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{{Short description|Soviet submarine-launched anti-ship missile}}
{{Infobox Weapon
{{Infobox Weapon
|name= P-70 Ametist <br><small>([[NATO reporting name]]: SS-N-7 'Starbright'<small>)
| name = P-70 Ametist <br><small>([[NATO reporting name]]: SS-N-7 'Starbright'</small>)
|image=[[File:P-70 Ametist.svg|300px|]]
| image = [[File:Old military hardware at Museum of Vladivostok Fortress 12.jpg|300px|]]
|caption=
| caption =
|origin= Soviet Union
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
|type= Anti-shipping missile
| type = [[Anti-ship missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->| is_missile = yes
⚫
<!-- Service history -->| service = 1967-1992
|is_missile= yes
| used_by = [[Soviet Navy|Soviet Union]], [[Russian Navy|Russia]], [[Indian Navy|India]], [[North Korean Navy|North Korea]] (unconfirmed)
⚫
<!-- Service history -->
⚫
| wars = <!-- Production history -->
|service= 1968-1995
| designer = [[Vladimir Chelomey]]
|used_by= Russia, India
| design_date = 1958 - 1968
|wars=
⚫
| manufacturer = [[NPO Mashinostroyeniye]]
⚫
<!-- Production history -->
⚫
| unit_cost =
|designer=
⚫
| production_date = 1966 - 1987
|design_date=
| number = 631
⚫
|manufacturer= [[NPO Mashinostroyeniye]] (Chelomei)
⚫
| variants = <!-- General specifications -->
⚫
|unit_cost=
⚫
| spec_label =
⚫
|production_date=
⚫
| weight = {{convert|3500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|number=
⚫
| length = {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}
|variants=
⚫
| part_length =
⚫
<!-- General specifications -->
| width =
⚫
|spec_label=
| height =
⚫
|weight= {{convert|7700|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
⚫
| diameter =
⚫
|length= {{convert|23.0|ft|m|abbr=on}}
⚫
| speed = Mach 1.0
⚫
|part_length=
⚫
| vehicle_range = {{convert|65|km|nmi|abbr=on}}
|width=
⚫
| crew = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|height=
⚫
| cartridge =
⚫
|diameter=
⚫
| caliber =
⚫
|speed=Mach 0.9
⚫
| barrels =
⚫
|vehicle_range={{convert|65|km|nmi|abbr=on}}
| action =
|crew=
| rate =
⚫
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
⚫
| feed = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
⚫
|cartridge=
| filling = [[high-explosive anti-tank|4G66 HEAT Warhead]] or 200 kt nuclear
⚫
|caliber=
| filling_weight = {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
⚫
|barrels=
⚫
| detonation =
|action=
⚫
| yield = <!-- missiles only -->
|rate=
⚫
| wingspan =
|feed=
⚫
| propellant = Solid fuel
⚫
|guidance= Inertial, terminal active radar
⚫
| ceiling =
⚫
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
⚫
| altitude =
|filling= HE or 200kt nuclear
|filling_weight= {{convert|1170|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| boost = 7 seconds (tube exit to main stage)
⚫
|detonation=
⚫
| guidance = [[Inertial guidance]], terminal [[active radar homing]]
|yield=
⚫
| accuracy =
⚫
<!-- missiles only -->
⚫
| launch_platform = [[Charlie-class submarine|Charlie-I]] & [[Soviet submarine K-222|Papa]] class [[SSGN]]s
⚫
|wingspan=
⚫
| transport =
⚫
|propellant= Solid fuel
⚫
|ceiling=
⚫
|altitude=
|depth=
|boost=
|guidance= [[Inertial guidance]], terminal [[active radar homing]]
⚫
|accuracy=
⚫
|launch_platform= [[Charlie class submarine|Charlie-I]] class [[SSGN]]s, [[Papa class submarine]] class [[SSGN]]s
⚫
|transport=
}}
}}


