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{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
{{Transgender sidebar}}
{{Transgender sidebar}}
The history and [[subculture]] surrounding '''transgender people in Singapore''' is substantial.<ref name="SGT">{{cite journal |last1=Kaan |first1=Terry Sheung-Hung |title=Singapore |journal=The Legal Status of Transsexual and Transgender Persons |date=22 December 2015 |pages=391–424 |doi=10.1017/9781780685588.019 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/legal-status-of-transsexual-and-transgender-persons/singapore/36647381FC57E62C2C71ED3D20F2073B |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> As with [[LGBT rights in Singapore|LGBT rights]] in the country in general, '''transgender rights in Singapore''' have also evolved significantly over time, including various laws and public attitudes in regards to identity documents, as well as anti-discrimination measures used by or pertaining to transgender people, in the areas of employment, education, housing and social services, amongst others.<ref name="SGT"/>
The history and [[subculture]] surrounding '''transgender people in Singapore''' is substantial.<ref name="SGT">{{cite journal |last1=Kaan |first1=Terry Sheung-Hung |title=Singapore |journal=The Legal Status of Transsexual and Transgender Persons |date=22 December 2015 |pages=391–424 |doi=10.1017/9781780685588.019 |isbn=9781780685588 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/legal-status-of-transsexual-and-transgender-persons/singapore/36647381FC57E62C2C71ED3D20F2073B |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022635/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/legal-status-of-transsexual-and-transgender-persons/singapore/36647381FC57E62C2C71ED3D20F2073B |url-status=live }}</ref> As with [[LGBT rights in Singapore|LGBT rights]] in the country in general, '''transgender rights in Singapore''' have also evolved significantly over time, including various laws and public attitudes in regards to identity documents, as well as anti-discrimination measures used by or pertaining to transgender people, in the areas of employment, education, housing and social services, amongst others.<ref name="SGT"/>


[[Singapore]] has one of the most progressive transgender attitudes in Asia. [[Gender-affirming surgery]] is legal in the country since 1973, the first country in Asia to legalise it. However, a citizen of Singapore is only able to change their legal sex after undergoing gender-affirming surgery, being physically examined by a relevant practitioner (such as an endocrinologist or plastic surgeon), and being found that genitalia has been completely changed. A change in gender marker applies to most government documents, including the [[National Registration Identity Card|NRIC]] and passport, only excluding the birth certificate (if the citizen was born in Singapore). In 1996, marriage was also legalised for transgender people.<ref>{{cite web |work=Singapore Infopedia |author=Chan Meng Choo |year=2011 |title=First sex reassignment surgery |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1828_2011-08-04.html |publisher=[[National Library Board]] |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601195553/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1828_2011-08-04.html |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Gender-affirming surgery]] is legal in the country since 1973, the first country in Asia to legalise it. However, a citizen of Singapore is only able to change their legal sex after undergoing gender-affirming surgery, being physically examined by a relevant practitioner (such as an endocrinologist or plastic surgeon), and being found that genitalia has been completely changed. A change in gender marker applies to most government documents, including the [[National Registration Identity Card|NRIC]] and passport, only excluding the birth certificate (if the citizen was born in Singapore). In 1996, marriage was also legalised for transgender people.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |work=Singapore Infopedia |author=Chan Meng Choo |year=2011 |title=First sex reassignment surgery |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1828_2011-08-04.html |publisher=[[National Library Board]] |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601195553/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1828_2011-08-04.html |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Summary ==
==Summary ==
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
⚫
!Transgender rights in:
!Right to change legal name
!Right to change legal name
!Right to change legal gender
!Right to change legal gender
Line 14: Line 14:
!Military service
!Military service
|-
|-
| {{flagicon|SGP}} Singapore
|<!--Right to change legal name--> [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] [[Deed poll]] and statutory declaration available
|<!--Right to change legal name--> [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] [[Deed poll]] and statutory declaration available
|<!--Right to change legal gender--> [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Since 1973
|<!--Right to change legal gender--> [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Since 1973
Line 24: Line 23:
==History==
==History==
===National service===
===National service===
<!---
[[National service]] was implemented in 1967, whereby all 18-year-old males were required to train full-time for two years. [[Transgender]] was listed as a condition (later removed sometime in the late 1990s) in a [[Singapore Armed Forces]] (SAF) 'Directory of Diseases' and recruits who outed themselves to the examining doctors had their 'deployability' denied in sensitive positions. They were classified as Category 302 personnel, downgraded to a Physical Employment Status of C or E and assigned only non-combat roles at military bases.
[[National service]] was implemented in 1967, whereby all 18-year-old males were required to train full-time for two years. [[Transgenderism]] was listed as a condition (later removed sometime in the late 1990s) in a [[Singapore Armed Forces]] (SAF) 'Directory of Diseases' and recruits who declared their status to examining doctors who would later had their 'deployability' denied in sensitive positions. They were classified as Category 302 personnel, downgraded to a Physical Employment Status of C or E and assigned only non-combat roles at military bases. --->


