Cosmas and Damian: Difference between revisions

Saints

Cosmas and Damian
Saints; Cosmas and Damian
	Cosmas (left) and Damian (right) in the Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany, c. 1503–1508
Martyrs
Born	c. 3rd century AD; Arabia
Died	c. 303 or 287; Aegea, Roman province of Cilicia; (modern-day Yumurtalık, Adana, Turkey)
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church; Eastern Orthodox Churches; Oriental Orthodox Churches; Eastern Catholic Churches; Anglican churches; Lutheran churches
Major shrine	Convent of the Poor Clares in Madrid, Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian in Rome, and Bitonto, Bari, Italy
Feast	25 September (Canada); 26 September; 27 September (pre-1970 General Roman Calendar); 1 November (Eastern Orthodox Church);
Attributes	depicted as twins, beheaded, or with medical emblems
Patronage	surgeons, physicians, identical twins, twins, dentists, protectors of children, barbers, pharmacists, veterinarians, orphanages, day-care centers, confectioners, children in house, against hernia, against the plague.

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Cosmas and Damian^[a] (c. 3rd century – c. 287 or c. 303 AD) were two Arab physicians and early Christian martyrs.^[3]^[4] They practised their profession in the seaport of Aegeae, then in the Roman province of Cilicia.^[5]

Cosmas and Damian were third century Arabian-born twin brothers who embraced Christianity and practised medicine and surgery without a fee. This led them to being named anargyroi (from the Greek Ἀνάργυροι, 'the silverless' or 'unmercenaries'); by this, they attracted many to the Christian faith.^[6] They reputedly cured blindness, fever, paralysis and reportedly expelled a serpent. They were arrested by Lysias, governor of Cilicia (modern-day Çukurova, Turkey) during the Diocletian persecution because of their faith and fame as healers. Emperor Diocletian, who favoured the worship of the Olympian gods, issued a series of edicts that condemned the Christians with the goal of eliminating Christianity from the Roman Empire.^[7]

Lives

Nothing is known of their lives except that they suffered martyrdom in Syria during the persecution of the Emperor Diocletian. According to Christian traditions, the twin brothers were born in Arabia and became skilled doctors.^[8]

Saladino d'Ascoli, a 15th-century Italian physician, claims that the medieval electuary, a pasty mass consisting of a drug mixed with sugar and water or honey suitable for oral administration,^[9] known as opopira,^[10] a complex compound medicine used to treat diverse maladies including paralysis, was invented by Cosmas and Damian.^[11]

During the persecution under Diocletian, Cosmas and Damian were arrested by order of the Prefect of Cilicia, one Lysias who is otherwise unknown, who ordered them under torture to recant. However, according to legend they stayed true to their faith, enduring being hung on a cross, stoned, shot by arrows, and finally suffered execution by beheading. Anthimus, Leontius and Euprepius, their younger brothers, who were inseparable from them throughout life, shared in their martyrdom.^[5]

Veneration

The veneration of Cosmas and Damian quickly spread beyond Constantinople; accounts of their martyrdom were rewritten by various authors such as Andrew of Crete, Peter of Argos, Theodore II Laskaris, and a certain Maximus c. 1300. The legends are preserved also in Syriac, Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, and Latin.^[12]

As early as the 4th century, churches dedicated to the twin saints were established at Jerusalem, in Egypt and in Mesopotamia. Devotion to the two saints spread rapidly in both the East and the West. Theodoret records the division of their reputed relics. Their relics, deemed miraculous, were buried in the city of Cyrrhus in Syria. Churches were built in their honor by Archbishop Proclus and by Emperor Justinian I (527–565), who sumptuously restored the city of Cyrrhus and dedicated it to the twins, but brought their purported relics to Constantinople.^[8]

There, following his cure, ascribed to the intercession of Cosmas and Damian, Justinian, in gratitude also built and adorned their church at Constantinople,^[8] and it became a celebrated place of pilgrimage. At Rome, Pope Felix IV (526–530) rededicated the Library of Peace (Bibliotheca Pacis) as a basilica of Santi Cosma e Damiano in the Forum of Vespasian in their honour. The church is much rebuilt but still famed for its sixth-century mosaics illustrating the saints.

