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{{For|the ''Pokémon'' mechanic|Mega Evolution}}
{{For|the ''Pokémon'' mechanic|Mega Evolution}}
'''Megaevolution''' describes the most dramatic events in [[evolution]]. It is no longer suggested that the evolutionary processes involved are necessarily special, although in some cases they might be. Whereas [[macroevolution]] can apply to relatively modest changes that produced diversification of [[species]] and [[genus|genera]] and are readily compared to [[microevolution]], "megaevolution" is used for great changes. Megaevolution has been extensively debated because it has been seen as a possible objection to [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of gradual evolution by [[natural selection]].<ref name=Origin>{{cite book |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection |author=Darwin, Charles | authorlink=Charles Darwin| year=2007|origyear=| pages=315–31| publisher=Cosimo Classics| isbn=9781602061453| oclc=176630493}}</ref>
'''Megaevolution''' describes the most dramatic events in [[evolution]]. It is no longer suggested that the evolutionary processes involved are necessarily special, although in some cases they might be. Whereas [[macroevolution]] can apply to relatively modest changes that produced diversification of [[species]] and [[genus|genera]] and are readily compared to [[microevolution]], "megaevolution" is used for great changes. Megaevolution has been extensively debated because it has been seen as a possible objection to [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of gradual evolution by [[natural selection]].<ref name=Origin>{{cite book |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection |author=Darwin, Charles | author-link=Charles Darwin| year=2007| pages=315–31| publisher=Cosimo Classics| isbn=9781602061453| oclc=176630493}}</ref>


A list was prepared by [[John Maynard Smith]] and [[Eörs Szathmáry]] which they called ''[[The Major Transitions in Evolution]]''.<ref>Maynard Smith J. & Szathmáry E. 1995. ''The major transitions in evolution''. Oxford University Press, p6. {{ISBN|0-19-850294-X}}</ref><ref>Maynard Smith J. & Szathmáry E. 1995. 1999. ''The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origins of language''. Oxford University Press, p6. {{ISBN|0-19-286209-X}}</ref> On the 1999 edition of the list they included:
A list was prepared by [[John Maynard Smith]] and [[Eörs Szathmáry]] which they called ''[[The Major Transitions in Evolution]]''.<ref>Maynard Smith J. & Szathmáry E. 1995. ''The major transitions in evolution''. Oxford University Press, p6. {{ISBN|0-19-850294-X}}</ref><ref>Maynard Smith J. & Szathmáry E. 1995. 1999. ''The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origins of language''. Oxford University Press, p6. {{ISBN|0-19-286209-X}}</ref> On the 1999 edition of the list they included:
Line 12: Line 12:
#[[Primate]] societies leading to human societies with [[language]]
#[[Primate]] societies leading to human societies with [[language]]