Transgender individuals who have undergone sex reassignment surgery (SRS) do not need to serve National Service. However due to the difficulty of transitioning early, only a very small percentage of transgender people in Singapore undergo SRS before having to enter National Service. In rare cases, it is possible for transgender people to be exempted from National Service despite not undergoing sex reassignment surgery. However this is mostly up to the medical-officer in charge and varies case by case. In general, trans women that look like [[cisgender]] females have a much higher chance of being exempted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reply to Media Queries on Transgender Individual Serving NS |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2016/may/2016may01-media-queries-00035/!ut/p/z0/fY07E8FAFIV_iyLlzr0JiTooMEQTJrYxl1wsyeax65F_b1HTfefMeYCEDKSmuzqRVZWmwumtjHbD1WQ8xUGQrMLUx3iTpotwlMzWwwjmIP8H3IK6NI2MQR4qbflpISuVzvkoPlpbD89VyR5qfhhBOhd8d67xsCDLxoqWCybDzgjQjzwsqfuiA_RFybki0dy4VWwEIvbD92nQLsfLE8ia7Fkofawge3fcOXVf_F2vr3LfPeLeC1G8uLQ!/ |website=www.mindef.gov.sg |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=17 September 2022 |language=en |date=1 May 2016 |quote=All male Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents above the age of 18 years are required to serve National Service (NS) if they are medically fit. Those who are legally declared female will not be required to serve NS.}}</ref>
Transgender individuals who have undergone [[Gender-affirming surgery|sex reassignment surgery]] (SRS) do not need to serve National Service. However due to the difficulty of transitioning early, only a very small percentage of transgender people in Singapore undergo SRS before having to enter National Service. It is possible for transgender people to be exempted from National Service despite not undergoing sex reassignment surgery. However, this is mostly up to the medical-officer in charge and varies case by case. In general, transgender women that look like [[cisgender]] women have a much higher chance of being exempted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reply to Media Queries on Transgender Individual Serving NS |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2016/may/2016may01-media-queries-00035/ |website=www.mindef.gov.sg |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=17 September 2022 |language=en |date=1 May 2016 |quote=All male Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents above the age of 18 years are required to serve National Service (NS) if they are medically fit. Those who are legally declared female will not be required to serve NS.}}</ref>