The '''P-70 ''Ametist''''' ([[NATO reporting name]] '''SS-N-7 Starbright''', [[GRAU]] designation '''4K66'''; {{lang-ru|П-70 «Аметист»}} '[[Amethyst]]') was an [[anti-ship missile]] carried by Soviet and Indian [[Charlie class submarine|Charlie-I submarines]], as well as the Soviet [[Papa class submarine]]. It was soon succeeded by the [[P-120 Malakhit]] (SS-N-9 'Siren').
The '''P-70 ''Ametist''''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''SS-N-7 Starbright''', [[GRAU]] designation '''4K66'''; {{langx|ru|П-70 «Аметист»}} '[[Amethyst]]') was an [[anti-ship missile]] carried by Soviet and Indian [[Charlie class submarine|Project 670 submarines]], as well as the Soviet [[Papa class submarine|Project 661 Anchar]]. It was soon succeeded by the [[P-120 Malakhit]] ''(SS-N-9 'Siren')''.

Fielded on June 3 1968, it was the first missile system in the world to be launched from a submerged submarine. From 1968 to 1987, a total of 631 missiles were built.


==Development==
==Development==
The [[P-5 Pyatyorka]] (SS-N-3A 'Shaddock') missile required the [[Echo class submarine]]s carrying them to spend 30 minutes or more on the surface when firing. This made submarines very vulnerable to enemy attack, so in the 1960s the Soviets started work on a new missile that could be fired whilst submerged, and a submarine to carry it. These became the [[P-120 Malakhit]] (SS-N-9 'Siren') and [[Charlie class submarine]].
The [[P-5 Pyatyorka]] ''(SS-N-3 Shaddock)'' missile required the [[Echo-class submarine|Project 659]] submarines carrying them to stay surfaced after firing to send mid-flight guidance updates. This made submarines very vulnerable to enemy attack, so in the 1960s the Soviets started working on a new missile that could be fired whilst submerged, and a submarine would carry it. These became the [[P-120 Malakhit]] and [[Charlie-class submarine|Project 670 submarine]].


However, problems with the engines of the P-120 Malakhit forced the Soviets to design a sub-launched missile based on the [[P-15 Termit|P-15M Termit]] (SS-N-2C 'Styx') as a stopgap measure for the first batch of Charlie submarines. This became the P-20L, later renamed the P-70 Ametist.
However, problems with the engines of the P-120 Malakhit forced the Soviets to design a sub-launched missile based on the [[P-15 Termit|P-15M Termit]] ''(SS-N-2C 'Styx')'' as a stopgap measure for the first batch of Charlie submarines. This became the P-20L, later renamed the P-70 Ametist.


==Design==
==Design==
The P-15M was fitted with an [[L band]] [[active radar homing]] sensor and a new [[radar altimeter]] both developed for the 'Siren', but there was no room for a datalink in the smaller 'Styx'. Folding wings were added to reduce the size of the missile, and the missile can be launched at a maximum depth of 30 meter.
The P-15M was fitted with an [[L band]] [[active radar homing]] sensor and a new [[radar altimeter]] both developed for the P-120, but there was no room for a datalink in the smaller P-15M. Folding wings were added to reduce the size of the missile, and the missile could be launched at a maximum depth of {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}.


The short range of the P-70 meant that it did not need mid-course updates from a radar on the submarine, so it could be fired whilst submerged. This more than made up for its lack of range compared to the 'Shaddock'.
The short range of the P-70 meant it could rely on inertial navigation and radar-homing, and as such did not need mid-course updates from a radar on the submarine. Consequently, along with the addition of the radar-altimeter (which allowed for a much lower cruise altitude than previous missiles), the novel sub-surface launch capability meant that reaction time for surface targets was minimal.

As a result, the ability to deploy in littoral and close-range combat scenarios without necessitating exposure of the launching submarine more than made up for its lack of range compared to the P-5.


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
The P-70 went into service with the Soviet Navy on the first Charlie I, on June 3, 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/70/index.htm | title=P-70 ''Ametist''|language=ru}}</ref> About 200 were produced.
The P-70 went into service with the Soviet Navy on the first Project 670, on June 3, 1968.<ref>{{cite web |title=P-70 ''Ametist'' |url=http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/70/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709212114/http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/chelomei/p/70/index.htm |archive-date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2007-01-06 |language=ru}}</ref> About 200 were produced.


