Terry L. Bruce: Difference between revisions

Terry L. Bruce
Terry L. Bruce
Chief Executive Officer of the Illinois Eastern Community College System
	In office; March 1996 – June 30, 2019
Succeeded by	Marilyn Holt (acting)
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives; from Illinois's 19th district
	In office; January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1993
Preceded by	Dan Crane
Succeeded by	Glenn Poshard
Member of the Illinois Senate
	In office; January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1985
Preceded by	Paul W. Broyles
Succeeded by	William L. O'Daniel
Constituency	55th district (1971–1973); 54th district (1973–1985)
Personal details
Born	Terry Lee Bruce; March 25, 1944 (age 80); Olney, Illinois, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Charlotte Bruce
Children	2
Education	University of Illinois (BA, JD)

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Terry Lee Bruce (born March 25, 1944) is an American politician, lawyer, and educator from Illinois.

Early life

Bruce was born in Olney, Illinois on March 25, 1944. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and then later the University of Illinois College of Law. He worked for a time at the United States Department of Labor on issues related to farmworkers and as an intern on the staff of Tom McGloon. He also worked on the staffs of Congressman George Shipley and State Senator Philip Benefiel.^[1]

He was admitted to the bar in 1969. When he announced his candidacy for the Illinois Senate in November 1969, he was occupied as an attorney in Olney, Illinois.^[2]

State Senate

Bruce's initial election to the Illinois Senate representing the 55th District in 1971 was in part made possible by the retirement of the incumbent, Paul W. Broyles.^[2] In 1972, the incumbent Bruce faced a challenge from Henry Hendren for representation of the 54th district.^[3]

While in the Senate, he was a leader of the Democratic Study Group which he jokingly termed the "Crazy 8".^[4] In 1977, Bruce ran against Thomas Hynes to succeed Cecil Partee as President of the Illinois Senate. After 186 ballots, Hynes was victorious over the other Democratic faction and the Republican caucus.^[5]

Bruce served as member of the Illinois Senate from 1971–84, and assistant majority leader from 1975–84. In 1981, Bruce was among those who opposed an "eleventh-hour action", ultimately accepted, to increase Illinois General Assembly compensation.^[6] Bruce resigned from the Illinois Senate effective January 3, 1985. Local Democratic leaders appointed former state legislator William L. O'Daniel to the vacancy created by Bruce's resignation.^[7]

Congress

In 1977, Democratic incumbent George E. Shipley chose to retire after ten terms in the United States House of Representatives rather than run in the 1978 election. Bruce defeated Don Watson, Shipley's brother-in-law, for the Democratic nomination to succeed Shipley in Illinois's 22nd congressional district. Subsequently, in the general election there was an apathy towards Bruce's candidacy. Republican candidate Dan Crane, the brother of Chicago-area Congressman Phil Crane, was able to win several Democratic strongholds in the 22nd and the election.^[8]

On July 14, 1983, the House Ethics Committee recommended that Crane be reprimanded for having engaged in a sexual relationship a 17-year-old female house page.^[9] In the 1984 United States House of Representatives election, Bruce defeated Crane.^[10]

Bruce was elected to the Ninety-ninth and to the three succeeding Congresses and served as United States Representative for Illinois's 19th congressional district from January 3, 1985 to January 3, 1993. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1992 to the 103rd Congress.^[11]

Community college career

From 1996 to 2019 Bruce served as the chief executive officer of Illinois Eastern Community Colleges (IECC). The four college system includes Wabash Valley College in Mount Carmel, Olney Central College in Olney, Lincoln Trail College in Robinson, and Frontier Community College in Fairfield.

Governor Pat Quinn appointed him to the Illinois Community College Board (ICCB) in September 2012. He replaced former ICCB member Dianne Meeks. He still serves on the board with an expiring term of June 30, 2021.^[12] He at one point served as Vice Chairman of the board.^[13] Bruce was appointed again to the ICCB by Governor Bruce Rauner for a term March 20, 2015 until June 30, 2015 to succeed Rodolfo Valdez.^[14]

Family life

A resident of Olney, Illinois, Bruce is married to Charlotte and they have two daughters, Emily and Ellen.^[15]