Some of these topics had been discussed before.<ref>Oparin A.I. 1952. ''The origin of life''. New York: Dover.</ref><ref>Penrose L.S. 1962. On living matter and self-replication. In J.B. Good (ed) ''The scientist speculates: an anthology of partly-baked ideas''.</ref><ref>Calvin, Melvin. 1969. ''Chemical evolution: molecular evolution towards the origin of living systems on the earth and elsewhere''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0198553420}}</ref><ref>Cairns-Smith A.G. 1982. ''Genetic takeover and the mineral origins of life''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23312-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin, William & Russel, Michael J. 2003. |title=On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B |volume=358 |issue=1429 |pages=59–85 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1183 |url= |quote= |pmid=12594918 |pmc=1693102|year=2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hazen|first1=Robert M.|author1-link=Robert Hazen|title=Genesis : the scientific quest for life's origins|date=2005|publisher=Henry Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-309-09432-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/genesisscientifi0000haze}}</ref><ref name="Cavalier-SmithBrasier2006">{{cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Brasier|first2=Martin|last3=Embley|authorlink3=Martin Embley|first3=T. Martin|title=Introduction: how and when did microbes change the world?|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1470|year=2006|pages=845–850|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1847|pmid=16754602|pmc=1626534}}</ref><ref>Leach, Sydney; Smith I.W.M. and Cockell, Charles S (eds) 2006.
Some of these topics had been discussed before.<ref>Oparin A.I. 1952. ''The origin of life''. New York: Dover.</ref><ref>Penrose L.S. 1962. On living matter and self-replication. In J.B. Good (ed) ''The scientist speculates: an anthology of partly-baked ideas''.</ref><ref>Calvin, Melvin. 1969. ''Chemical evolution: molecular evolution towards the origin of living systems on the earth and elsewhere''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0198553420}}</ref><ref>Cairns-Smith A.G. 1982. ''Genetic takeover and the mineral origins of life''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23312-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin, William & Russel, Michael J. 2003. |title=On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B |volume=358 |issue=1429 |pages=59–85 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1183 |pmid=12594918 |pmc=1693102|year=2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hazen|first1=Robert M.|author1-link=Robert Hazen|title=Genesis : the scientific quest for life's origins|date=2005|publisher=Henry Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-309-09432-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/genesisscientifi0000haze}}</ref><ref name="Cavalier-SmithBrasier2006">{{cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Brasier|first2=Martin|last3=Embley|author-link3=Martin Embley|first3=T. Martin|title=Introduction: how and when did microbes change the world?|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1470|year=2006|pages=845–850|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1847|pmid=16754602|pmc=1626534}}</ref><ref>Leach, Sydney; Smith I.W.M. and Cockell, Charles S (eds) 2006.
Introduction: conditions for the emergence of life on the early Earth. ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B'' '''361''' 1675-1679. [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/361/1474/1675.full?sid=7ab4560a-0607-4d85-914d-fd73f7ee8a1c]</ref>
Introduction: conditions for the emergence of life on the early Earth. ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B'' '''361''' 1675-1679. [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/361/1474/1675.full?sid=7ab4560a-0607-4d85-914d-fd73f7ee8a1c]</ref>


Numbers one to six on the list are events which are of huge importance, but about which we know relatively little. All occurred before (and mostly very much before) the [[paleontology|fossil record]] started, or at least before the [[Phanerozoic]] [[Eon (geology)|eon]].
Numbers one to six on the list are events which are of huge importance, but about which we know relatively little. All occurred before (and mostly very much before) the [[paleontology|fossil record]] started, or at least before the [[Phanerozoic]] [[Eon (geology)|eon]].


Numbers seven and eight on the list are of a different kind from the first six, and have generally not been considered by the other authors. Number four is of a type which is not covered by traditional evolutionary theory, The origin of eukaryotic cells is probably due to symbiosis between prokaryotes. This is a kind of evolution which must be a rare event.<ref>Sapp J. 1994. ''Evolution by association: a history of symbiosis''. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Margulis, Lynn 1998. ''The symbiotic planet: a new look at evolution''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.</ref><ref>Lake, James A. Evidence for an early prokaryote symbiogenesis. ''Nature'' '''460''' 967–971.</ref>
Numbers seven and eight on the list are of a different kind from the first six, and have generally not been considered by the other authors. Number four is of a type which is not covered by traditional evolutionary theory, The origin of eukaryotic cells is probably due to symbiosis between prokaryotes. This is a kind of evolution which must be a rare event.<ref>Sapp J. 1994. ''Evolution by association: a history of symbiosis''. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis, Lynn]] 1998. ''The symbiotic planet: a new look at evolution''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.</ref><ref>Lake, James A. Evidence for an early prokaryote symbiogenesis. ''Nature'' '''460''' 967–971.</ref>


