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{{short description|American neuroscientist}}
{{short description|American neuroscientist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Carla J. Shatz
| name = Carla J. Shatz
| image = Carla_shatz.jpg
| image = Carla_shatz.jpg
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| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| birth_place = {{birth year and age|1947}}
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| citizenship =
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| nationality =
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| fields =
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| workplaces = [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]<br />[[Stanford University]]<br />[[Harvard University]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]]
| workplaces = [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]<br />[[Stanford University]]<br />[[Harvard University]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]]
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| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Radcliffe College]] (BA)|[[University College London]] (MPhil)|[[Harvard University]] (PhD)}}
| doctoral_advisors = [[David Hubel]], [[Torsten Wiesel]]
| doctoral_advisors = [[David Hubel]], [[Torsten Wiesel]]
| academic_advisors = [[Pasko Rakic]]
| academic_advisors = [[Pasko Rakic]]
| doctoral_students =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Role of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
| known_for = Role of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
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| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
| influences =
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| influenced = [[Marla Feller]]
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| footnotes =
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| website = {{URL |https://shatzlab.stanford.edu/publications/ |shatzlab.stanford.edu}}
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| footnotes =
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| education = {{ubl|[[Radcliffe College]] ([[B. A.|BA]])|[[University College London]] ([[MPhil]])|[[Harvard University]] ([[PhD]])}}
| spouse =
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| website = {{URL |https://shatzlab.stanford.edu/publications/ |shatzlab.stanford.edu}}
}}
}}
'''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Philosophical Society]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], and the [[National Academy of Medicine]].
'''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla Jo Shatz|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/carla-jo-shatz|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> the [[American Philosophical Society]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carla J. Shatz|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/12738.html|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Medicine]].


She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.<ref name=pmid23495301>{{cite journal |pmid=23495301 |pmc=3592607 |year=2005 |last1=Paul |first1=C. A |title=An Interview with Carla Shatz - Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair |journal=Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=E4–5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/|title=Neurobiologist Carla Shatz shares her perspective - Scope Blog|website=Scopeblog.stanford.edu|accessdate=23 December 2017|date=2016-02-11}}</ref> Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Daniel M. |title=Compatibility Gene |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1846145148| page=150 |ref=davies |year=2013 }}</ref><ref name=pmid23495301/>
She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.<ref name=pmid23495301>{{cite journal |pmid=23495301 |pmc=3592607 |year=2005 |last1=Paul |first1=C. A |title=An Interview with Carla Shatz – Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair |journal=Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=E4–5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/|title=Neurobiologist Carla Shatz shares her perspective – Scope Blog|website=Scopeblog.stanford.edu|accessdate=December 23, 2017|date=February 11, 2016}}</ref> Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Daniel M. |title=Compatibility Gene |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1846145148| page=150 |ref=davies |year=2013 }}</ref><ref name=pmid23495301/>


==Career==
==Career==
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In 1978, Shatz moved to [[Stanford University]], where she began her studies of the development of the [[mammalian]] [[visual system]] in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she became a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] investigator in 1994. During 1994–1995, she was president of the [[Society for Neuroscience]] and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001.
In 1978, Shatz moved to [[Stanford University]], where she began her studies of the development of the [[mammalian]] [[visual system]] in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she became a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] investigator in 1994. During 1994–1995, she was president of the [[Society for Neuroscience]] and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001.


In 2000, Shatz was named the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. She chaired the Department of Neurobiology from 2000 to 2017 and was the first woman to do so.<ref name=pmid23495301/> Regarding her departure from Stanford, she stated "I couldn't turn [the job] down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."<ref name="davies"/> Shatz helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center<ref>{{cite web|url=https://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu/home|title=Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center|website=neurodiscovery.harvard.edu}}</ref>) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging.
In 2000, Shatz was named the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. She chaired the Department of Neurobiology from 2000 to 2007 and was the first woman to do so.<ref name=pmid23495301/> Regarding her departure from Berkeley, she stated "I couldn't turn [the job] down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."<ref name="davies"/> Shatz helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center<ref>{{cite web|url=https://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu/home|title=Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center|website=neurodiscovery.harvard.edu|access-date=March 24, 2019|archive-date=December 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201211611/https://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu/home|url-status=dead}}</ref>) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging.