References

^ Lewis, John W. (ed.). Illinois Blue Book 1971–1972. p. 172. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Olney Attorney Announces for State Senate". Mt. Vernon Register-News. Vol. L, no. 45. November 20, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hendron, Bruce Win State Senate Races". Mt. Vernon Register-News. March 22, 1972. Retrieved 2015-08-16 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Heinecke, Burnell. "New force in Senate: They call themselves The Crazy 8". Illinois Issues. 2 (1). Sangamon State University: 21–23. ISSN 0738-9663. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
^ Buzbee, Ken (2012). "The 1977 Illinois Senate Presidency Fight: An Oral History Project" (PDF). The Simon Review. 28 (1). Paul Simon Public Policy Institute at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
^ "Pay Increases OK'd". The Pantagraph. January 15, 1981. Retrieved August 16, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "83rd General Assembly Regular Session January 9, 1985 Transcript" (PDF). Illinois Senate. January 9, 1985. p. 2. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
^ Manning, Al. "Crane beats Bruce in 22nd District". Illinois Issues. 5 (1). Sangamon State University: 14–16. ISSN 0738-9663. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
^ [1] | ARCHIVES | 1983 | HOUSE CENSURES CRANE AND STUDDS FOR SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH PAGES | STEVEN V. ROBERTS and SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES | [2]
^ Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1987). The Almanac of American Politics 1988. p. 381. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Van Der Slik, Jack R. "Congressional ocean changing: Illinois delegation caught in waves". Illinois Issues. 18 (7). Sangamon State University: 8. ISSN 0738-9663. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
^ Terry L. Bruce
^ IECC DISTRICT CEO TERRY BRUCE ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS
^ "Appointment Message 990127". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ "Terry L. Bruce". Illinois Community College Board. Retrieved February 12, 2014.

External links

United States Congress. "Terry L. Bruce (id: B000971)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Appearances on C-SPAN

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Illinois Senate
Preceded by Paul W. Broyles	Member of the Illinois Senate from the 55th district 1971–1973	Succeeded by James Donnewald
Preceded by Kenneth Hall	Member of the Illinois Senate from the 54th district 1973–1985	Succeeded by William L. O'Daniel
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Dan Crane	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 19th congressional district 1985–1993	Succeeded by Glenn Poshard
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by Wayne Dowdy as Former US Representative	Order of precedence of the United States as Former US Representative	Succeeded by Randy Hultgren as Former US Representative

[Blue_Book_71-72-1] Lewis, John W. (ed.). Illinois Blue Book 1971–1972. p. 172. Retrieved August 1, 2021.

[:0-2] "Olney Attorney Announces for State Senate". Mt. Vernon Register-News. Vol. L, no. 45. November 20, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.

[3] "Hendron, Bruce Win State Senate Races". Mt. Vernon Register-News. March 22, 1972. Retrieved 2015-08-16 – via Newspapers.com.

[4] Heinecke, Burnell. "New force in Senate: They call themselves The Crazy 8". Illinois Issues. 2 (1). Sangamon State University: 21–23. ISSN 0738-9663. Retrieved August 1, 2021.

[77_Sen_Prez_Elect-5] Buzbee, Ken (2012). "The 1977 Illinois Senate Presidency Fight: An Oral History Project" (PDF). The Simon Review. 28 (1). Paul Simon Public Policy Institute at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Retrieved December 22, 2021.

[6] "Pay Increases OK'd". The Pantagraph. January 15, 1981. Retrieved August 16, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.

[7] "83rd General Assembly Regular Session January 9, 1985 Transcript" (PDF). Illinois Senate. January 9, 1985. p. 2. Retrieved March 6, 2022.

[8] Manning, Al. "Crane beats Bruce in 22nd District". Illinois Issues. 5 (1). Sangamon State University: 14–16. ISSN 0738-9663. Retrieved August 1, 2021.

[9] [1] | ARCHIVES | 1983 | HOUSE CENSURES CRANE AND STUDDS FOR SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH PAGES | STEVEN V. ROBERTS and SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES | [2]

[10] Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1987). The Almanac of American Politics 1988. p. 381. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[11] Van Der Slik, Jack R. "Congressional ocean changing: Illinois delegation caught in waves". Illinois Issues. 18 (7). Sangamon State University: 8. ISSN 0738-9663. Retrieved July 31, 2021.

[12] Terry L. Bruce

[RN-13] IECC DISTRICT CEO TERRY BRUCE ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS

[14] "Appointment Message 990127". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved December 21, 2020.