===Early sex reassignment surgery===
===Sex reassignment surgery===
Sexual reassignment surgery in Singapore are only conducted by approved gynecologists, such as [[Shan Ratnam]]. Surgery on genitalia had been done prior to 1971 but only for patients who had both male and female reproductive organs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yeo |first=Joseph |date=31 July 1971 |title=First sex change surgery in S'pore |pages=17 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19710731.2.73 |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022530/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19710731.2.73 |url-status=live }}</ref>
As Singaporean gynaecological surgeons became more skilful, leaders in the field like Prof. S [[Shan Ratnam]] were authorised to perform [[sex reassignment surgery male-to-female]] (SRS) at [[Kandang Kerbau Hospital]]. Surgery on genitalia had been done prior to 1971, but only for patients who had both male and female reproductive organs.<ref>1. Yeo, J. (1971, July 31). http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710731.2.73.aspx. The Straits Times, p. 17; Tan, W.</ref> The first such operation in Asia took place in Singapore in July 1971. However, before patients could go under the knife, they first had to subject themselves to an exhaustive battery of tests and be given a clean psychological bill of health by then chief academic [[psychiatrist]] Tsoi Wing Foo. The surgery also was required to be approved by the Ministry of Health.<ref>10. Tan, W. L. (1971, November 11). http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19711111.2.61.aspx The Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.</ref> This operation was the start of sexual reassignment surgery in Singapore, with the next operation done 3 years later in 1974.<ref>https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1828_2011-08-04.html

Written in 2016 by Chan Meng Choo</ref>
The first sexual reassignment surgery, a [[Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)|male to female sex reassignment surgery]], was done in July 1971 at [[Kandang Kerbau Hospital]]. The person was a 24-year-old Chinese Singaporean and had extensively cross dressed by her grandmother when young and then frequent the transgender scene in her teen years. She underwent psychological analysis by psychiatrists to be suitable for the surgery and legal approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Wee Lian |date=11 November 1971 |title=They're still 'misters' despite sex change |pages=8 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19711111.2.61 |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022531/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19711111.2.61 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1974, Ratnam also headed a team of surgeon to perform the first [[Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)|female to male sex reassignment surgery]] in Singapore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kwee |first=Masie |date=20 October 1974 |title=S'pores first sex change woman |pages=1 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19741020-1.2.12 |access-date=3 September 2023 |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022533/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19741020-1.2.12 |url-status=live }}</ref> and probably the first in [[Southeast Asia]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kwee |first=Masie |date=25 February 1975 |title=4 WOMEN AWAIT SEX CHANGE OPERATION |pages=4 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19750225-1.2.28 |access-date=3 September 2023 |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022533/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19750225-1.2.28 |url-status=live }}</ref> was also offered at [[Kandang Kerbau Hospital]] and at [[Alexandra Hospital]]. A Gender Identity Clinic (GIC) and Gender Reassignment Surgery Clinic were set up at the [[National University Hospital]] two decades later. It was headed by Ratnam. For 30 years, Singapore was one of the world leaders in SRS, performing more than 500 such operations.{{When|date=September 2023}}

In the late 1980s, authorities requested hospitals to stop SRS for fear of exposure of [[HIV]] to surgical teams.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Shan |first=Hoe Pei |date=2014-12-28 |title=Sex change operations dwindling in Singapore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sex-change-operations-dwindling-in-singapore |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022539/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sex-change-operations-dwindling-in-singapore |url-status=live }}</ref> The request was subsequently stopped in 2001.<ref name=":2" />

Since 2013, no public hospitals in Singapore offer SRS.<ref name=":2" /> In 2014, [[The Straits Times]], the main local newspaper, asked [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]] (MOH) on why the surgery was stopped, MOH replied that the surgery was not subsidied and done with safeguards.<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, [[Sengkang Group Representation Constituency]]'s MP [[Jamus Lim]] asked MOH during parliament session on why SRS was stopped in 2014 and any plans to resume SRS, MOH replied that it still offered SRS for medically necessary care and not subsidied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender Confirmation Surgery |url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/gender-confirmation-surgery |website=[[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]]}}</ref>