What are said to be their skulls are venerated in the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales of the Clares in Madrid, where they have been since 1581, the gift of Maria, daughter of Emperor Charles V. They had previously been removed from Rome to Bremen in the tenth century, and thence to Bamberg. Other skulls said to be theirs were discovered in 1334 by Burchard Grelle, Archbishop of Bremen. He "personally 'miraculously' retrieved the relics of the holy physicians Cosmas and Damian, which were allegedly immured and forgotten in the choir of the Bremen Cathedral.^[13]

In celebration of the retrieval Archbishop and Chapter arranged a feast at Pentecost 1335, when the relics were translated from the wall to a more dignified place.^[14] Grelle claimed the relics were those Archbishop Adaldag brought from Rome in 965. The cathedral master-builder Johann Hemeling made a shrine for the relics, which was finished c. 1420. The shrine, made from carved oak wood covered with gilt and rolled silver is considered an important mediaeval gold work.^[15]

In 1649 Bremen's Chapter, Lutheran by this time, sold the shrine without the heads to Maximilian I of Bavaria. The two heads remained in Bremen and came into the possession of the small Roman Catholic community. They were shown from 1934 to 1968 in the Church of St. Johann and in 1994 they were buried in the crypt.^[16] The shrine is now shown in the Jesuit church of St Michael in Munich. At least since 1413 another supposed pair of skulls of the saints has been stored in St Stephens's Cathedral in Vienna. Other relics are claimed by the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice.

The martyrdom of Saints Cosmas and Damian by Fra Angelico (Musée du Louvre, Paris)

The martyr twins are invoked in the Canon of the Mass^[8] in the prayer known as the Communicantes (from the first Latin word of the prayer): "In communion with the whole Church, they venerate above all others the memory of the glorious ever-virgin Mary, Mother of our God and Lord, Jesus Christ, then of blessed Joseph, husband of the Virgin, your blessed Apostles and Martyrs, Peter and Paul, Andrew, James, ...John and Paul, Cosmas and Damian and all your Saints: grant through their merits and prayers that in all things we may be defended by the help of your protection." They are also invoked in the Litany of the Saints, and in the older form of the Roman rite, in the Collect for Thursday in the Third Week of Lent, as the station church for this day is Santi Cosma e Damiano.

Their feast day in the General Roman Calendar, which had been on 27 September, was moved in 1969 to 26 September because 27 September is the dies natalis ("day of birth" into Heaven) of Vincent de Paul, now more widely venerated in the Latin Church.^[17]^[18] In Canada it has been moved to 25 September (as 26 September is the Feast of the Canadian Martyrs in Canada).^[19]

Sts Cosmas and Damian are regarded as the patrons of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists and are sometimes represented with medical emblems. They are also regarded as the patron saints of twins.

In Brazil, the twin saints are regarded as protectors of children, and 27 September is commemorated, especially in Rio de Janeiro, by giving children bags of candy with the saints' effigy printed on them and throughout the entire state of Bahia where Catholics and adepts of Candomblé religion offer typical food such as caruru. The ritual consists of first offering the food to seven children that are no older than seven years old and then having them feast while sitting on the floor and eating with their hands. For adepts of Candomblé and Umbanda, the saints are syncretized with the Ibeji. The Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, in Igarassu, Pernambuco is Brazil's oldest church, built in 1535.

In the UK, Damian is the dexter side supporter in the coat of arms of the British Dental Association.

Cosmas and Damian are venerated every year in Utica, New York, at St. Anthony's Parish during the annual pilgrimage which takes place on the last weekend of September (close to the 27 September feast day). There are thousands of pilgrims who come to honor the saints. Over 80 busloads come from Canada and other destinations. The two-day festival includes music (La Banda Rosa), much Italian food, Masses and processions through the streets of East Utica. It is one of the largest festivals honoring saints in the Northeastern United States.

Eastern Christianity

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Cosmas and Damian are venerated as a type of saint known as Unmercenary Physicians (Greek: ἀνάργυροι, anargyroi, "without money"). This classification of saints is unique to the Eastern Church and refers to those who heal purely out of love for God and man, strictly observing the command of Jesus: "Freely have you received, freely give." («Δωρεὰν ἐλάβετε, δωρεὰν δότε...» Matthew 10:8) While each of the Unmercenaries has his own feast days, all are commemorated together on the first Sunday in November, in a feast known as the Synaxis of the Unmercenary Physicians.

