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{{Short description|none}}
Literary [[modernism]], or [[modernist literature]], has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and verse. Modernists experimented with literary form and expression, adhering to [[Ezra Pound]]'s maxim to "Make it new".<ref>Pound, Ezra, ''Make it New'', Essays, London, 1935</ref> The modernist literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of their time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Childs|first=Peter|title=Modernism|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415415462|page=4}}</ref>
[[Literary modernism]] has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and prose. Modernists experimented with literary form and expression, adhering to [[Ezra Pound]]'s maxim to "Make it new".<ref>Pound, Ezra, ''Make it New'', Essays, London, 1935</ref> The modernist literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of their time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Childs|first=Peter|title=Modernism|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415415462|page=4}}</ref>
It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen 1910 as roughly marking the beginning and quote [[novelist]] [[Virginia Woolf]], who declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910."<ref>Virginia Woolf. "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown." Collected Essays. Ed. Leonard Woolf. Vol. 1. London: Hogarth, 1966. pages 319-337.</ref> But modernism was already stirring by 1899, with works such as [[Joseph Conrad]]'s (1857–1924) ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'', while [[Alfred Jarry]]'s (1873–1907) [[Absurdist fiction|absurdist]] play, ''[[Ubu Roi]]'' appeared even earlier, in 1896.
It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen 1910 as roughly marking the beginning and quote [[novelist]] [[Virginia Woolf]], who declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910."<ref>Virginia Woolf. "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown." Collected Essays. Ed. Leonard Woolf. Vol. 1. London: Hogarth, 1966. pages 319-337.</ref> But modernism was already stirring by 1899, with works such as [[Joseph Conrad]]'s (1857–1924) ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'', while [[Alfred Jarry]]'s (1873–1907) [[Absurdist fiction|absurdist]] play, ''[[Ubu Roi]]'' appeared even earlier, in 1896. [[Knut Hamsun]]'s (1859–1952) [[Hunger_(Hamsun_novel)|Hunger]] (1890) is a groundbreaking modernist novel and [[Mysteries_(novel)|Mysteries]] (1892) pioneers modernist [[stream of consciousness]] method. Even earlier precursor to stream of consciousness can be found in [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky's]] [[Notes from Underground]] (1864).

⚫
When modernism ends is debatable. Though ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'' sees Modernism ending by c.1939,<ref>J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'' ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred".<ref>"modernism", ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature''. Edited by Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.</ref> Clement Greenberg sees Modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts,<ref>[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism], William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, 31 October 1979, ''Arts'' 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism. Retrieved 26 October 2011</ref> In fact many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally speaking they were no longer producing major works. The term [[late modernism]] is also sometimes applied to modernist works published after 1930.<ref>Cheryl Hindrichs, "Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory" ''Literature Compass'', Volume 8, Issue 11, pages 840–855, November 2011; J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'' ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were [[Wallace Stevens]], [[Gottfried Benn]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Dorothy Richardson]], [[John Cowper Powys]], and [[Ezra Pound]]. [[Basil Bunting]], born in 1901, published his most important modernist poem ''[[Briggflatts]]'' in 1965. In addition [[Hermann Broch]]'s ''[[The Death of Virgil]]'' was published in 1945 and [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[Doctor Faustus (novel)|Doctor Faustus]]'' in 1947. [[Samuel Beckett]], who died in 1989, has been described as a "later modernist".<ref>Morris Dickstein, "An Outsider to His Own Life", Books, ''The New York Times'', August 3, 1997.</ref> Beckett is a writer with roots in the [[expressionist]] tradition of modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including ''[[Molloy (novel)|Molloy]]'' (1951), ''[[En attendant Godot]]'' (1953), ''[[Happy Days]]'' (1961), ''[[Rockaby]]'' (1981). The poets [[Charles Olson]] (1910-1970) and [[J. H. Prynne]] (1936- ) are, amongst other writing in the second half of the 20th century, who have been described as late modernists.<ref>''Late modernist poetics: From Pound to Prynne'' by Anthony Mellors; see also Prynne's publisher, Bloodaxe Books.</ref>



