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Added Gary North to the category "prison abolitionists." Source: https://www.lewrockwell.com/2005/09/gary-north/abolish-prisons/
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Gary North
| name = Gary North
| image_size =
| image_size =
| image = Gary North speaking at Ron Paul's annual BBQ (cropped).jpg
| image = Gary North speaking at Ron Paul's annual BBQ (cropped).jpg
| caption = North speaking in 2013
| caption = North speaking in 2013
| other_names =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Gary Kilgore North
| birth_name = Gary Kilgore North
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|02|11}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|02|11}}
| birth_place = San Pedro, [[California]], U.S.{{cn|date=April 2022}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|02|24|1942|02|11}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|02|24|1942|02|11}}
| death_place = [[Dallas, Georgia|Dallas]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Dallas, Georgia|Dallas]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
| nationality =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| citizenship =
| education = [[University of California, Riverside]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| education = [[University of California, Riverside]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation = Christian social theorist, economist, blogger, author
| occupation = Christian social theorist, economist, blogger, author
| employer =
| employer =
| known_for = Cofounder of [[Christian reconstructionism]]
| known_for = Cofounder of [[Christian reconstructionism]]
| title =
| title =
| spouse = Sharon Rushdoony
| spouse = Sharon Rushdoony
| partner =
| partner =
| children =
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://www.garynorth.com/}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.garynorth.com/}}
}}
}}


'''Gary Kilgore North''' (February 11, 1942 – February 24, 2022) was an American writer, [[Austrian School]] [[economic history|economic historian]], and leading figure in the [[Christian reconstructionism|Christian reconstructionist]] movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Skousen|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Skousen|title=The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers|year=2009|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|page=305|isbn=9780765628275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sisXMv_AecC&pg=PA305}}</ref> North authored or coauthored over fifty books on topics including [[Calvinism|Reformed Protestant]] theology, [[economics]], and [[history]]. He was an Associated Scholar of the [[Mises Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mises Institute Faculty Listing|url=https://mises.org/faculty|access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref>
'''Gary Kilgore North''' (February 11, 1942 – February 24, 2022) was an American writer, [[Austrian School]] [[economic history|economic historian]], and leading figure in the [[Christian reconstructionism|Christian reconstructionist]] movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Skousen|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Skousen|title=The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers|year=2009|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|page=305|isbn=978-0-7656-2827-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sisXMv_AecC&pg=PA305}}</ref> North authored or coauthored over fifty books on topics including [[Calvinism|Reformed Protestant]] theology, [[economics]], and [[history]]. He was an Associated Scholar of the [[Mises Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mises Institute Faculty Listing|url=https://mises.org/faculty|access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref>


He is known for his advocacy of biblical or "radically libertarian" [[free-market]] economics and also as a theorist of [[Dominion Theology|dominionism]] and [[theonomy]]. North often invoked the [[Protestant work ethic]] to advance these views. He supported the establishment and enforcement of Bible-based [[religious law]], a view which put him in conflict with other libertarians.<ref name=Olson/> He believed that [[capital punishment]] is appropriate punishment for male [[homosexuality]], [[adultery]], [[blasphemy]], [[abortion]], and [[witchcraft]].<ref name="Clarkson"/>
He is known for his advocacy of biblical or "radically libertarian" economics and also as a theorist of [[Dominion Theology|dominionism]] and [[theonomy]]. North often invoked the [[Protestant work ethic]] to advance these views. He supported the establishment and enforcement of Bible-based [[religious law]], a view which put him in conflict with other libertarians.<ref name=Olson/> He believed that [[capital punishment]] is appropriate punishment for male [[homosexuality]], [[adultery]], [[blasphemy]], [[abortion]], and [[witchcraft]].<ref name="Clarkson"/>