[15] "Terry L. Bruce". Illinois Community College Board. Retrieved February 12, 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|American politician, lawyer, and educator}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 | name        = Terry L. Bruce
 | image       = Terry Bruce.png
 | imagesize   = 220
-| office = Chief Executive Officer of the Illinois Eastern Community College System
+| office = Chief Executive Officer of the [[Illinois Eastern Community Colleges|Illinois Eastern Community College System]]
 | term_start = March 1996
 | term_end = June 30, 2019
 | predecessor =
-| successor =
+| successor = Marilyn Holt (acting)
 | state1       = [[Illinois]]
 | district1    = [[Illinois' 19th congressional district|19th]]
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 | term_start2 = January 3, 1971
 | term_end2 = January 3, 1985
-| predecessor2 = Paul W. Broyles
+| predecessor2 = [[Paul W. Broyles]]
-| successor2 = William L. O'Daniel
+| successor2 = [[William L. O'Daniel]]
-| constituency2 = 55th district (1971-1973)<br>54th district (1973-1985)
+| constituency2 = 55th district (1971–1973)<br>54th district (1973–1985)
 | birth_name = Terry Lee Bruce
 | birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1944|03|25}}
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 | spouse      = Charlotte Bruce
 | children    = 2
-| profession  = Lawyer<br>State Senator<br>U.S. Congressman<br>College President
 | party       = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
-| alma_mater  = [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]<br>[[University of Illinois Law School]]
+| education  = {{nowrap|[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])}}
 |}}
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==Early life==
+Bruce was born in [[Olney, Illinois]] on March 25, 1944. He attended the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] and then later the [[University of Illinois College of Law]]. He worked for a time at the [[United States Department of Labor]] on issues related to [[farmworkers]] and as an intern on the staff of [[Thomas A. McGloon|Tom McGloon]]. He also worked on the staffs of Congressman [[George E. Shipley|George Shipley]] and State Senator [[Philip B. Benefiel|Philip Benefiel]].<ref name="Blue Book 71-72">{{cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=John W.|title=Illinois Blue Book 1971–1972|page=172|access-date=August 1, 2021|url=http://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/33550}}</ref>
-Born in [[Olney, Illinois]], Bruce graduated from East Richland High School in Olney in 1962, from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] in 1966, and from the [[University of Illinois Law School]] in Urbana in 1969.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
 He was [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted to the bar]] in 1969. When he announced his candidacy for the [[Illinois Senate]] in November 1969, he was occupied as an attorney in Olney, Illinois.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3029449/bruce_announces_for_il_state_senate|title=Olney Attorney Announces for State Senate|date=November 20, 1969|work=Mt. Vernon Register-News|access-date=August 16, 2015|via=Newspapers.com|page=1|volume=L|issue=45}} {{Open access}}</ref>
-==Career==
+==State Senate==
 Bruce's initial election to the Illinois Senate representing the 55th District in 1971 was in part made possible by the retirement of the [[wikt:incumbent|incumbent]], [[Paul W. Broyles]].<ref name=":0"/> In 1972, the incumbent Bruce faced a challenge from Henry Hendren for representation of the 54th district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3029582/hendren_bruce_win_state_senate_races|title=Hendron, Bruce Win State Senate Races|date=March 22, 1972|work=Mt. Vernon Register-News|access-date=2015-08-16|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
+While in the Senate, he was a leader of the Democratic Study Group which he jokingly termed the ''"Crazy 8"''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Heinecke|first=Burnell|title=New force in Senate: They call themselves The Crazy 8|journal=Illinois Issues|volume=2|number=1|pages=21–23|publisher=[[Sangamon State University]]|issn=0738-9663|access-date=August 1, 2021|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1976/ii760121.html}}</ref> In 1977, Bruce ran against [[Thomas Hynes]] to succeed [[Cecil A. Partee|Cecil Partee]] as [[President of the Illinois Senate]]. After 186 ballots, Hynes was victorious over the other Democratic faction and the Republican caucus.<ref name="77 Sen Prez Elect">{{cite journal|last=Buzbee|first=Ken|title=The 1977 Illinois Senate Presidency Fight: An Oral History Project|journal=The Simon Review|volume=28|number=1|publisher=Paul Simon Public Policy Institute at [[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]]|year=2012|access-date=December 22, 2021|url=https://paulsimoninstitute.siu.edu/_common/documents/simon-review/simon-review-28.pdf}}</ref>