⚫
When modernism ends is debatable. Though ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'' sees Modernism ending by c.1939,<ref>J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'' ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred".<ref>"modernism", ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature''. Edited by Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.</ref> Clement Greenberg sees Modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts.<ref>[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism], William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, 31 October 1979, ''Arts'' 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism. Retrieved 26 October 2011</ref> In fact many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally speaking they were no longer producing major works. The term [[late modernism]] is also sometimes applied to modernist works published after 1930.<ref>Cheryl Hindrichs, "Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory" ''Literature Compass'', Volume 8, Issue 11, pages 840–855, November 2011; J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature'' ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were [[Wallace Stevens]], [[Gottfried Benn]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Dorothy Richardson]], [[John Cowper Powys]], and [[Ezra Pound]]. [[Basil Bunting]], born in 1901, published his most important modernist poem ''[[Briggflatts]]'' in 1965. In addition [[Hermann Broch]]'s ''[[The Death of Virgil]]'' was published in 1945 and [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[Doctor Faustus (novel)|Doctor Faustus]]'' in 1947. [[Samuel Beckett]], who died in 1989, has been described as a "later modernist".<ref>Morris Dickstein, "An Outsider to His Own Life", Books, ''The New York Times'', August 3, 1997.</ref> Beckett is a writer with roots in the [[expressionist]] tradition of modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including ''[[Molloy (novel)|Molloy]]'' (1951), ''[[En attendant Godot]]'' (1953), ''[[Happy Days (play)|Happy Days]]'' (1961), ''[[Rockaby]]'' (1981). The poets [[Charles Olson]] (1910-1970) and [[J. H. Prynne]] (1936- ) are, amongst other writing in the second half of the 20th century, who have been described as late modernists.<ref>''Late modernist poetics: From Pound to Prynne'' by Anthony Mellors; see also Prynne's publisher, Bloodaxe Books.</ref>
{{Dynamic list}}
; List
The following is a list of significant modernist writers:
The following is a list of significant modernist writers:
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Anna Akhmatova]] (1889–1966)
* [[Anna Akhmatova]] (1889–1966)
* [[Isabel Allende]] (born 1942)
* [[Jorge Amado]] (1912–2001)
* [[Mário de Andrade]] (1893–1945)
* [[Mário de Andrade]] (1893–1945)
* [[Oswald de Andrade]] (1890–1954)
* [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]] (1863–1938)
* [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]] (1863–1938)
* [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] (1880–1918)
* [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] (1880–1918)
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* [[Jorge Luis Borges]] (1899–1986)
* [[Jorge Luis Borges]] (1899–1986)
* [[Menno ter Braak]] (1902–40)
* [[Menno ter Braak]] (1902–40)
* [[Bertolt Brecht]] (1898–1956))
* [[Bertolt Brecht]] (1898–1956)
* [[André Breton]] (1896–1966)
* [[Hermann Broch]] (1886–1951)
* [[Hermann Broch]] (1886–1951)
* [[Basil Bunting]] (1900–1985)
* [[Basil Bunting]] (1900–1985)
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* [[Hart Crane]] (1899–1932)
* [[Hart Crane]] (1899–1932)
* [[E. E. Cummings]] (1894–1962)
* [[E. E. Cummings]] (1894–1962)
* [[Rubén Darío]] (1867–1916)
* [[Alfred Döblin]] (1878–1957)
* [[Alfred Döblin]] (1878–1957)
* [[Leonid Dobychin]] (1894–1936 [?])
⚫
* [[H.D.]] (Hilda Doolittle) (1886–1961)
* [[John Dos Passos]] (1896-1970)
* [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]] (1902–1987)
* [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] (1907–1968)
* [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] (1907–1968)
* [[T. S. Eliot]] (1888–1965)
* [[T. S. Eliot]] (1888–1965)
* [[Ralph W. Ellison]] (1914–1994)
* [[Ralph W. Ellison]] (1914–1994)
* [[Forough Farrokhzad]] (1934-1967)
* [[William Faulkner]] (1897–1962)
* [[William Faulkner]] (1897–1962)
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] (1896–1940)
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] (1896–1940)
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* [[Robert Frost]] (1874–1963)