==Early life and education==
== Early life and education ==
North was born in [[San Pedro, California]],{{cn|date=April 2022}} on February 11, 1942,<ref>{{cite web |last1=North |first1=Gary |title=An Economic Commentary on the Bible: Genesis to Revelation |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/department158.cfm |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> and grew up in [[Southern California]], the son of [[FBI]] special agent Samuel W. North Jr. and his wife Peggy.<ref>{{cite book | author = Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI | title = Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI |year=1996|publisher=Turner |page = 185 | isbn = 1-56311-205-1 |oclc = 37922781}}</ref> North converted to [[Christianity]] in high school and, after attending a rally where [[Anti-Communism|anti-communist]] activist [[Fred Schwarz]] spoke, began frequenting conservative book-stores in the [[Los Angeles area]] during his college years.<ref name ="all began">{{cite web|last=North | first = Gary|title=It All Began With Fred Schwarz |url= http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north145.html |work=Lew Rockwell | access-date =May 3, 2011}}</ref> Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student at [[University of California, Riverside]], North became acquainted with the works of [[Wilhelm Röpke]], [[Rose Wilder Lane]], [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Austrian School]] economists [[Eugen Böhm von Bawerk]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek|F. A. Hayek]] and [[Murray Rothbard]], and also read the works of [[Calvinist]] philosopher [[R. J. Rushdoony|Rousas John Rushdoony]].<ref name= "all began" /> Later he married Rushdoony's daughter,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/03/local/me-32672 | title = The Rev. Rousas John Rushdoony; Advocated Rule by Biblical Law | first = Larry | last = Stammer | work = The Los Angeles Times | date = March 3, 2001 | access-date = April 6, 2013 }}</ref> collaborated with him<ref>{{cite book |last = Rushdoony |first=Rousas John |title= The Institutes of Biblical Law: a Chalcedon Study | year=1978 |publisher=Presbyterian and Reformed |isbn = 978-0-87552-410-8 | page = 890 | author2= Gary North (3 appendices) | oclc = 768429065}}</ref> and eulogized Rushdoony in a blog post on LewRockwell.com.<ref>{{cite web |last = North | first=Gary |title=RJ Rushdoony, RIP |url = http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north33.html | work=Lew Rockwell |access-date= May 3, 2011}}</ref>
North was born in [[Los Angeles, California]], on February 11, 1942,<ref name="Roberts 2022"/><ref>{{cite web | last1=North | first1=Gary | date=January 2013 | title=An Economic Commentary on the Bible: Genesis to Revelation | website=garynorth.com | type=Web page | url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/department158.cfm | access-date=14 February 2022 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103032143/http://www.garynorth.com/public/department158.cfm | archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> and grew up in [[Southern California]], the son of [[FBI]] special agent Samuel W. North Jr. and his wife Peggy.<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]] | title=Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI | year=1996 | publisher=Turner Publishing Company | publication-place=Paducah, Kentucky | page=185 | isbn=978-1-56311-205-8 | oclc=37922781 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYY5In8w848C&pg=PA185}}</ref> North converted to [[Christianity]] in high school and, after attending a rally where [[Anti-Communism|anti-communist]] activist [[Fred Schwarz]] spoke, began frequenting conservative book-stores in the [[Los Angeles area]] during his college years.<ref name="all began">{{cite web | last=North | first=Gary | date=December 16, 2002 | title=It All Began With Fred Schwarz | url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north145.html | website=LewRockwell.com | access-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student at [[University of California, Riverside]], North became acquainted with the works of [[Wilhelm Röpke]], [[Rose Wilder Lane]], [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Austrian School]] economists [[Eugen Böhm von Bawerk]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek|F. A. Hayek]] and [[Murray Rothbard]], and also read the works of [[Calvinist]] philosopher [[R. J. Rushdoony|Rousas John Rushdoony]].<ref name="all began" /> Later he married Rushdoony's daughter,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-mar-03-me-32672-story.html <!-- http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/03/local/me-32672 --> | title=The Rev. Rousas John Rushdoony; advocated rule by biblical law | first=Larry | last=Stammer | type=Obituary | work=The Los Angeles Times | date=March 3, 2001 | access-date=April 6, 2013 }}</ref> collaborated with him<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rushdoony | first1=Rousas John | title=The Institutes of Biblical Law: a Chalcedon Study | year=1978 | publisher=Presbyterian and Reformed | isbn=978-0-87552-410-8 | page=890 | first2=Gary | last2=North | oclc=768429065}}</ref> and eulogized Rushdoony in a blog post on LewRockwell.com.<ref>{{cite web | last=North | first=Gary | date=February 10, 2001 | title=R. J. Rushdoony, R.I.P. | url=https://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north33.html | website=LewRockwell.com | access-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Starting in 1967, North became a contributor to the [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] journal ''[[The Freeman]]'' where he had first read the work of [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Gary | last = North | url = https://mises.org/story/1576 | title = What Made Rothbard Great | publisher = Ludwig von Mises Institute | date = July 28, 2004}}.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2021}} In the 1970s, he was the director of seminars for the [[Foundation for Economic Education]] (FEE).<ref>{{cite journal|last=North|first = Gary |title=The Moral Dimension of FEE | journal =[[The Freeman]]|date=May 1, 1996 | url = http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/the-moral-dimension-of-fee}}</ref> North received a [[PhD]] in history from the [[University of California, Riverside]] in 1972. His [[dissertation]] was ''The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720''.<ref>{{Citation | first = Gary | last = North | title = The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720 | type = PhD dissertation | year = 1972 | oclc = 1902749}}</ref>
Starting in 1967, North became a contributor to the [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] journal ''[[The Freeman]]'' where he had first read the work of [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Gary | last = North | url = https://mises.org/story/1576 | title = What Made Rothbard Great | publisher = Ludwig von Mises Institute | date = July 28, 2004 | access-date = September 13, 2014 | archive-date = May 5, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090505203223/http://mises.org/story/1576 | url-status = dead }}.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2021}} In the 1970s, he was the director of seminars for the [[Foundation for Economic Education]] (FEE).<ref>{{cite journal|last=North|first = Gary |title=The Moral Dimension of FEE | journal =[[The Freeman]]|date=May 1, 1996 | url = http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/the-moral-dimension-of-fee}}</ref> North received a [[PhD]] in history from the [[University of California, Riverside]] in 1972. His [[dissertation]] was ''The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720''.<ref>{{Citation | first = Gary | last = North | title = The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720 | type = PhD dissertation | year = 1972 | oclc = 1902749}}</ref>