-Bruce served as member of the Illinois Senate from 1971–84, and assistant majority leader from 1975–84. In 1981, Bruce was among those who opposed an "eleventh-hour action", ultimately accepted, to increase [[Illinois General Assembly]] compensation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3029687/illinois_general_assembly_pay_increase|title=Pay Increases OK'd|date=January 15, 1981|work=The Pantagraph|access-date=August 16, 2015|via=Newspapers.com}}{{Open access}}</ref> He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the [[96th United States Congress|96th Congress]] in 1978.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
+Bruce served as member of the Illinois Senate from 1971–84, and assistant majority leader from 1975–84. In 1981, Bruce was among those who opposed an "eleventh-hour action", ultimately accepted, to increase [[Illinois General Assembly]] compensation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3029687/illinois_general_assembly_pay_increase|title=Pay Increases OK'd|date=January 15, 1981|work=The Pantagraph|access-date=August 16, 2015|via=Newspapers.com}}{{Open access}}</ref> Bruce resigned from the Illinois Senate effective January 3, 1985. Local Democratic leaders appointed former state legislator [[William L. O'Daniel]] to the vacancy created by Bruce's resignation.<ref>{{cite web|title=83rd General Assembly Regular Session January 9, 1985 Transcript|date=January 9, 1985|publisher=[[Illinois Senate]]|page=2|access-date=March 6, 2022|url=https://www.ilga.gov/Senate/transcripts/Strans83/ST010985.pdf}}</ref>
-Defeating [[Dan Crane]] who was implicated in a [[sex scandal]], Bruce was elected as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[99th United States Congress|Ninety-ninth]] and to the three succeeding Congresses and served as United States Representative for the nineteenth district of Illinois from January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1993. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1992 to the [[103rd United States Congress|103rd Congress]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
+==Congress==
-From 1996 to 2019 Bruce served as the chief executive officer of Illinois Eastern Community Colleges (IECC) with colleges in Olney, Fairfield, Robinson, and Mt. Carmel.
+In 1977, Democratic incumbent [[George E. Shipley]] chose to retire after ten terms in the [[United States House of Representatives]] rather than run in the [[1978 United States House of Representatives elections|1978 election]]. Bruce defeated Don Watson, Shipley's brother-in-law, for the Democratic nomination to succeed Shipley in [[Illinois's 22nd congressional district]]. Subsequently, in the general election there was an apathy towards Bruce's candidacy. Republican candidate [[Dan Crane]], the brother of Chicago-area Congressman [[Phil Crane]], was able to win several Democratic strongholds in the 22nd and the election.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Manning|first=Al|title=Crane beats Bruce in 22nd District|journal=Illinois Issues|volume=5|number=1|pages=14–16|publisher=[[Sangamon State University]]|issn=0738-9663|access-date=August 1, 2021|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1979/ii790114.html}}</ref>
+On July 14, 1983, the [[U.S. House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct|House Ethics Committee]] recommended that Crane be [[reprimand]]ed for having engaged in a [[Human sexuality|sexual relationship]] a 17-year-old female [[United States House of Representatives Page|house page]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com] | ARCHIVES | 1983 | HOUSE CENSURES CRANE AND STUDDS FOR SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH PAGES | STEVEN V. ROBERTS and SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES | [https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/21/us/house-censures-crane-and-studds-for-sexual-relations-with-pages.html]</ref> In the [[1984 United States House of Representatives elections|1984 United States House of Representatives election]], Bruce defeated Crane.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barone |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Barone (pundit) |last2=Ujifusa |first2=Grant |title=[[The Almanac of American Politics|The Almanac of American Politics 1988]]|work=[[National Journal]] |year=1987 |page=381}}</ref>