* [[Robert Frost]] (1874–1963)
* [[Carlo Emilio Gadda]] (1893–1973)
* [[Carlo Emilio Gadda]] (1893–1973)
* [[André Gide]] (1869–1951)
* [[Witold Gombrowicz]] (1904-1969)
* [[Maxim Gorky]] (1868–1936) {{small|(later works)}}
⚫
* [[H.D.]] (Hilda Doolittle) (1886–1961)
* [[Knut Hamsun]] (1859–1952)
* [[Knut Hamsun]] (1859–1952)
* [[Jaroslav Hašek]] (1883–1923)
* [[Jaroslav Hašek]] (1883–1923)
* [[Sadegh Hedayat]] (1903-1951)
* [[Ernest Hemingway]] (1899–1961)
* [[Ernest Hemingway]] (1899–1961)
* [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877-1962)
* [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877-1962)
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* [[Franz Kafka]] (1883–1924)
* [[Franz Kafka]] (1883–1924)
* [[Georg Kaiser]] (1878–1945)
* [[Georg Kaiser]] (1878–1945)
* [[Daniil Kharms]] (1905–1942)
* [[Miroslav Krleža]] (1893–1981)
* [[Miroslav Krleža]] (1893–1981)
* [[D. H. Lawrence]] (1885–1930)
* [[D. H. Lawrence]] (1885–1930)
Line 59: Line 72:
* [[Robert Lowell]] (1917–1977)
* [[Robert Lowell]] (1917–1977)
* [[Mina Loy]] (1882–1966)
* [[Mina Loy]] (1882–1966)
⚫
* [[Artur Lundkvist]] (1906-1991)
* [[Leopoldo Lugones]] (1874–1938)
* [[Leopoldo Lugones]] (1874–1938)
⚫
* [[Artur Lundkvist]] (1906–1991)
* [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] (1892–1978)
* [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] (1892–1978)
* [[Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis]] (1839–1908)
* [[Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis]] (1839–1908)
* [[Harry Martinson]] ((1904–1978))
* [[Antonio Machado Ruiz]] (1875–1939)
* [[Osip Mandelstam]] (1891–1938)
* [[Osip Mandelstam]] (1891–1938)
* [[Thomas Mann]] (1875–1955)
* [[Thomas Mann]] (1875–1955)
* [[Katherine Mansfield]] (1888–1923)
* [[Katherine Mansfield]] (1888–1923)
* [[Harry Martinson]] (1904–1978)
* [[Eugenio Montale]] (1896–1981)
* [[Marianne Moore]] (1887–1972)
* [[Marianne Moore]] (1887–1972)
* [[Robert Musil]] (1880–1942)
* [[Robert Musil]] (1880–1942)
* [[Vladimir Nabokov]] (1899–1977)
* [[Pablo Neruda]] (1904–1973)
* [[Pablo Neruda]] (1904–1973)
* [[Yone Noguchi]] (1875–1947)
* [[Yone Noguchi]] (1875–1947)
* [[Eugene O'Neill]] (1888–1953)
* [[Eugene O'Neill]] (1888–1953)
* [[George Orwell]] (1903–1950)
* [[Aldo Palazzeschi]] (1885–1974)
* [[Aldo Palazzeschi]] (1885–1974)
* [[Boris Pasternak]] (1890–1960)
* [[Boris Pasternak]] (1890–1960)
* [[Ramón Pérez de Ayala]] (1880–1962)
* [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888–1935)
* [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888–1935)
* [[Luigi Pirandello]] (1867–1936)
* [[Luigi Pirandello]] (1867–1936)
* [[Andrei Platonov]] (1899–1951)
* [[Katherine Anne Porter]] (1890–1980)
* [[Katherine Anne Porter]] (1890–1980)
* [[Ezra Pound]] (1885–1972)
* [[Ezra Pound]] (1885–1972)
* [[Anthony Powell]] (1905-2000)
* [[John Cowper Powys]] (1872–1963)
* [[John Cowper Powys]] (1872–1963)
* [[Marcel Proust]] (1871–1922)
* [[Marcel Proust]] (1871–1922)
* [[Aleksey Remizov]] (1877–1957)
* [[Jean Rhys]] (1890-1979)
* [[Jean Rhys]] (1890-1979)
* [[Dorothy Richardson]] (1873–1957)
* [[Dorothy Richardson]] (1873–1957)
⚫
* [[Klaus Rifbjerg]] (1931–2015)
* [[Rainer Maria Rilke]] (1875–1926)
* [[Rainer Maria Rilke]] (1875–1926)
⚫
* [[Klaus Rifbjerg]] (born 1931)
* [[Mário de Sá-Carneiro]] (1890–1916)
* [[Mário de Sá-Carneiro]] (1890–1916)
* [[Peter Seeberg]] (1925–1999)
* [[Peter Seeberg]] (1925–1999)
* [[Victor Serge]] (1890–1947)
* [[Victor Serge]] (1890–1947)
* [[Gertrude Stein]] (1874–1946)
* [[Gertrude Stein]] (1874–1946)
* [[John Steinbeck]] (1902–1968)
* [[Wallace Stevens]] (1875–1955)
* [[Wallace Stevens]] (1875–1955)
* [[Italo Svevo]] (1861–1928)
* [[Italo Svevo]] (1861–1928)
Line 96: Line 118:
* [[Federigo Tozzi]] (1883–1920)
* [[Federigo Tozzi]] (1883–1920)
* [[Georg Trakl]] (1887–1914)
* [[Georg Trakl]] (1887–1914)
* [[Konstantin Vaginov]] (1899–1934)
* [[Paul Valéry]] (1871–1945)
* [[Paul Valéry]] (1871–1945)
* [[Robert Walser (writer)|Robert Walser]] (1878–1956)
* [[Alexander Vvedensky (poet)|Alexander Vvedensky]] (1904–1941)
* [[Robert Walser]] (1878–1956)
* [[Frank Wedekind]] (1864–1918)
* [[Frank Wedekind]] (1864–1918)
* [[Nathanael West]] (1903–1940)
* [[Nathanael West]] (1903–1940)
Line 104: Line 128:
* [[Lu Xun]] (1881–1936)
* [[Lu Xun]] (1881–1936)
* [[W. B. Yeats]] (1865–1939)
* [[W. B. Yeats]] (1865–1939)
* [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]] (1884–1937)
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 22:37, 16 December 2024