He served as research assistant for libertarian [[U.S. Republican Party|Republican]] Congressman [[Ron Paul]] in Paul's first term (1976). North was a regular contributor to the [[LewRockwell.com]] website, which lists an extensive archive of his articles there.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north-arch.html| title = LewRockwell.com Articles by North}}</ref> North's own website, Garynorth.com, posts commentary on religious, social, and political issues and offers paid access to investment advice and other premium content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |date=2006-06-13 |title=All good things must come to an end, but preferably not all at once. |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/10.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref> North also published a blog called ''Deliverance from Debt'' which provided advice about relief from debt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-06 |title=About This Site |url=https://deliverancefromdebt.wordpress.com/about/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Deliverance From Debt |language=en}}</ref> Another North website, "Free Christian Curriculum", seeks to provide a free Christian [[homeschooling]] curriculum for children from age 3 through grade 12.<ref>[http://www.freechristiancurriculum.com/public/main.cfm Free Christian Curriculum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007122527/http://www.freechristiancurriculum.com/public/main.cfm |date=October 7, 2013 }} website, ''accessed July 27, 2013.''</ref>
He served as research assistant for libertarian [[U.S. Republican Party|Republican]] Congressman [[Ron Paul]] in Paul's first term (1976). North was a regular contributor to the [[LewRockwell.com]] website, which lists an extensive archive of his articles there.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north-arch.html| title = LewRockwell.com Articles by North}}</ref> North's own website, Garynorth.com, posts commentary on religious, social, and political issues and offers paid access to investment advice and other premium content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |date=2006-06-13 |title=All good things must come to an end, but preferably not all at once. |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/10.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref> North also published a blog called ''Deliverance from Debt'' which provided advice about relief from debt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-06 |title=About This Site |url=https://deliverancefromdebt.wordpress.com/about/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Deliverance From Debt |language=en}}</ref> Another North website, "Free Christian Curriculum", seeks to provide a free Christian [[homeschooling]] curriculum for children from age 3 through grade 12.<ref>[http://www.freechristiancurriculum.com/public/main.cfm Free Christian Curriculum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007122527/http://www.freechristiancurriculum.com/public/main.cfm |date=October 7, 2013 }} website, ''accessed July 27, 2013.''</ref>


===Ron Paul curriculum===
===Ron Paul curriculum===
In addition, North offered the ''Ron Paul Curriculum'', a [[home school]] online curriculum associated with former U.S. Congressman [[Ron Paul]], which is free for grades K–5 and available to paid members from grades 6–12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |date=2013-04-06 |title=Announcing: The Ron Paul Curriculum Is Open for Business |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/10862.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Gary North, [http://www.ronpaulcurriculum.com/public/311.cfm A Q&A Dialogue for Newcomers], RonPaulCurriculum.com.</ref> As director of curriculum development, North outlined four goals of the educational project: providing a "detailed study" of the "history of liberty"; teaching a "thorough understanding of Austrian economics"; serving as "an academically rigorous curriculum that is tied to primary source" material rather than textbooks; and teaching "the Biblical principle of self-government and personal responsibility", which North called "the foundation of the market economy".<ref>Bump, Philip (April 9, 2013). [http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/04/ron-paul-home-schooling-curriculum/64047/ "Ron Paul's Home Schooling Curriculum Will Turn Your Kid into a Little Ron Paul."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722142350/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/04/ron-paul-home-schooling-curriculum/64047/ |date=July 22, 2013 }} The Atlantic Wire</ref>
In addition, North contributed to the ''Ron Paul Curriculum'', a [[home school]] online curriculum associated with former U.S. Congressman [[Ron Paul]], which is free for grades K–5 and available to paid members from grades 6–12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |date=2013-04-06 |title=Announcing: The Ron Paul Curriculum Is Open for Business |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/10862.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Gary North, [http://www.ronpaulcurriculum.com/public/311.cfm A Q&A Dialogue for Newcomers], RonPaulCurriculum.com.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Course Creators |url=https://www.ronpaulcurriculum.com/public/department257.cfm |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Ron Paul Curriculum}}</ref> As director of curriculum development, North outlined four goals of the educational project: providing a "detailed study" of the "history of liberty"; teaching a "thorough understanding of Austrian economics"; serving as "an academically rigorous curriculum that is tied to primary source" material rather than textbooks; and teaching "the Biblical principle of self-government and personal responsibility", which North called "the foundation of the market economy".<ref>Bump, Philip (April 9, 2013). [http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/04/ron-paul-home-schooling-curriculum/64047/ "Ron Paul's Home Schooling Curriculum Will Turn Your Kid into a Little Ron Paul."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722142350/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/04/ron-paul-home-schooling-curriculum/64047/ |date=July 22, 2013 }} The Atlantic Wire</ref>


===Christian, Bible-based economic methodology===
===Christian, Bible-based economic methodology===
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====Range of capital offenses====
====Range of capital offenses====
North favored [[capital punishment]] for a range of offenders, including murderers, blasphemers, children who curse their parents,<ref>On the subject of executing children, North wrote, "When people curse their parents, it unquestionably is a capital crime... The integrity of the family must be maintained by the threat of death". Gary North, ''The Sinai Strategy: Economics and the Ten Commandments'' (Tyler, Tex.: Institute for Christian Economics, 1986), p. 59.</ref> male homosexuals, and other people who commit some of the [[List of capital crimes in the Torah|acts deemed capital offenses]] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref name=BD23>Gary North, ''Boundaries and Dominion'' (1994), [http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/html/gnbd/Chapter23 chapter 23]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>See:
North favored [[capital punishment]] for a range of offenders, including murderers, blasphemers, children who curse their parents,<ref>On the subject of executing children, North wrote, "When people curse their parents, it unquestionably is a capital crime... The integrity of the family must be maintained by the threat of death". Gary North, ''The Sinai Strategy: Economics and the Ten Commandments'' (Tyler, Tex.: Institute for Christian Economics, 1986), p. 59.</ref> male homosexuals, and other people who commit some of the [[List of capital crimes in the Torah|acts deemed capital offenses]] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref name=BD23>Gary North, ''Boundaries and Dominion'' (1994), [http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/html/gnbd/Chapter23 chapter 23]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>Sugg, John (December 2005). [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/12/nation-under-god "A Nation Under God."] [[Mother Jones (magazine)|''Mother Jones'']]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sugg|first=John|date=July–August 2006|title=Warped Worldview|url=https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview|journal=Church & State|publisher=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|access-date=July 28, 2013|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024072424/https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview}}</ref> (North believed that the death penalty for [[sabbath breaking]] and some other crimes no longer applies.<ref name=BD23 />) North stated that the [[The Bible and homosexuality#Leviticus 18 and 20|biblical admonition]] to kill homosexuals in the [[Book of Leviticus]] is God's "law and its morally appropriate sanction", arguing that "God is indeed a [[Homophobia|homophobe]]" who "hates the practice [of homosexuality] and those who practice it" and "hates the sin and hates the sinner."<ref name=boundaries>{{cite book | first=Gary | last=North | url=http://www.garynorth.com/Leviticus-v1.pdf |title=Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Leviticus | edition=2nd | volume=1 | pages=xxvi, 221}}</ref>

