltd, Northern & Shell Ltd. pp. 84–87. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Jenkins, Mark (Apr 1987). "Korg DSS-1". Sound On Sound. United Kingdom: SOS Publications Ltd. pp. 40–42. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  3. ^ Bjørn, Kim (2022-01-01). Patch & Tweak with KORG. Bjooks. p. 182. ISBN 978-8799999552.
  4. ^ a b Reid, Gordon (November 2002). "The History Of Korg: Part 2". Sound On Sound. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  5. ^ a b c Nagle, Paul (November 1997). "Korg DSS1". Sound On Sound. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  6. ^ a b c Wiffen, Paul (Oct 1986). "The Synth That Samples". Electronics & Music Maker. United Kingdom: Music Maker Publications (UK), Future Publishing. pp. 50–56. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
[edit]
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