===Transitioning as a minor===
===Transitioning as a minor===
Permission from guardians is required for those under 21 to undergo transition, but [[Hormone replacement therapy]] is not available for those under 18. It should be of note that minors transitioning face challenges in the school system, with a lack of accommodations for issues such as bathroom choice and school uniforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgendersg.com/healthcare/|title = Trans Healthcare in Singapore}}</ref>
Permission from guardians is required for those under 21 to undergo transition, but [[hormone replacement therapy]] is not available for those under 18. It should be of note that minors transitioning face challenges in the school system, with a lack of accommodations for issues such as bathroom choice and school uniforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transgendersg.com/healthcare/|title = Trans Healthcare in Singapore}}</ref>


===Legal reforms===
===Legal reforms===
"In 1973, Singapore legalised [[sex-reassignment surgery]]. A policy was instituted to enable post-operative transsexual people to change the legal gender on their identity cards (but not their birth certificates) and other documents which flowed from that. There was no specific provision in the statutes which allowed the Registrar to do this, so it existed probably only at the level of a policy directive. However, for over 20 years, this policy seemed to have operated smoothly."
In 1973, Singapore legalised SRS. A policy was instituted to enable post-operative transgender people to change the legal gender on their [[National Registration Identity Card]] (NRIC) but not their birth certificates<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 November 1986 |title=Sex-change cases can get new ICs |pages=13 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19861103-1.2.24.7 |access-date=3 September 2023 |via=[[NewspaperSG]]}}</ref> and other documents which flowed from that. There was no specific provision in the statutes which allowed the Registrar to do this, so it existed probably only at the level of a policy directive.

===Further developments in sex reassignment institutions===
Later, the more technically demanding [[sex reassignment surgery female-to-male]] was also offered at [[Kandang Kerbau Hospital]] and at [[Alexandra Hospital]], performed by gynaecologists such as Dr. Ilancheran. A Gender Identity Clinic (GIC) and Gender Reassignment Surgery Clinic were set up at the [[National University Hospital]] two decades later. It was headed by Prof. S [[Shan Ratnam]] until his retirement in 1995, after which leadership passed to his nephew, Dr. Anandakumar. In fact, for 30 years, Singapore was one of the world leaders in SRS, performing more than 500 such operations. This gave a new lease on life to the many transgender individuals whose bodies did not match their gender identity. As one consequence of this, Bugis Street and Johore Road started to become populated with a range of gendervariant people like cross dressers, gender non-conforming people, and trans people.


⚫
===Transgender marriage===
In the 1970s, a well-known [[transgender]] model was occasionally featured in [[Her World]] magazine.
Before 1996, Singapore legally did not allow transgender marriage but it was implicitly allowed before 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goh |first=Teng Teng |date=26 January 1996 |title=They were allowed to wed before |pages=9 |work=[[The New Paper]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newpaper19960126-1.2.13.1 |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926023115/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newpaper19960126-1.2.13.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before 1991, the [[Registry of Marriages]] (ROM) only verify the gender of couples based on their legal gender recorded on the NRIC which can be changed after a successful SRS.<ref name=":1" />