* Sugg, John (December 2005). [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/12/nation-under-god "A Nation Under God."] [[Mother Jones (magazine)|''Mother Jones'']]
* {{cite journal|last=Sugg|first=John|date=July–August 2006|title=Warped Worldview|url=https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview|journal=Church & State|publisher=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|access-date=July 28, 2013|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024072424/https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview|url-status=dead}}</ref> (North believed that the death penalty for [[sabbath breaking]] and some other crimes no longer applies.<ref name=BD23 />) North stated that the [[The Bible and homosexuality#Leviticus 18 and 20|biblical admonition]] to kill homosexuals in the [[Book of Leviticus]] is God's "law and its morally appropriate sanction", arguing that "God is indeed a [[Homophobia|homophobe]]" who "hates the practice [of homosexuality] and those who practice it" and "hates the sin and hates the sinner."<ref name=boundaries>Gary North, [http://www.garynorth.com/Leviticus-v1.pdf Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Leviticus], (2nd ed., Vol. 1, p. xxvi; 221), 1999.</ref>


North said that capital punishment should be carried out by [[stoning]], because it is the biblically approved method of execution and it is cheap due to the plentiful and convenient supply of stones.<ref name="Clarkson">{{cite book|last=Clarkson|first=Frederick|title=Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash|chapter=Christian Reconstruction: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence|year=1995|publisher=[[South End Press]]|page=62|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6Ix9HFKQEC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-0-89608-523-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vile |first=John R. |title=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-85109-428-8 |edition=2nd |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=67 |chapter=Christian Reconstruction |oclc=51553072 |quote=...North favors stoning,...because of the widespread availability of rocks... |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0IGUhxqUuYC&pg=PA67}}</ref>
North said that capital punishment should be carried out by [[stoning]], because it is the biblically approved method of execution and it is cheap due to the plentiful and convenient supply of stones.<ref name="Clarkson">{{cite book|last=Clarkson|first=Frederick|title=Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash|chapter=Christian Reconstruction: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence|year=1995|publisher=[[South End Press]]|page=62|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6Ix9HFKQEC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-0-89608-523-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vile |first=John R. |title=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-85109-428-8 |edition=2nd |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=67 |chapter=Christian Reconstruction |oclc=51553072 |quote=...North favors stoning,...because of the widespread availability of rocks... |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0IGUhxqUuYC&pg=PA67}}</ref>
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===Y2K===
===Y2K===
North was also a prominent promoter of exaggerated predictions of computer failure from the [[Year 2000 problem]] (Y2K) during the late 1990s,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://forbes.com/1998/05/01/feat.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011223101002/http://forbes.com/1998/05/01/feat.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = December 23, 2001| title = 2000 Survivalists," ''Forbes''| website = [[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.arktimes.com/StreetJazz/archives/2012/04/04/the-doomsday-seekers-a-look-at-christian-reconstructionism| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120602065330/http://www.arktimes.com/StreetJazz/archives/2012/04/04/the-doomsday-seekers-a-look-at-christian-reconstructionism| url-status = live| archive-date = June 2, 2012| title = Doomsday Seekers, ''Arkansas Times''| date = April 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Some-Perspective-5-Years-After-Y2K%22Some| title = Perspecttives 5 Years After Y2K," "eWeek"}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url = http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/01/33445| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422081205/http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/01/33445| url-status = live| archive-date = April 22, 2014| title = Alarmist: Wha' Happened" "Wired"| magazine = Wired}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Recriminations-Pour-in-Against-Prophets-of-Y2K-2785319.php"Recriminations|title=Recriminations Pour in Against Prophets of Y2K Doom / Followers demand apologies for their wasted effort, money|work=SFGate|date=January 8, 2000}}</ref> earning him the nickname "Scary Gary."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ChNAwAAQBAJ&q=Scary+Gary+Y2K%22Apocalyptic&pg=PA155|title=Apocalyptic Fever|isbn=9781610976978|last1=Kyle|first1=Richard G.|date=August 2012}}</ref> His main website became dominated by links to extremist predictions for Y2K damage, including widespread collapse of governments and financial institutions. North declared on his home page that Y2K "may be the biggest problem that the modern world has ever faced" and labeled 2000 as "The Year the Earth Stands Still".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://y2klibrary.tripod.com"Gary| title = North's Y2K Links and Forums" (archived)}}</ref>
North was also a prominent promoter of exaggerated predictions of computer failure from the [[Year 2000 problem]] (Y2K) during the late 1990s,<ref>{{cite news | last=Penenberg | first=Adam L. | date=1 May 1998 |title=Year 2000 survivalists | work=Forbes.com | url=https://www.forbes.com/1998/05/01/feat.html | access-date=1 February 2024 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223101002/https://www.forbes.com/1998/05/01/feat.html | archive-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Drake | first=Richard | date=5 April 2012 | title=The doomsday seekers: A look at Christian Reconstructionism | work=Arkansas Times | url=https://arktimes.com/street-jazz/2012/04/05/the-doomsday-seekers-a-look-at-christian-reconstructionism <!-- http://www.arktimes.com/StreetJazz/archives/2012/04/04/the-doomsday-seekers-a-look-at-christian-reconstructionism --> | access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Seltzer | first=Larry | date=January 3, 2005 | title=Some Perspective 5 Years After Y2K | magazine=eWeek | url=https://www.eweek.com/security/some-perspective-5-years-after-y2k/ <!-- https://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Some-Perspective-5-Years-After-Y2K http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Some-Perspective-5-Years-After-Y2K%22Some --> | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201173121/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fsecurity%2Fsome%2Dperspective%2D5%2Dyears%2Dafter%2Dy2k%2F | archive-date=February 1, 2024 <!-- Date is correct. This is an archive of an archive. -->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Glasner | first=Joanna | date=5 January 2000 | title=Y2K Alarmist: Wha' Happened? | magazine=Wired | url=https://www.wired.com/2000/01/y2k-alarmist-wha-happened/ <!-- http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/01/33445 -->| access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Rosin | first=Hanna | date=8 January 2000 | title=Recriminations pour in against prophets of Y2K doom: Followers demand apologies for their wasted effort, money | work=SFGate | publisher=Hearst Communications | url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Recriminations-Pour-in-Against-Prophets-of-Y2K-2785319.php | access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> earning him the nickname "Scary Gary."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ChNAwAAQBAJ&q=Scary+Gary+Y2K%22Apocalyptic&pg=PA155|title=Apocalyptic Fever|isbn=978-1-61097-697-8|last1=Kyle|first1=Richard G.|date=August 2012|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers }}</ref> His main website became dominated by links to extremist predictions for Y2K damage, including widespread collapse of governments and financial institutions. North declared on his home page that Y2K "may be the biggest problem that the modern world has ever faced" and labeled 2000 as "The Year the Earth Stands Still".<ref>{{cite web | last=North | first=Gary | title=The year 2000 problem: The year the Earth stands still | website=Gary North's Y2K Links and Forums | url=http://www.garynorth.com/ | url-status=deviated | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202233625/http://www.garynorth.com/ | archive-date=1998-12-02}} Alternate archive/site mirror from 1997 available at http://y2klibrary.tripod.com</ref>