== The Cambrian radiation example ==
== The Cambrian radiation example ==
[[File:Opabinia BW2.jpg| thumb | right | 220px |When it was first described, the Cambrian fossil ''[[Opabinia]]'' was thought to be unrelated to any known phylum. Later discoveries have shown it to be closely related to the ancestors of arthropods.]]
[[File:Opabinia_smithsonian.JPG| thumb | right | 220px |When it was first described, the Cambrian fossil ''[[Opabinia]]'' was thought to be unrelated to any known phylum. Later discoveries have shown it to be closely related to the ancestors of arthropods.]]
[[File:Marrella (fossil).png|thumb| 220px| The Cambrian organism ''[[Marrella]]'', was clearly an arthropod, but with features not seen in modern organisms.]]
[[File:Marrella (fossil).png|thumb| 220px| The Cambrian organism ''[[Marrella]]'', was clearly an arthropod, but with features not seen in modern organisms.]]
[[File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg|220px|thumb|right|''[[Dickinsonia]]'', an organism of the [[Ediacaran]] Period that precedes the Cambrian, whose affinity is still unknown.]]
[[File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg|220px|thumb|right|''[[Dickinsonia]]'', an organism of the [[Ediacaran]] Period that precedes the Cambrian, whose affinity is still unknown.]]


The [[Cambrian explosion]] or Cambrian [[Adaptive radiation|radiation]] was the relatively rapid appearance of most major animal [[Phylum|phyla]] around 530 million years ago (mya) in the [[fossil]] record, some of which are now extinct.<ref name=Berkeley>{{cite web|title=The Cambrian Period|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php|website=University of California Museum of Paleontology|accessdate=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="BristolUCEtiming">{{cite web|last1=Lane|first1=Abby|title=The Cambrian explosion - timing|url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Cambrian/timing/timing.html|website=Earth Sciences|publisher=University of Bristol|date=20 January 1999|accessdate=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307031317/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Cambrian/timing/timing.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Butterfield>{{Cite book| author = Butterfield N.J.| year = 2001| chapter = Ecology and evolution of Cambrian plankton| title = The ecology of the Cambrian radiation| publisher = Columbia University Press, New York| pages = 200–216| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oWcepB3Q-rIC&lpg=PR7&dq=%20The%20Ecology%20of%20the%20Cambrian%20Radiation&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q|chapter-format=PDF| accessdate = 2007-08-19| isbn = 9780231106139}}</ref> It is the classic example of megaevolution. "The fossil record documents two mutually exclusive macroevolutionary modes separated by the transitional [[Ediacaran]] period".<ref name=Butter/>
The [[Cambrian explosion]] or Cambrian [[Adaptive radiation|radiation]] was the relatively rapid appearance of most major animal [[Phylum|phyla]] around 530 million years ago (mya) in the [[fossil]] record, some of which are now extinct.<ref name=Berkeley>{{cite web|title=The Cambrian Period|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php|website=University of California Museum of Paleontology|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="BristolUCEtiming">{{cite web|last1=Lane|first1=Abby|title=The Cambrian explosion - timing|url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Cambrian/timing/timing.html|website=Earth Sciences|publisher=University of Bristol|date=20 January 1999|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307031317/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Cambrian/timing/timing.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Butterfield>{{Cite book| author = Butterfield N.J.| year = 2001| chapter = Ecology and evolution of Cambrian plankton| title = The ecology of the Cambrian radiation| publisher = Columbia University Press, New York| pages = 200–216| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oWcepB3Q-rIC&q=%20The%20Ecology%20of%20the%20Cambrian%20Radiation&pg=PR7|chapter-format=PDF| access-date = 2007-08-19| isbn = 9780231106139}}</ref> It is the classic example of megaevolution. "The fossil record documents two mutually exclusive macroevolutionary modes separated by the transitional [[Ediacaran]] period".<ref name=Butter/>