-Governor Pat Quinn appointed him to the Illinois Community College Board (ICCB) in September 2012. He replaced former ICCB member Dianne Meeks. His term expired on June 30, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terry L. Bruce|url=http://www.iccb.state.il.us/pdf/iccbmagazine/fall2012.pdf|publisher=The Illinois Community College Board|accessdate=February 12, 2014}}</ref> He served as vice president of federal regulations for a regional telephone company.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
+Bruce was elected to the [[99th United States Congress|Ninety-ninth]] and to the three succeeding Congresses and served as United States Representative for [[Illinois's 19th congressional district]] from January 3, 1985 to January 3, 1993. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1992 to the [[103rd United States Congress|103rd Congress]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Van Der Slik|first=Jack R.|title= Congressional ocean changing: Illinois delegation caught in waves|journal=Illinois Issues|volume=18|number=7|page=8|publisher=[[Sangamon State University]]|issn=0738-9663|access-date=July 31, 2021|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1992/ii920708.html}}</ref>
+==Community college career==
+From 1996 to 2019 Bruce served as the chief executive officer of [[Illinois Eastern Community Colleges]] (IECC). The four college system includes [[Wabash Valley College]] in [[Mount Carmel, Illinois|Mount Carmel]], [[Olney Central College]] in [[Olney, Illinois|Olney]], [[Lincoln Trail College]] in [[Robinson, Illinois|Robinson]], and [[Frontier Community College]] in [[Fairfield, Illinois|Fairfield]].
+Governor [[Pat Quinn (politician)|Pat Quinn]] appointed him to the [[Illinois Community College Board]] (ICCB) in September 2012. He replaced former ICCB member Dianne Meeks. He still serves on the board with an expiring term of June 30, 2021.<ref>[https://www.iccb.org/iccb/board-information/board-members/terry-l-bruce/ Terry L. Bruce]</ref> He at one point served as Vice Chairman of the board.<ref name="RN">[https://www.freedom929.com/2019/05/06/iecc-district-ceo-terry-bruce-announces-retirement-plans-2/ IECC DISTRICT CEO TERRY BRUCE ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS]</ref> Bruce was appointed again to the ICCB by Governor [[Bruce Rauner]] for a term March 20, 2015 until June 30, 2015 to succeed Rodolfo Valdez.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?DocName=&SessionId=88&GA=99&DocTypeId=AM&DocNum=990127&GAID=13&LegID=90761&SpecSess=&Session=|title=Appointment Message 990127|publisher=[[Illinois General Assembly]]|accessdate=December 21, 2020}}</ref>
 ==Family life==
@@ Line 59: / Line 67: @@
 ==External links==
 {{CongBio|B000971}}
-* {{C-SPAN|terrybruce}}
+* {{C-SPAN|6845}}
 {{clear}}
@@ Line 65: / Line 73: @@
 {{s-start}}
+{{s-par|us-il-sen}}
+{{s-bef|before=[[Paul W. Broyles]]}}
+{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Illinois Senate]]<br>from the 55th district|years=1971–1973}}
+{{s-aft|after=[[James Donnewald]]}}
+|-
+{{s-bef|before=[[Kenneth Hall (Illinois politician)|Kenneth Hall]]}}
+{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Illinois Senate]]<br>from the 54th district|years=1973–1985}}
+{{s-aft|after=[[William L. O'Daniel]]}}
+|-
 {{s-par|us-hs}}
+{{s-bef|before=[[Dan Crane]]}}
-{{US House succession box|
+{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Illinois|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Illinois's 19th congressional district]]|years=1985–1993}}
- state=Illinois|
+{{s-aft|after=[[Glenn Poshard]]}}
- district=19|
+|-
- before=[[Dan Crane]]|
+{{s-prec|usa}}
- years=1985&ndash;1993|
+{{s-bef|before=[[Wayne Dowdy]]|as=Former US Representative}}
- after=[[Glenn Poshard]]
+{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of precedence of the United States]]<br>''{{small|as Former US Representative}}''|years=}}
-}}
+{{s-aft|after=[[Randy Hultgren]]|as=Former US Representative}}
 {{s-end}}
+{{USCongRep-start|congresses= 99th–102nd [[United States Congress]]es |state=[[Illinois]]}}
+{{USCongRep/IL/99}}
+{{USCongRep/IL/100}}
+{{USCongRep/IL/101}}
+{{USCongRep/IL/102}}
+{{USCongRep-end}}
 {{authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce, Terry Lee}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce, Terry L.}}
 [[Category:1944 births]]
 [[Category:Living people]]
+[[Category:Democratic Party Illinois state senators]]
-[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois]]
+[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois]]
-[[Category:Illinois state senators]]
-[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
-[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
 [[Category:University of Illinois College of Law alumni]]
 [[Category:People from Olney, Illinois]]
+[[Category:Illinois lawyers]]
+[[Category:20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives]]
+[[Category:20th-century members of the Illinois General Assembly]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF WorldCat
National	United States
People	US Congress
Other	SNAC