Critics said the motivation for North's predictions was linked to his Christian reconstructionist aims, which require widespread [[societal collapse]] to set the stage for a new theocratic order. North made the connection explicit in communications with fellow reconstructionists: "The Y2K crisis is systemic. It cannot possibly be fixed. I think it will wipe out every national government in the West. Not just modify them—destroy them...That is what I have wanted all my adult life. In my view, Y2K is our deliverance."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC|title=New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America|isbn=9780918954923|last1=Davis|first1=Derek|last2=Hankins|first2=Barry|year=2003}}</ref>
Critics said the motivation for North's predictions was linked to his Christian reconstructionist aims, which require widespread [[societal collapse]] to set the stage for a new theocratic order. North made the connection explicit in communications with fellow reconstructionists: "The Y2K crisis is systemic. It cannot possibly be fixed. I think it will wipe out every national government in the West. Not just modify them—destroy them...That is what I have wanted all my adult life. In my view, Y2K is our deliverance."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC|title=New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America|isbn=978-0-918954-92-3|last1=Davis|first1=Derek|last2=Hankins|first2=Barry|year=2003|publisher=Baylor University Press }}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
North was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2017, and underwent treatment for about five years. He died in [[Dallas, Georgia]], on February 24, 2022, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bulkeley |first1=Craig |title=Gary North, RIP |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/23334.cfm |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=2022-03-04 |title=Gary North, Apostle of Bible-Based Economics, Dies at 80 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/gary-north-dead.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
North was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2017, and underwent treatment for about five years. He died in [[Dallas, Georgia]], on February 24, 2022, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bulkeley |first1=Craig |title=Gary North, RIP |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/23334.cfm |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Roberts 2022">{{cite news | title=Gary North, apostle of bible-based economics, dies at 80 | type=Obituary | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/gary-north-dead.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=15 February 2024 | first=Sam | last=Roberts | date=4 March 2022 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304200005/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/gary-north-dead.html | archive-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>


==Publications==
==Publications==


===Institute for Christian Economics===
===Institute for Christian Economics===
North was the founder of the Institute for Christian Economics (ICE), which publishes online books and magazines focusing on [[Christian ethics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/|title=What Is The ICE?|quote=The Institute for Christian Economics is a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization which is devoted to research and publishing in the field of Christian ethics.|access-date=July 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218140939/http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/|archive-date=February 18, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Journals from I.C.E. include:
North was the founder of the Institute for Christian Economics (ICE), which publishes online books and magazines focusing on [[Christian ethics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/|title=What Is The ICE?|quote=The Institute for Christian Economics is a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization which is devoted to research and publishing in the field of Christian ethics.|access-date=July 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218140939/http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/|archive-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>Journals from I.C.E. include:
* ''Bible Economics Today'' {{OCLC|28151806}}
* ''Bible Economics Today'' {{OCLC|28151806}}
* ''Covenant Renewal'' {{OCLC|19234372}}
* ''Covenant Renewal'' {{OCLC|19234372}}
Line 82: Line 79:
* ''Occupy!'' {{OCLC|15531056}}
* ''Occupy!'' {{OCLC|15531056}}
* ''Preface'' {{OCLC|31889913}}
* ''Preface'' {{OCLC|31889913}}
</ref> ICE, along with Dominion Press in [[Tyler, Texas]], are important sources for [[Christian reconstructionism|reconstructionist]] publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingersoll|first=Julie J.|author-link=Julie Ingersoll|title=Reconstructionist Christianity|journal=Contemporary American Religion (From HighBeam Research)|date=January 1, 1999|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414135731/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 14, 2016|access-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref>
</ref> ICE, along with Dominion Press in [[Tyler, Texas]], are important sources for [[Christian reconstructionism|reconstructionist]] publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingersoll|first=Julie J.|author-link=Julie Ingersoll|title=Reconstructionist Christianity|journal=Contemporary American Religion |date=January 1, 1999|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414135731/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|archive-date=April 14, 2016|access-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref>