Before about 580 mya it seems that most organisms were simple. They were made of individual [[Cell (biology)|cell]]s occasionally organized into [[colony (biology)|colonies]]. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution accelerated by an [[order of magnitude]].<ref name=Butter>{{cite journal | last1 = Butterfield | first1 = N.J. | year = 2007 | title = Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time | url = | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 50 | issue = 1| pages = 41–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x }}</ref> Normally rates of evolution are measured by the extinction and origination rate of species, but here we can say that by the end of the Cambrian every phylum, or almost every phylum, existed.
Before about 580 mya it seems that most organisms were simple. They were made of individual [[Cell (biology)|cell]]s occasionally organized into [[colony (biology)|colonies]]. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution accelerated by an [[order of magnitude]].<ref name=Butter>{{cite journal | last1 = Butterfield | first1 = N.J. | year = 2007 | title = Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 50 | issue = 1| pages = 41–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2007Palgy..50...41B }}</ref> Normally rates of evolution are measured by the extinction and origination rate of species, but here we can say that by the end of the Cambrian every phylum, or almost every phylum, existed.


The diversity of life began to resemble that of today.<ref name=Bambach>{{cite journal| author = Bambach R.K. |author2=Bush A.M. |author3=Erwin D.H.| year = 2007| title = Autecology and the filling of ecospace: key metazoan radiations| journal = Palæontology| volume = 50| issue = 1| pages = 1–22| doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x}}</ref>
The diversity of life began to resemble that of today.<ref name=Bambach>{{cite journal| author = Bambach R.K. |author2=Bush A.M. |author3=Erwin D.H.| year = 2007| title = Autecology and the filling of ecospace: key metazoan radiations| journal = Palæontology| volume = 50| issue = 1| pages = 1–22| doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x| doi-access = free|bibcode=2007Palgy..50....1B }}</ref>


The Cambrian explosion has caused much scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the 'primordial [[strata]]' was noted as early as the mid 19th century,<ref name=Buckland>{{cite book| author = Buckland, W.| year = 1841| title = Geology and mineralogy considered with reference to natural theology| publisher = Lea & Blanchard| isbn = 978-1147868944}}</ref> and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.<ref name=Origin/>
The Cambrian explosion has caused much scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the 'primordial [[strata]]' was noted as early as the mid 19th century,<ref name=Buckland>{{cite book| author = Buckland, W.| year = 1841| title = Geology and mineralogy considered with reference to natural theology| publisher = Lea & Blanchard| isbn = 978-1147868944}}</ref> and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.<ref name=Origin/>

Latest revision as of 04:56, 16 December 2024

For the Pokémon mechanic, see Mega Evolution.

Megaevolution describes the most dramatic events in evolution. It is no longer suggested that the evolutionary processes involved are necessarily special, although in some cases they might be. Whereas macroevolution can apply to relatively modest changes that produced diversification of species and genera and are readily compared to microevolution, "megaevolution" is used for great changes. Megaevolution has been extensively debated because it has been seen as a possible objection to Charles Darwin's theory of gradual evolution by natural selection.[1]

A list was prepared by John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry which they called The Major Transitions in Evolution.[2][3] On the 1999 edition of the list they included:

  1. Replicating molecules: change to populations of molecules in protocells
  2. Independent replicators leading to chromosomes
  3. RNA as gene and enzyme change to DNA genes and protein enzymes
  4. Bacterial cells (prokaryotes) leading to cells (eukaryotes) with nuclei and organelles
  5. Asexual clones leading to sexual populations
  6. Single-celled organisms leading to fungi, plants and animals
  7. Solitary individuals leading to colonies with non-reproducing castes (termites, ants & bees)
  8. Primate societies leading to human societies with language

Some of these topics had been discussed before.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Numbers one to six on the list are events which are of huge importance, but about which we know relatively little. All occurred before (and mostly very much before) the fossil record started, or at least before the Phanerozoic eon.