Shatz currently holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is The Catherine Holman Johnson Director of Stanford Bio-X at [[Stanford University]]. She was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2011.
Shatz currently holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is The Catherine Holman Johnson Director of Stanford Bio-X at [[Stanford University]]. She was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2011.


==Research==
==Research==
Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain [[developmental biology|development]]. She found that the [[spontaneous activity]] of [[neurons]] ''[[Uterus|in utero]]'' is critical for the formation of precise and orderly [[neural network|neural connections]] in the [[central nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=702379 |pmc=1282696 |year=1978 |last1=Shatz |first1=C. J |title=Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=281 |pages=267–83 |last2=Stryker |first2=M. P |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012421}}</ref> She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the [[retina]] can alter [[gene expression]] and the strength of [[Synapse|synaptic connections]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8638165 |year=1996 |last1=Feller |first1=M. B |title=Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves |journal=Science |volume=272 |issue=5265 |pages=1182–7 |last2=Wellis |first2=D. P |last3=Stellwagen |first3=D |last4=Werblin |first4=F. S |last5=Shatz |first5=C. J |bibcode=1996Sci...272.1182F |doi=10.1126/science.272.5265.1182 |s2cid=11295283 }}</ref> In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified [[MHC Class I]] molecules as important for neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11118151 |pmc=2175035 |year=2000 |last1=Huh |first1=G. S |title=Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5499 |pages=2155–9 |last2=Boulanger |first2=L. M |last3=Du |first3=H |last4=Riquelme |first4=P. A |last5=Brotz |first5=T. M |last6=Shatz |first6=C. J |doi=10.1126/science.290.5499.2155|bibcode=2000Sci...290.2155H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html|title=Molecules key to immune system also play role in brain|website=News.stanford.edu|accessdate=23 December 2017|date=April 2009}}</ref>
Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain [[developmental biology|development]]. She found that the [[spontaneous activity]] of [[neurons]] ''[[Uterus|in utero]]'' is critical for the formation of precise and orderly [[neural network|neural connections]] in the [[central nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=702379 |pmc=1282696 |year=1978 |last1=Shatz |first1=C. J |title=Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=281 |pages=267–83 |last2=Stryker |first2=M. P |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012421}}</ref> She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the [[retina]] can alter [[gene expression]] and the strength of [[Synapse|synaptic connections]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8638165 |year=1996 |last1=Feller |first1=M. B |title=Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves |journal=Science |volume=272 |issue=5265 |pages=1182–7 |last2=Wellis |first2=D. P |last3=Stellwagen |first3=D |last4=Werblin |first4=F. S |last5=Shatz |first5=C. J |bibcode=1996Sci...272.1182F |doi=10.1126/science.272.5265.1182 |s2cid=11295283 }}</ref> In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified [[MHC Class I]] molecules as important for neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11118151 |pmc=2175035 |year=2000 |last1=Huh |first1=G. S |title=Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5499 |pages=2155–9 |last2=Boulanger |first2=L. M |last3=Du |first3=H |last4=Riquelme |first4=P. A |last5=Brotz |first5=T. M |last6=Shatz |first6=C. J |doi=10.1126/science.290.5499.2155|bibcode=2000Sci...290.2155H }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html|title=Molecules key to immune system also play role in brain|website=News.stanford.edu|accessdate=December 23, 2017|date=April 2009}}</ref>


Shatz is credited with coining a well-known sentence summarizing [[Hebbian theory]]: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's ''Science'' article in January, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 ''Scientific American'' article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Carla J. |last1=Shatz |date=September 1992 |title=The Developing Brain |journal=Scientific American |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=60–7 |jstor=24939213 |pmid=1502524 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0992-60|bibcode=1992SciAm.267c..60S }}</ref>
Shatz is credited with coining a well-known mnemonic summarizing [[Hebbian theory]]: "Cells that fire together, wire together."<ref name="Keysers_2014">{{cite journal |last1=Keysers |first1=Christian |last2=Gazzola |first2=Valeria |date=June 5, 2014 |title=Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions |journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=369 |issue=1644 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2013.0175 |pmid=24778372 |pmc=4006178 }}</ref><ref name="i067">{{cite web | title=Rewriting the Rules in the School Of Thought | website=Scientific American | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/custom-media/biggest-questions-in-science/rewriting-the-rules-in-the-school-of-thought/ | access-date=2024-07-16}}</ref> In her September 1992 ''Scientific American'' article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Carla J. |last1=Shatz |date=September 1992 |title=The Developing Brain |journal=Scientific American |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=60–7 |jstor=24939213 |pmid=1502524 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0992-60|bibcode=1992SciAm.267c..60S }}</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
Shatz has received the following awards and honors:
Shatz has received the following awards and honors:

⚫
* 1985 [[Society for Neuroscience]] Young Investigator Award<ref name="vss">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award|title=Society for Neuroscience|website=Sfn.org|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref>
Shatz has received the following awards and honors:
⚫
* 1993 Silvo Conte Award, National Foundation for Brain Research<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Keynote – Carla Shatz |website=Vision Sciences Society |url=https://www.visionsciences.org/2010-keynote/ |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
⚫
* 1985 [[Society for Neuroscience]] Young Investigator Award<ref name="vss">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award|title=Society for Neuroscience|website=Sfn.org|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
⚫
* 1993 Silvo Conte Award, National Foundation for Brain Research<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Keynote – Carla Shatz |website=Vision Sciences Society |url=https://www.visionsciences.org/2010-keynote/ |access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>
* 1995 Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education<ref name="vss"/>
* 1995 Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education<ref name="vss"/>
* 1997 Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research<ref name="vss"/>
* 1997 Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research<ref name="vss"/>
* 1999 Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society<ref name="vss"/>
* 1999 Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society<ref name="vss"/>
* 2000 [[Weizmann Women & Science Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Weizmann Women in Science Award Recipients |website=Weizmann Institute of Science |url=https://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
* 2000 [[Weizmann Women & Science Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Weizmann Women in Science Award Recipients |website=Weizmann Institute of Science |url=https://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911163203/http://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2006 Gill Prize in Neuroscience<ref name="vss"/>
* 2006 Gill Prize in Neuroscience<ref name="vss"/>
* 2009 Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2009 |title=Society for Neuroscience Announces Science Achievement Awards |website=Society for Neuroscience |url=https://www.sfn.org/Publications/Latest%20News/2009/10/17/SOCIETY%20FOR%20NEUROSCIENCE%20ANNOUNCES%20SCIENCE%20ACHIEVEMENT%20AWARDS |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
* 2009 Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web |date=October 17, 2009 |title=Society for Neuroscience Announces Science Achievement Awards |website=Society for Neuroscience |url=https://www.sfn.org/Publications/Latest%20News/2009/10/17/SOCIETY%20FOR%20NEUROSCIENCE%20ANNOUNCES%20SCIENCE%20ACHIEVEMENT%20AWARDS |access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>
* 2011 [[Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest%20news/2011/11/12/ralph%20w%20gerard%20prize%20in%20neuroscience%20recognizes%20outstanding%20contributions%20of%20carla%20shatz |title=Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Recognizes Outstanding Contributions of Carla Shatz |date=12 November 2011 |website=Society for Neuroscience|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref>
* 2011 [[Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest%20news/2011/11/12/ralph%20w%20gerard%20prize%20in%20neuroscience%20recognizes%20outstanding%20contributions%20of%20carla%20shatz |title=Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Recognizes Outstanding Contributions of Carla Shatz |date=November 12, 2011 |website=Society for Neuroscience|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
* 2013 Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/|title=Pioneer in Neural Development Carla Shatz, PhD, Wins Prestigious Prize |website=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|date=19 February 2013 |accessdate=2021-09-30}}</ref>
* 2013 Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/|title=Pioneer in Neural Development Carla Shatz, PhD, Wins Prestigious Prize |website=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|date=February 19, 2013 |accessdate=September 30, 2021}}</ref>
* 2015 [[Gruber Prize in Neuroscience]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/2015/carla-shatz|title=Carla Shatz, 2015 Neuroscience Prize, Laureate Profile |website=The Gruber Foundation |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
* 2015 [[Gruber Prize in Neuroscience]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/2015/carla-shatz|title=Carla Shatz, 2015 Neuroscience Prize, Laureate Profile |website=The Gruber Foundation |access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Kavli Prize]] in Neuroscience<ref>{{cite web |title=Carla Shatz wins Kavli Neuroscience Prize |date=2 June 2016 |authors=Goldman B, Adams A, Carey B |website=Stanford Medicine News Center |url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/06/carla-shatz-wins-kavli-neuroscience-prize.html |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Kavli Prize]] in Neuroscience<ref name="News Center 2016">{{cite web | title=Carla Shatz wins Kavli Neuroscience Prize | website=News Center | date=June 2, 2016 | url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/06/carla-shatz-wins-kavli-neuroscience-prize.html | access-date=December 14, 2021}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Champalimaud Foundation]] Vision Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award|title=Carla Shatz wins the 2016 Antonio Champalimaud Vision Award!|website=Stanford BioX|accessdate=23 December 2017|date=2016-09-06}}</ref>
* 2016 [[Champalimaud Foundation]] Vision Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award|title=Carla Shatz wins the 2016 Antonio Champalimaud Vision Award!|website=Stanford BioX|accessdate=December 23, 2017|date=September 6, 2016}}</ref>
* 2017 [[Harvey Prize]] in Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=Shatz wins Harvey Prize in Science and Technology |last=Collins |first=Nathan |date = February 1, 2018 |url=https://news.stanford.edu/thedish/2018/02/01/shatz-wins-harvey-prize-in-human-health/ |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref>
* 2017 [[Harvey Prize]] in Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=Shatz wins Harvey Prize in Science and Technology |last=Collins |first=Nathan |date = February 1, 2018 |url=https://news.stanford.edu/thedish/2018/02/01/shatz-wins-harvey-prize-in-human-health/ |access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>