India leased the ''Chakra'', a Soviet Charlie I submarine from January 1988 to 1992, to gain experience of operating a nuclear submarine.
India leased the [[Soviet submarine K-43|"''Chakra''" Project 670 submarine]] from January 1988 to 1992, to gain experience of operating a nuclear submarine.


== Operators ==
== Operators ==
; {{USSR}}
; {{USSR}}
; {{IND}}
; {{RUS}}
; {{IND}}
; {{PRK}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Sov-ASuW.html MARITIME STRIKE The Soviet Perspective]
*[http://www.dtig.org/docs.asp www.dtig.org] Russian/Sovjet Sea-based Anti-Ship Missiles (pdf)


{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}
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[[Category:Cruise missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Cruise missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of Russia|P-070]]
[[Category:NPO Mashinostroyeniya products]]
[[Category:Nuclear cruise missiles of Russia|P-070]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s]]

Latest revision as of 19:14, 16 December 2024

P-70 Ametist
(NATO reporting name: SS-N-7 'Starbright')
TypeAnti-ship missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1967-1992
Used bySoviet Union, Russia, India, North Korea (unconfirmed)
Production history
DesignerVladimir Chelomey
Designed1958 - 1968
ManufacturerNPO Mashinostroyeniye
Produced1966 - 1987
No. built631
Specifications
Mass3,500 kg (7,700 lb)
Length7 m (23 ft)
Warhead4G66 HEAT Warhead or 200 kt nuclear
Warhead weight1,000 kg (2,200 lb)
PropellantSolid fuel
Operational
range
65 km (35 nmi)
Boost time7 seconds (tube exit to main stage)
Maximum depth30 m (98 ft)
Maximum speed Mach 1.0
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance, terminal active radar homing
Launch
platform
Charlie-I & Papa class SSGNs

The P-70 Ametist (NATO reporting name: SS-N-7 Starbright, GRAU designation 4K66; Russian: П-70 «Аметист» 'Amethyst') was an anti-ship missile carried by Soviet and Indian Project 670 submarines, as well as the Soviet Project 661 Anchar. It was soon succeeded by the P-120 Malakhit (SS-N-9 'Siren').

Fielded on June 3 1968, it was the first missile system in the world to be launched from a submerged submarine. From 1968 to 1987, a total of 631 missiles were built.

Development

[edit]

The P-5 Pyatyorka (SS-N-3 Shaddock) missile required the Project 659 submarines carrying them to stay surfaced after firing to send mid-flight guidance updates. This made submarines very vulnerable to enemy attack, so in the 1960s the Soviets started working on a new missile that could be fired whilst submerged, and a submarine would carry it. These became the P-120 Malakhit and Project 670 submarine.

However, problems with the engines of the P-120 Malakhit forced the Soviets to design a sub-launched missile based on the P-15M Termit (SS-N-2C 'Styx') as a stopgap measure for the first batch of Charlie submarines. This became the P-20L, later renamed the P-70 Ametist.

Design

[edit]

The P-15M was fitted with an L band active radar homing sensor and a new radar altimeter both developed for the P-120, but there was no room for a datalink in the smaller P-15M. Folding wings were added to reduce the size of the missile, and the missile could be launched at a maximum depth of 30 m (98 ft).

The short range of the P-70 meant it could rely on inertial navigation and radar-homing, and as such did not need mid-course updates from a radar on the submarine. Consequently, along with the addition of the radar-altimeter (which allowed for a much lower cruise altitude than previous missiles), the novel sub-surface launch capability meant that reaction time for surface targets was minimal.

As a result, the ability to deploy in littoral and close-range combat scenarios without necessitating exposure of the launching submarine more than made up for its lack of range compared to the P-5.

Operational history

[edit]

The P-70 went into service with the Soviet Navy on the first Project 670, on June 3, 1968.[1] About 200 were produced.

India leased the "Chakra" Project 670 submarine from January 1988 to 1992, to gain experience of operating a nuclear submarine.

Operators

[edit]
 Soviet Union
 Russia
 India
 North Korea

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "P-70 Ametist" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=P-70_Ametist&oldid=1263451481"