Numbers seven and eight on the list are of a different kind from the first six, and have generally not been considered by the other authors. Number four is of a type which is not covered by traditional evolutionary theory, The origin of eukaryotic cells is probably due to symbiosis between prokaryotes. This is a kind of evolution which must be a rare event.[12][13][14]

The Cambrian radiation example

[edit]
When it was first described, the Cambrian fossil Opabinia was thought to be unrelated to any known phylum. Later discoveries have shown it to be closely related to the ancestors of arthropods.
The Cambrian organism Marrella, was clearly an arthropod, but with features not seen in modern organisms.
Dickinsonia, an organism of the Ediacaran Period that precedes the Cambrian, whose affinity is still unknown.

The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the relatively rapid appearance of most major animal phyla around 530 million years ago (mya) in the fossil record, some of which are now extinct.[15][16][17] It is the classic example of megaevolution. "The fossil record documents two mutually exclusive macroevolutionary modes separated by the transitional Ediacaran period".[18]

Before about 580 mya it seems that most organisms were simple. They were made of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution accelerated by an order of magnitude.[18] Normally rates of evolution are measured by the extinction and origination rate of species, but here we can say that by the end of the Cambrian every phylum, or almost every phylum, existed.

The diversity of life began to resemble that of today.[19]

The Cambrian explosion has caused much scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the 'primordial strata' was noted as early as the mid 19th century,[20] and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.[1]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Darwin, Charles (2007). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. Cosimo Classics. pp. 315–31. ISBN 9781602061453. OCLC 176630493.
  2. ^ Maynard Smith J. & Szathmáry E. 1995. The major transitions in evolution. Oxford University Press, p6. ISBN 0-19-850294-X
  3. ^ Maynard Smith J. & Szathmáry E. 1995. 1999. The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origins of language. Oxford University Press, p6. ISBN 0-19-286209-X
  4. ^ Oparin A.I. 1952. The origin of life. New York: Dover.
  5. ^ Penrose L.S. 1962. On living matter and self-replication. In J.B. Good (ed) The scientist speculates: an anthology of partly-baked ideas.
  6. ^ Calvin, Melvin. 1969. Chemical evolution: molecular evolution towards the origin of living systems on the earth and elsewhere. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198553420
  7. ^ Cairns-Smith A.G. 1982. Genetic takeover and the mineral origins of life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23312-7
  8. ^ Martin, William & Russel, Michael J. 2003. (2003). "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 358 (1429): 59–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. PMC 1693102. PMID 12594918.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Hazen, Robert M. (2005). Genesis : the scientific quest for life's origins. Washington, DC: Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09432-0.
  10. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Brasier, Martin; Embley, T. Martin (2006). "Introduction: how and when did microbes change the world?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1470): 845–850. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1847. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1626534. PMID 16754602.
  11. ^ Leach, Sydney; Smith I.W.M. and Cockell, Charles S (eds) 2006. Introduction: conditions for the emergence of life on the early Earth. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 361 1675-1679. [1]
  12. ^ Sapp J. 1994. Evolution by association: a history of symbiosis. Oxford University Press.
  13. ^ Margulis, Lynn 1998. The symbiotic planet: a new look at evolution. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
  14. ^ Lake, James A. Evidence for an early prokaryote symbiogenesis. Nature 460 967–971.
  15. ^ "The Cambrian Period". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  16. ^ Lane, Abby (20 January 1999). "The Cambrian explosion - timing". Earth Sciences. University of Bristol. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  17. ^ Butterfield N.J. (2001). "Ecology and evolution of Cambrian plankton" (PDF). The ecology of the Cambrian radiation. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 200–216. ISBN 9780231106139. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  18. ^ a b Butterfield, N.J. (2007). "Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 41–55. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50...41B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x.
  19. ^ Bambach R.K.; Bush A.M.; Erwin D.H. (2007). "Autecology and the filling of ecospace: key metazoan radiations". Palæontology. 50 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50....1B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x.
  20. ^ Buckland, W. (1841). Geology and mineralogy considered with reference to natural theology. Lea & Blanchard. ISBN 978-1147868944.
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