She has been elected to numerous professional societies:
She has been elected to numerous professional societies:
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* [[American Philosophical Society]] (1997)
* [[American Philosophical Society]] (1997)
* [[National Academy of Medicine]] (1999)
* [[National Academy of Medicine]] (1999)
* [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] of London (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/|title=Carla Shatz|website=Royalsociety.org|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref>
* [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] of London (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/|title=Carla Shatz|website=Royalsociety.org|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] (NTNU) (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doktorpromosjon 2023 - NTNU |url=https://www.ntnu.no/phd/doktorpromosjon2023 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.ntnu.no}}</ref>


In 1997, Shatz was invited by President [[Bill Clinton]] and First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html|title=White House Conference on Early Childhood Development & Learning|website=Clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref>
In 1997, Shatz was invited by President [[Bill Clinton]] and First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html|title=White House Conference on Early Childhood Development & Learning|website=Clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/podcasts/interviews/carla-shatz.html|title=Carla Shatz|website=Nasonline.org|accessdate=23 December 2017}}
* {{cite web | title=Carla Shatz | website=CAP Profiles | date=12 August 2021 | url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/carla-shatz | access-date=14 December 2021}}
* {{cite web | last1=McElhinny | first1=Kelli | last2=Hoffmann | first2=Karen | title=Science2006:Feel the Power – University of Pittsburgh | website=Pitt Chronicle | date=2 October 2006 | url=https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/science2006feel-power | access-date=14 December 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Carla_Shatz/|title=Carla Shatz - Stanford Medicine Profiles|website=Med.stanford.edu|accessdate=23 December 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.science2006.pitt.edu/shatz.htm|title=University of Pittsburgh Science2006|date=1 September 2006|accessdate=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901124604/http://www.science2006.pitt.edu/shatz.htm|archive-date=2006-09-01}}


{{Kavli Prize laureates}}
{{Kavli Prize laureates}}
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[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:American women scientists]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
⚫
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty]]
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Revision as of 14:05, 16 December 2024

Carla J. Shatz
Born
1947 (age 76–77)
Education
Known forRole of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
Scientific career
InstitutionsHoward Hughes Medical Institute
Stanford University
Harvard University
University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisorsDavid Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
Other academic advisorsPasko Rakic
Websiteshatzlab.stanford.edu

Carla J. Shatz (born 1947) is an American neurobiologist and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[1] the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences,[2] and the National Academy of Medicine.

She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.[3][4] Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's Department of Neurobiology. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.[5][3]

Career

Shatz graduated from Radcliffe College in 1969 with a BA in chemistry. She received an MPhil in Physiology from the University College London in 1971 on a Marshall Scholarship. In 1976, she received a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard Medical School, where she studied with the Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained postdoctoral training with Pasko Rakic in the department of neuroscience, Harvard Medical School.