In 1991, a woman successfully received an annulment of her marriage with her husband after failing to have sex on their wedding night. Later, she discovered that her spouse was transgender and subsequently filed for divorce. As a response, ROM began requiring couples to produce their birth certificates (of which gender markers are inalterable) during declaration of their intent of marriage. In the aftermath of the divorce, a [[High Court of Singapore|High Court]] ruled in the same year that transgender people cannot be married in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 1996 |title='I do' — and no need to state gender at birth |pages=6 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19960830-1.2.89.5.2 |access-date=3 September 2023 |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926023116/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19960830-1.2.89.5.2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Legalisation of transgender marriage===
Since the mid-1970s, post-operative [[transgender]] people had been discreetly lobbying to be given the right to marry opposite-sex spouses. In 1996, a bill was presented before the [[Parliament of Singapore]] and the [[Women's Charter]] amended to read:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=2009-REVED-353&doctitle=WOMEN%92S%20CHARTER%0A&date=latest&method=part&segid=1257908388-000148 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312220849/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=2009-REVED-353&doctitle=WOMEN%92S%20CHARTER%0A&date=latest&method=part&segid=1257908388-000148 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Avoidance of marriages between persons of same sex.
**(1) A marriage solemnised in Singapore or elsewhere between persons who, at the time of the marriage, are not respectively male and female shall be void.
**(2) It is hereby declared that, subject to sections 5, 9, 10, 11 and 22, a marriage solemnised in Singapore or elsewhere between a person who has undergone a sex reassignment procedure and any person of the opposite sex is and shall be deemed always to have been a valid marriage.
**(3) For the purpose of this section
***(a) the sex of any party to a marriage as stated at the time of the marriage in his or her identity card issued under the National Registration Act (Cap. 201) shall be prima facie evidence of the sex of the party; and
***(b) a person who has undergone a sex reassignment procedure shall be identified as being of the sex to which the person has been reassigned.
**(4) Nothing in subsection (2) shall validate any such marriage which had been declared by the [[High Court of Singapore|High Court]] before 1 May 1997 to be null and void on the ground that the parties were of the same sex.


In 1996, a bill was presented by Senior Minister for State for Community Development [[Ch'ng Jit Koon]] before the [[Parliament of Singapore]] to amend the [[Women's Charter]] with recognition of marriages involving transexuals among various changes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1996 |title=More emphasis to be given to contributions made by homemakers |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19960119-1.2.3 |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |pages=1 |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926023117/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19960119-1.2.3 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports|Minister for Community Development]] [[Abdullah Tarmugi]] said that the 1991 High Court ruling (Lim Ying v Hiok Kian Ming Eric) was taken into consideration for the amendment during a press conference. If the amendment was adopted, the person who had undergone a sex change procedure would be deemed a person of the new gender and allowed to marry as the new gender.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Hui Ling |date=25 January 1996 |title=Nod to marriages of sex-change persons 'practical' |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19960125-1.2.8 |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |pages=1 |via=[[NewspaperSG]] |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926023118/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19960125-1.2.8 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 January, [[Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports|Minister for Community Development]] [[Abdullah Tarmugi]] announced that post-operative transgender people are allowed to marry opposite-sex spouses.<ref name=":0" />
The minister moving the bill argued that since 1973, the government's intention was for people who had changed gender/sex to live a life according to their new gender, including the right to marry. Through an oversight, the law relating to marriage had not been re-aligned with the official policy to recognise sex reassignment surgery. Now that the courts had illuminated this inconsistency after a landmark case in which a woman sought and won the annulment of her marriage to a [[trans man]] (Lim Ying v Hiok Kian Ming Eric), it was necessary to amend the Women's Charter to ensure that the original intent was not undermined. Transgender people were officially granted their wish on 24 January 1996 via an announcement by [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Abdullah Tarmugi]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 75: Line 74:
* [http://pages.rediff.com/transgender-people-in-singapore/567537 Transgender People In Singapore]
* [http://pages.rediff.com/transgender-people-in-singapore/567537 Transgender People In Singapore]


{{Portalbar|Transgender|LGBT|Singapore}}
{{Portal bar|Transgender|LGBTQ|Singapore}}
{{SingaporeLGBTTopics}}
{{SingaporeLGBTTopics}}
{{Transgender}}
{{Transgender}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Transgender People In Singapore}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Transgender People In Singapore}}
[[Category:Transgender in Asia]]
[[Category:Transgender topics in Asia]]
[[Category:LGBT in Singapore]]
[[Category:LGBTQ in Singapore]]
[[Category:Transgender marriage]]
[[Category:Transgender marriage]]

Latest revision as of 15:12, 16 December 2024

Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     
Gender identities
Health care practices
Rights and legal status
Society and culture
Events and awareness
Culture
Theory and concepts
By country
Rights
See also