===Books and newsletters===
===Books and newsletters===
North authored or coauthored more than fifty books, many of which are available for free download.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |title= Free Books from the Institute for Christian Economics |work= Entrewave |access-date= March 11, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032731/http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |archive-date= December 5, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> For many years, North was the author and editor of the newsletter ''The Remnant Review''. He also provided ''Gary North's Reality Check'', a free e-newsletter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |title=Back Issues of Gary North's Reality Check |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/department56.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref>
North authored or coauthored more than fifty books, many of which are available for free download.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |title= Free Books from the Institute for Christian Economics |work= Entrewave |access-date= March 11, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032731/http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |archive-date= December 5, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> For many years, North was the author and editor of the newsletter ''The Remnant Review''. He also provided ''Gary North's Reality Check'', a free e-newsletter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |title=Back Issues of Gary North's Reality Check |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/department56.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref>


===Documentary and educational film===
===Documentary and educational film===
Line 91: Line 88:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Austrian School]]
* [[Christian right]]
* [[Christian right]]
* [[Dominion theology]]
* [[Dominion theology]]
Line 97: Line 93:
* [[Paleolibertarianism]]
* [[Paleolibertarianism]]
* [[Right-libertarianism]]
* [[Right-libertarianism]]
* [[Theocracy]]
* [[Theonomy]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 108: Line 102:
* [https://mises.org/profile/gary-north Biography and works by North] at [[Mises Institute]]
* [https://mises.org/profile/gary-north Biography and works by North] at [[Mises Institute]]
* [https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=North%2C%20Gary Digitized books by Gary North] at [[The Online Books Page]]
* [https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=North%2C%20Gary Digitized books by Gary North] at [[The Online Books Page]]
* {{YouTube |evJeAAJedbY|"Super-Cheap Accredited Colleges"}} – video by North, for [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624215644/http://www.lowestcostcolleges.com/ Lowest cost colleges], which links to [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034232/http://www.zerodebtdegrees.com/OPdTZ/ Zero debt degrees].


{{Portalbar|Calvinism|Christianity|Conservatism|Economics|Libertarianism|Politics}}
{{Portalbar|Reformed Christianity|Christianity|Conservatism|Economics|Libertarianism|Politics}}
{{Christian Reconstructionism}}
{{Christian Reconstructionism}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Christian reconstructionism]]
[[Category:Christian reconstructionism]]
[[Category:Christian libertarians]]
[[Category:Christian libertarians]]
[[Category:prison abolitionists]]
[[Category:Prison abolitionists]]
[[Category:American prison reformers]]
[[Category:Dominion theology]]
[[Category:Dominion theology]]
[[Category:Mises Institute people]]
[[Category:Mises Institute people]]

Latest revision as of 11:42, 16 December 2024

Gary North
North speaking in 2013
Born
Gary Kilgore North

(1942-02-11)February 11, 1942
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedFebruary 24, 2022(2022-02-24) (aged 80)
Dallas, Georgia, U.S.
EducationUniversity of California, Riverside (PhD)
Occupation(s)Christian social theorist, economist, blogger, author
Known forCofounder of Christian reconstructionism
SpouseSharon Rushdoony
Websitewww.garynorth.com

Gary Kilgore North (February 11, 1942 – February 24, 2022) was an American writer, Austrian School economic historian, and leading figure in the Christian reconstructionist movement.[1] North authored or coauthored over fifty books on topics including Reformed Protestant theology, economics, and history. He was an Associated Scholar of the Mises Institute.[2]

He is known for his advocacy of biblical or "radically libertarian" economics and also as a theorist of dominionism and theonomy. North often invoked the Protestant work ethic to advance these views. He supported the establishment and enforcement of Bible-based religious law, a view which put him in conflict with other libertarians.[3] He believed that capital punishment is appropriate punishment for male homosexuality, adultery, blasphemy, abortion, and witchcraft.[4]

Early life and education

[edit]

North was born in Los Angeles, California, on February 11, 1942,[5][6] and grew up in Southern California, the son of FBI special agent Samuel W. North Jr. and his wife Peggy.[7] North converted to Christianity in high school and, after attending a rally where anti-communist activist Fred Schwarz spoke, began frequenting conservative book-stores in the Los Angeles area during his college years.[8] Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student at University of California, Riverside, North became acquainted with the works of Wilhelm Röpke, Rose Wilder Lane, Cornelius Van Til, Austrian School economists Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Hayek and Murray Rothbard, and also read the works of Calvinist philosopher Rousas John Rushdoony.[8] Later he married Rushdoony's daughter,[9] collaborated with him[10] and eulogized Rushdoony in a blog post on LewRockwell.com.[11]

Career

[edit]

Starting in 1967, North became a contributor to the libertarian journal The Freeman where he had first read the work of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.[12][unreliable source?] In the 1970s, he was the director of seminars for the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE).[13] North received a PhD in history from the University of California, Riverside in 1972. His dissertation was The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720.[14]