Literary modernism has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and prose. Modernists experimented with literary form and expression, adhering to Ezra Pound's maxim to "Make it new".[1] The modernist literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of their time.[2] It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen 1910 as roughly marking the beginning and quote novelist Virginia Woolf, who declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910."[3] But modernism was already stirring by 1899, with works such as Joseph Conrad's (1857–1924) Heart of Darkness, while Alfred Jarry's (1873–1907) absurdist play, Ubu Roi appeared even earlier, in 1896. Knut Hamsun's (1859–1952) Hunger (1890) is a groundbreaking modernist novel and Mysteries (1892) pioneers modernist stream of consciousness method. Even earlier precursor to stream of consciousness can be found in Dostoyevsky's Notes from Underground (1864).

When modernism ends is debatable. Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees Modernism ending by c.1939,[4] with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred".[5] Clement Greenberg sees Modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts.[6] In fact many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally speaking they were no longer producing major works. The term late modernism is also sometimes applied to modernist works published after 1930.[7] Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were Wallace Stevens, Gottfried Benn, T. S. Eliot, Anna Akhmatova, William Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, John Cowper Powys, and Ezra Pound. Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published his most important modernist poem Briggflatts in 1965. In addition Hermann Broch's The Death of Virgil was published in 1945 and Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus in 1947. Samuel Beckett, who died in 1989, has been described as a "later modernist".[8] Beckett is a writer with roots in the expressionist tradition of modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including Molloy (1951), En attendant Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961), Rockaby (1981). The poets Charles Olson (1910-1970) and J. H. Prynne (1936- ) are, amongst other writing in the second half of the 20th century, who have been described as late modernists.[9]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
List

The following is a list of significant modernist writers:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pound, Ezra, Make it New, Essays, London, 1935
  2. ^ Childs, Peter (2008). Modernism. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 0415415462.
  3. ^ Virginia Woolf. "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown." Collected Essays. Ed. Leonard Woolf. Vol. 1. London: Hogarth, 1966. pages 319-337.
  4. ^ J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.
  5. ^ "modernism", The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Edited by Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism, William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, 31 October 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism. Retrieved 26 October 2011
  7. ^ Cheryl Hindrichs, "Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory" Literature Compass, Volume 8, Issue 11, pages 840–855, November 2011; J. H. Dettmar "Modernism" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature ed. by David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.
  8. ^ Morris Dickstein, "An Outsider to His Own Life", Books, The New York Times, August 3, 1997.
  9. ^ Late modernist poetics: From Pound to Prynne by Anthony Mellors; see also Prynne's publisher, Bloodaxe Books.
  10. ^ Ulysses, has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire [Modernist] movement". Beebe, Maurice (Fall 1972). "Ulysses and the Age of Modernism". James Joyce Quarterly (University of Tulsa) 10 (1): p. 176.

See also

[edit]
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