The history and subculture surrounding transgender people in Singapore is substantial.[1] As with LGBT rights in the country in general, transgender rights in Singapore have also evolved significantly over time, including various laws and public attitudes in regards to identity documents, as well as anti-discrimination measures used by or pertaining to transgender people, in the areas of employment, education, housing and social services, amongst others.[1]

Gender-affirming surgery is legal in the country since 1973, the first country in Asia to legalise it. However, a citizen of Singapore is only able to change their legal sex after undergoing gender-affirming surgery, being physically examined by a relevant practitioner (such as an endocrinologist or plastic surgeon), and being found that genitalia has been completely changed. A change in gender marker applies to most government documents, including the NRIC and passport, only excluding the birth certificate (if the citizen was born in Singapore). In 1996, marriage was also legalised for transgender people.[2]

Summary

[edit]
Right to change legal name Right to change legal gender Right to access medical treatment Right to marry Military service
Yes Deed poll and statutory declaration available Yes Since 1973 Yes Always legal Yes Since 1996, after an amendment was made to the Women's Charter Yes Since the 1990s[a]

History

[edit]

National service

[edit]

Transgender individuals who have undergone sex reassignment surgery (SRS) do not need to serve National Service. However due to the difficulty of transitioning early, only a very small percentage of transgender people in Singapore undergo SRS before having to enter National Service. It is possible for transgender people to be exempted from National Service despite not undergoing sex reassignment surgery. However, this is mostly up to the medical-officer in charge and varies case by case. In general, transgender women that look like cisgender women have a much higher chance of being exempted.[3]

Sex reassignment surgery

[edit]

Sexual reassignment surgery in Singapore are only conducted by approved gynecologists, such as Shan Ratnam. Surgery on genitalia had been done prior to 1971 but only for patients who had both male and female reproductive organs.[4]

The first sexual reassignment surgery, a male to female sex reassignment surgery, was done in July 1971 at Kandang Kerbau Hospital. The person was a 24-year-old Chinese Singaporean and had extensively cross dressed by her grandmother when young and then frequent the transgender scene in her teen years. She underwent psychological analysis by psychiatrists to be suitable for the surgery and legal approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health.[2][5]

In 1974, Ratnam also headed a team of surgeon to perform the first female to male sex reassignment surgery in Singapore[6] and probably the first in Southeast Asia,[7] was also offered at Kandang Kerbau Hospital and at Alexandra Hospital. A Gender Identity Clinic (GIC) and Gender Reassignment Surgery Clinic were set up at the National University Hospital two decades later. It was headed by Ratnam. For 30 years, Singapore was one of the world leaders in SRS, performing more than 500 such operations.[when?]

In the late 1980s, authorities requested hospitals to stop SRS for fear of exposure of HIV to surgical teams.[8] The request was subsequently stopped in 2001.[8]

Since 2013, no public hospitals in Singapore offer SRS.[8] In 2014, The Straits Times, the main local newspaper, asked Ministry of Health (MOH) on why the surgery was stopped, MOH replied that the surgery was not subsidied and done with safeguards.[8]

In 2024, Sengkang Group Representation Constituency's MP Jamus Lim asked MOH during parliament session on why SRS was stopped in 2014 and any plans to resume SRS, MOH replied that it still offered SRS for medically necessary care and not subsidied.[9]

Transitioning as a minor

[edit]

Permission from guardians is required for those under 21 to undergo transition, but hormone replacement therapy is not available for those under 18. It should be of note that minors transitioning face challenges in the school system, with a lack of accommodations for issues such as bathroom choice and school uniforms.[10]

[edit]

In 1973, Singapore legalised SRS. A policy was instituted to enable post-operative transgender people to change the legal gender on their National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) but not their birth certificates[11] and other documents which flowed from that. There was no specific provision in the statutes which allowed the Registrar to do this, so it existed probably only at the level of a policy directive.