He served as research assistant for libertarian Republican Congressman Ron Paul in Paul's first term (1976). North was a regular contributor to the LewRockwell.com website, which lists an extensive archive of his articles there.[15] North's own website, Garynorth.com, posts commentary on religious, social, and political issues and offers paid access to investment advice and other premium content.[16] North also published a blog called Deliverance from Debt which provided advice about relief from debt.[17] Another North website, "Free Christian Curriculum", seeks to provide a free Christian homeschooling curriculum for children from age 3 through grade 12.[18]

Ron Paul curriculum

[edit]

In addition, North contributed to the Ron Paul Curriculum, a home school online curriculum associated with former U.S. Congressman Ron Paul, which is free for grades K–5 and available to paid members from grades 6–12.[19][20][21] As director of curriculum development, North outlined four goals of the educational project: providing a "detailed study" of the "history of liberty"; teaching a "thorough understanding of Austrian economics"; serving as "an academically rigorous curriculum that is tied to primary source" material rather than textbooks; and teaching "the Biblical principle of self-government and personal responsibility", which North called "the foundation of the market economy".[22]

Christian, Bible-based economic methodology

[edit]

North wrote that the "starting point for all economic analysis" lies in accepting that "God [has] cursed the earth" in the Book of Genesis 3:17–19; this "made scarcity an inescapable fact of man's existence".[23] In his 1982 Dominion Covenant: Genesis, North wrote that mainstream modern economics, whether libertarian, conservative or liberal, is "in disintegration" because it is "humanist" in its approach and consequently rejects the notion that "biblical revelation" is necessary for sound economic theory. He also wrote that economics "must begin with the [Biblical] story of creation" if it is not to collapse into "total chaos".[24]

Proposed "Christian theocratic" political and social order

[edit]

A 2011 article in The New York Times identified North as a central figure in Christian reconstructionism, the philosophy which advocates the institution of "a Christian theocracy under Old Testament law [as] the best form of government, and a radically libertarian one."[23] North wrote: "I certainly believe in biblical theocracy."[25][26]

The article also described North as "the leading proponent of 'Christian economics,' which applies biblical principles to economic issues and the free market." North supported the abolition of the fractional-reserve banking system and a return to the gold standard. According to the Times, North believed that the Bible forbids inflation, welfare programs, and also writes that "God would prefer gold money to paper".[23]

Range of capital offenses

[edit]

North favored capital punishment for a range of offenders, including murderers, blasphemers, children who curse their parents,[27] male homosexuals, and other people who commit some of the acts deemed capital offenses in the Old Testament.[28][29][30] (North believed that the death penalty for sabbath breaking and some other crimes no longer applies.[28]) North stated that the biblical admonition to kill homosexuals in the Book of Leviticus is God's "law and its morally appropriate sanction", arguing that "God is indeed a homophobe" who "hates the practice [of homosexuality] and those who practice it" and "hates the sin and hates the sinner."[31]

North said that capital punishment should be carried out by stoning, because it is the biblically approved method of execution and it is cheap due to the plentiful and convenient supply of stones.[4][32]

Religious liberty

[edit]

North said: "We must use the doctrine of religious liberty to gain independence for Christian schools until we train up a generation of people who know that there is no religious neutrality, no neutral law, no neutral education, and no neutral civil government. Then they will get busy in constructing a Bible-based social, political and religious order which finally denies the religious liberty of the enemies of God."[3][33]

Adam C. English suggests that this quote implies that "religious liberty is a useful tool to Christians in the present, yet is ultimately to be denied to anyone who is not Christian once the Christians are in power".[34] English argues that although this may seem inconsistent (advocating religious liberty but denying the reality of the notion), North and his fellow reconstructionists understand "liberty" in a theological sense. According to the reconstructionists, "anyone outside of the Christian faith is in bondage," and so "government by rigorous theonomy is not oppressive but liberating".[35]

Y2K

[edit]

North was also a prominent promoter of exaggerated predictions of computer failure from the Year 2000 problem (Y2K) during the late 1990s,[36][37][38][39][40] earning him the nickname "Scary Gary."[41] His main website became dominated by links to extremist predictions for Y2K damage, including widespread collapse of governments and financial institutions. North declared on his home page that Y2K "may be the biggest problem that the modern world has ever faced" and labeled 2000 as "The Year the Earth Stands Still".[42]

Critics said the motivation for North's predictions was linked to his Christian reconstructionist aims, which require widespread societal collapse to set the stage for a new theocratic order. North made the connection explicit in communications with fellow reconstructionists: "The Y2K crisis is systemic. It cannot possibly be fixed. I think it will wipe out every national government in the West. Not just modify them—destroy them...That is what I have wanted all my adult life. In my view, Y2K is our deliverance."[43]

Death

[edit]

North was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2017, and underwent treatment for about five years. He died in Dallas, Georgia, on February 24, 2022, at the age of 80.[44][5]

Publications

[edit]

Institute for Christian Economics

[edit]

North was the founder of the Institute for Christian Economics (ICE), which publishes online books and magazines focusing on Christian ethics.[45][46] ICE, along with Dominion Press in Tyler, Texas, are important sources for reconstructionist publications.[47]

Books and newsletters

[edit]

North authored or coauthored more than fifty books, many of which are available for free download.[48] For many years, North was the author and editor of the newsletter The Remnant Review. He also provided Gary North's Reality Check, a free e-newsletter.[49]