In 1978, Shatz moved to Stanford University, where she began her studies of the development of the mammalian visual system in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, where she became a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator in 1994. During 1994–1995, she was president of the Society for Neuroscience and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001.

In 2000, Shatz was named the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. She chaired the Department of Neurobiology from 2000 to 2007 and was the first woman to do so.[3] Regarding her departure from Berkeley, she stated "I couldn't turn [the job] down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."[5] Shatz helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center[6]) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging.

Shatz currently holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is The Catherine Holman Johnson Director of Stanford Bio-X at Stanford University. She was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2011.

Research

Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain development. She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons in utero is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system.[7] She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections.[8] In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified MHC Class I molecules as important for neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.[9][10]

Shatz is credited with coining a well-known mnemonic summarizing Hebbian theory: "Cells that fire together, wire together."[11][12] In her September 1992 Scientific American article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."[13]

Awards

Shatz has received the following awards and honors:

Shatz has received the following awards and honors:

She has been elected to numerous professional societies:

In 1997, Shatz was invited by President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning.[26]

References

  1. ^ "Carla Jo Shatz". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  2. ^ "Carla J. Shatz". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Paul, C. A (2005). "An Interview with Carla Shatz – Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair". Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education. 3 (2): E4–5. PMC 3592607. PMID 23495301.
  4. ^ "Neurobiologist Carla Shatz shares her perspective – Scope Blog". Scopeblog.stanford.edu. February 11, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Davies, Daniel M. (2013). Compatibility Gene. Allen Lane. p. 150. ISBN 978-1846145148.
  6. ^ "Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center". neurodiscovery.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  7. ^ Shatz, C. J; Stryker, M. P (1978). "Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation". The Journal of Physiology. 281: 267–83. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012421. PMC 1282696. PMID 702379.
  8. ^ Feller, M. B; Wellis, D. P; Stellwagen, D; Werblin, F. S; Shatz, C. J (1996). "Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves". Science. 272 (5265): 1182–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1182F. doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1182. PMID 8638165. S2CID 11295283.
  9. ^ Huh, G. S; Boulanger, L. M; Du, H; Riquelme, P. A; Brotz, T. M; Shatz, C. J (2000). "Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity". Science. 290 (5499): 2155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.2155H. doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2155. PMC 2175035. PMID 11118151.
  10. ^ "Molecules key to immune system also play role in brain". News.stanford.edu. April 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  11. ^ Keysers, Christian; Gazzola, Valeria (June 5, 2014). "Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 369 (1644). doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0175. PMC 4006178. PMID 24778372.
  12. ^ "Rewriting the Rules in the School Of Thought". Scientific American. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  13. ^ Shatz, Carla J. (September 1992). "The Developing Brain". Scientific American. 267 (3): 60–7. Bibcode:1992SciAm.267c..60S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0992-60. JSTOR 24939213. PMID 1502524.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Society for Neuroscience". Sfn.org. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  15. ^ "2010 Keynote – Carla Shatz". Vision Sciences Society. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  16. ^ "Weizmann Women in Science Award Recipients". Weizmann Institute of Science. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  17. ^ "Society for Neuroscience Announces Science Achievement Awards". Society for Neuroscience. October 17, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  18. ^ "Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Recognizes Outstanding Contributions of Carla Shatz". Society for Neuroscience. November 12, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  19. ^ "Pioneer in Neural Development Carla Shatz, PhD, Wins Prestigious Prize". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. February 19, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  20. ^ "Carla Shatz, 2015 Neuroscience Prize, Laureate Profile". The Gruber Foundation. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  21. ^ "Carla Shatz wins Kavli Neuroscience Prize". News Center. June 2, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  22. ^ "Carla Shatz wins the 2016 Antonio Champalimaud Vision Award!". Stanford BioX. September 6, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  23. ^ Collins, Nathan (February 1, 2018). "Shatz wins Harvey Prize in Science and Technology". Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  24. ^ "Carla Shatz". Royalsociety.org. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  25. ^ "Doktorpromosjon 2023 - NTNU". www.ntnu.no. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  26. ^ "White House Conference on Early Childhood Development & Learning". Clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
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