Transgender marriage

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Before 1996, Singapore legally did not allow transgender marriage but it was implicitly allowed before 1991.[12] Before 1991, the Registry of Marriages (ROM) only verify the gender of couples based on their legal gender recorded on the NRIC which can be changed after a successful SRS.[11]

In 1991, a woman successfully received an annulment of her marriage with her husband after failing to have sex on their wedding night. Later, she discovered that her spouse was transgender and subsequently filed for divorce. As a response, ROM began requiring couples to produce their birth certificates (of which gender markers are inalterable) during declaration of their intent of marriage. In the aftermath of the divorce, a High Court ruled in the same year that transgender people cannot be married in Singapore.[13]

In 1996, a bill was presented by Senior Minister for State for Community Development Ch'ng Jit Koon before the Parliament of Singapore to amend the Women's Charter with recognition of marriages involving transexuals among various changes.[14] Minister for Community Development Abdullah Tarmugi said that the 1991 High Court ruling (Lim Ying v Hiok Kian Ming Eric) was taken into consideration for the amendment during a press conference. If the amendment was adopted, the person who had undergone a sex change procedure would be deemed a person of the new gender and allowed to marry as the new gender.[15] On 24 January, Minister for Community Development Abdullah Tarmugi announced that post-operative transgender people are allowed to marry opposite-sex spouses.[2]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See transgender people in Singapore#National service for more details.

References

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  1. ^ a b Kaan, Terry Sheung-Hung (22 December 2015). "Singapore". The Legal Status of Transsexual and Transgender Persons: 391–424. doi:10.1017/9781780685588.019. ISBN 9781780685588. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Chan Meng Choo (2011). "First sex reassignment surgery". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  3. ^ "Reply to Media Queries on Transgender Individual Serving NS". www.mindef.gov.sg. Ministry of Defence. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2022. All male Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents above the age of 18 years are required to serve National Service (NS) if they are medically fit. Those who are legally declared female will not be required to serve NS.
  4. ^ Yeo, Joseph (31 July 1971). "First sex change surgery in S'pore". The Straits Times. p. 17. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  5. ^ Tan, Wee Lian (11 November 1971). "They're still 'misters' despite sex change". The Straits Times. p. 8. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  6. ^ Kwee, Masie (20 October 1974). "S'pores first sex change woman". The Straits Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  7. ^ Kwee, Masie (25 February 1975). "4 WOMEN AWAIT SEX CHANGE OPERATION". The Straits Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  8. ^ a b c d Shan, Hoe Pei (28 December 2014). "Sex change operations dwindling in Singapore". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Gender Confirmation Surgery". Ministry of Health.
  10. ^ "Trans Healthcare in Singapore".
  11. ^ a b "Sex-change cases can get new ICs". The Straits Times. 3 November 1986. p. 13. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  12. ^ Goh, Teng Teng (26 January 1996). "They were allowed to wed before". The New Paper. p. 9. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  13. ^ "'I do' — and no need to state gender at birth". The Straits Times. 30 August 1996. p. 6. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via NewspaperSG.
  14. ^ "More emphasis to be given to contributions made by homemakers". The Straits Times. 19 January 1996. p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024 – via NewspaperSG.
  15. ^ Wang, Hui Ling (25 January 1996). "Nod to marriages of sex-change persons 'practical'". The Straits Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024 – via NewspaperSG.

Further reading

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  • Sisterhood by Leona Lo (Select Books, 2003, ISBN 981-04-7198-X)- a personalised emotional exposé of the local transvestite and transsexual community by an intellectual trans woman herself.
  • My Sisters: Their Stories by Leona Lo and Lance Lee (Viscom Editions Pte Ltd)
  • Cries from Within' by S. Shan Ratnam; Victor H. H. Goh and Tsoi Wing Foo – a tome on sex-reassignment surgery and its attendant psychological considerations by two eminent gynaecologists and a psychiatrist.
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