Documentary and educational film

[edit]
  • Unknown History of the 20th Century (DVD) (2006) OCLC 213272975

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Skousen, Mark (2009). The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M. E. Sharpe. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-7656-2827-5.
  2. ^ "Mises Institute Faculty Listing". Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  3. ^ a b Olson, Walter (November 1, 1998). "Reasonable Doubts: Invitation to a Stoning". Reason.com. pp. 1–2. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Clarkson, Frederick (1995). "Christian Reconstruction: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence". Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash. South End Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-89608-523-7.
  5. ^ a b Roberts, Sam (March 4, 2022). "Gary North, apostle of bible-based economics, dies at 80". The New York Times (Obituary). Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  6. ^ North, Gary (January 2013). "An Economic Commentary on the Bible: Genesis to Revelation". garynorth.com (Web page). Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  7. ^ Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-56311-205-8. OCLC 37922781.
  8. ^ a b North, Gary (December 16, 2002). "It All Began With Fred Schwarz". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  9. ^ Stammer, Larry (March 3, 2001). "The Rev. Rousas John Rushdoony; advocated rule by biblical law". The Los Angeles Times (Obituary). Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  10. ^ Rushdoony, Rousas John; North, Gary (1978). The Institutes of Biblical Law: a Chalcedon Study. Presbyterian and Reformed. p. 890. ISBN 978-0-87552-410-8. OCLC 768429065.
  11. ^ North, Gary (February 10, 2001). "R. J. Rushdoony, R.I.P." LewRockwell.com. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  12. ^ North, Gary (July 28, 2004), What Made Rothbard Great, Ludwig von Mises Institute, archived from the original on May 5, 2009, retrieved September 13, 2014.
  13. ^ North, Gary (May 1, 1996). "The Moral Dimension of FEE". The Freeman.
  14. ^ North, Gary (1972), The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720 (PhD dissertation), OCLC 1902749
  15. ^ "LewRockwell.com Articles by North".
  16. ^ GaryNorth.com (June 13, 2006). "All good things must come to an end, but preferably not all at once". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  17. ^ "About This Site". Deliverance From Debt. May 6, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  18. ^ Free Christian Curriculum Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine website, accessed July 27, 2013.
  19. ^ GaryNorth.com (April 6, 2013). "Announcing: The Ron Paul Curriculum Is Open for Business". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  20. ^ Gary North, A Q&A Dialogue for Newcomers, RonPaulCurriculum.com.
  21. ^ "Course Creators". Ron Paul Curriculum. July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  22. ^ Bump, Philip (April 9, 2013). "Ron Paul's Home Schooling Curriculum Will Turn Your Kid into a Little Ron Paul." Archived July 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic Wire
  23. ^ a b c Oppenheimer, Mark (April 30, 2011). "'Christian Economics' Meets the Antiunion Movement". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  24. ^ "Dominion Covenant: Genesis". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  25. ^ Hugh B. Urban, The Secrets of the Kingdom: Religion and Concealment in the Bush Administration Rowman and Littlefield, 56
  26. ^ Gary North, Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism Tyler, Tex., Institute for Christian Economics, 1989, x
  27. ^ On the subject of executing children, North wrote, "When people curse their parents, it unquestionably is a capital crime... The integrity of the family must be maintained by the threat of death". Gary North, The Sinai Strategy: Economics and the Ten Commandments (Tyler, Tex.: Institute for Christian Economics, 1986), p. 59.
  28. ^ a b Gary North, Boundaries and Dominion (1994), chapter 23[permanent dead link‍].
  29. ^ Sugg, John (December 2005). "A Nation Under God." Mother Jones
  30. ^ Sugg, John (July–August 2006). "Warped Worldview". Church & State. Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  31. ^ North, Gary. Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Leviticus (PDF). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). pp. xxvi, 221.
  32. ^ Vile, John R. (2003). "Christian Reconstruction". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 67. ISBN 1-85109-428-8. OCLC 51553072. ...North favors stoning,...because of the widespread availability of rocks...
  33. ^ North, Gary (1982). "The Intellectual Schizophrenia of the New Christian Right". In Jordan, James B (ed.). The Failure of the American Baptist Culture. Christianity and Civilization. Geneva Divinity School. p. 25. ISBN 0-939404-04-4. ISSN 0278-8187.
  34. ^ English, Adam C. (2003). "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K: Gary North, the New Millennium, and Religious Freedom". New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America. Baylor University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-918954-92-3.
  35. ^ English, "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K," p. 117.
  36. ^ Penenberg, Adam L. (May 1, 1998). "Year 2000 survivalists". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  37. ^ Drake, Richard (April 5, 2012). "The doomsday seekers: A look at Christian Reconstructionism". Arkansas Times. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  38. ^ Seltzer, Larry (January 3, 2005). "Some Perspective 5 Years After Y2K". eWeek. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024.
  39. ^ Glasner, Joanna (January 5, 2000). "Y2K Alarmist: Wha' Happened?". Wired. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  40. ^ Rosin, Hanna (January 8, 2000). "Recriminations pour in against prophets of Y2K doom: Followers demand apologies for their wasted effort, money". SFGate. Hearst Communications. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  41. ^ Kyle, Richard G. (August 2012). Apocalyptic Fever. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61097-697-8.
  42. ^ North, Gary. "The year 2000 problem: The year the Earth stands still". Gary North's Y2K Links and Forums. Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Alternate archive/site mirror from 1997 available at http://y2klibrary.tripod.com
  43. ^ Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-0-918954-92-3.
  44. ^ Bulkeley, Craig (February 26, 2022). "Gary North, RIP". Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  45. ^ "What Is The ICE?". Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013. The Institute for Christian Economics is a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization which is devoted to research and publishing in the field of Christian ethics.
  46. ^ Journals from I.C.E. include:
  47. ^ Ingersoll, Julie J. (January 1, 1999). "Reconstructionist Christianity". Contemporary American Religion. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  48. ^ "Free Books from the Institute for Christian Economics". Entrewave. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  49. ^ GaryNorth.com. "Back Issues of Gary North's Reality Check". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
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