The Orthodox celebrate no less than three different sets of saints by the name of Cosmas and Damian, each with their own distinct feast day:

Saints Cosmas and Damian of Cilicia (Arabia) (17 October) Brothers, according to Christian legend they were beaten and beheaded together with three other Christians: Leontius, Anthimus, and Eutropius.
Saints Cosmas and Damian of Asia Minor — alternately, of Mesopotamia (1 November) Twin sons of Theodota of Philippi. Died peacefully and were buried together at Thereman in Mesopotamia.
Saints Cosmas and Damian of Rome (1 July) Brothers, according to Christian tradition they were martyred outside Rome by a jealous pagan physician during the reign of the Roman Emperor Carinus (283–284).

Orthodox icons of the saints depict them vested as laymen holding medicine boxes. Often each will also hold a spoon with which to dispense medicine. The handle of the spoon is normally shaped like a cross to indicate the importance of spiritual as well as physical healing, and that all cures come from God.

Apse mosaic of Cosmas and Damian — The Apse of the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, Rome, 7th century: Paul and Peter present the martyrs to Christ.

Churches

Australia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

Church of Saint-Côme, Matawinie Regional County Municipality, Quebec
Eglise St-Damien, Saint Damien, Quebec

Croatia

England

Blean, Kent, church of St Cosmus [sic] and St Damian
Challock, Kent
Keymer, Sussex, St Cosmas and St Damian Church
Sherrington, Wiltshire, church of St Cosmo [sic] and St Damian
Stretford church, near Leominster, Herefordshire, church no longer in use and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust
Gospel Oak, north London, Greek Orthodox Church of St Cosmas and Damian (at 1 Gordon House Road, London NW5)^[20]

France

Saint Côme-Saint Damien church, Luzarches, Val d'Oise
Saint Côme-Saint Damien church, Paris
Saint Côme-Saint Damien church, Chamboulive
Saint Côme-Saint Damien church, Serdinya

Germany

Essen Cathedral, Essen

Goa

Igreja dos Santos Cosme e Damião, Bogmalo

Greece

10th-century chapel of Agioi Anargyroi in the town of Servia
11th-century church in the city of Kastoria

Hungary

Szent Kozma és Damján templom, Vát

Hong Kong

SS. Cosmas & Damian Catholic Church, Tsuen Wan

Italy

Basilica of Santi Cosma e Damiano, I Santi Medici, Bitonto, Bari, Italy
Sanctuary of San Cosimo alla Macchia in Oria, Apulia, Italy
Santi Cosma e Damiano
Chiesa Matrice-Basilica minore Pontificia dal venerdì 18 febbraio 2000-Santuario dal lunedì 12 settembre 1938-Parrocchia dal mercoledì 16 marzo e martedì 19 aprile 1814 dei Santi Medici e Martiri Cosma e Damiano; Alberobello, Puglia, Italy

Kenya

Orthodox Cathedral of Saints Anargyroi, Nairobi

Macedonia

Sv. Kuzman i Damjan Ohrid
Sv. Kuzman i Damjan Jedoarce, Tetovo
Sv. Kuzman i Damjan Govrlevo, Skopje
Sv. Kuzman i Damjan Triangla, Skopje
Sv. Kuzman i Damjan Bolnicka Crkva, Veles (Sveti Besrebrenici Kozma i Damjan)
Sv. "Kuzman i Damjan" - Strumica

(Sveti bessrebrenici Kozma i Damjan)

Mexico

Saint Cosmas and Damian Church, Mazatecochco, Tlaxcala
Saint Cosmas and Damian Church, Xaloztoc, Tlaxcala
Saint Cosmas and Damian Church, San Damián Texoloc, Tlaxcala
San Cosme y Damián Church, Villa de Cos, Zacatecas

Paraguay

Misión jesuítica de San Cosme y Damián

Russia

Church of Cosmas and Damian, Novgorod

Serbia

Slovakia

United States

Chapel of San Cosme y Damián, Tucson, Arizona
Ss. Cosmas & Damian Church, Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
Chapel of Saint Cosmas & Damiano; Utica, NY
Chapel of Saint Cosmas & Damian; Flushing, NY
Saints Cosmas and Damian Society, Cambridge, MA
Saint Cosmas & Damiano Society of St. Anthony & St. Agnes Church, Utica N.Y.
Saint Damian, Oak Forest, IL
Ss. Cosmas & Damian Church, Twinsburg, Ohio
Ss. Cosmas & Damian Church, Conshohocken, PA (closed 2014)
Sts. Anargyroi Greek Orthodox Church, Marlborough, MA

Notes

^ Arabic: قُزما ودميان, romanized: Qozma wa Dimyān; Ancient Greek: Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός, romanized: Kosmás kai Damianós; Latin: Cosmas et Damianus

References

^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός οἱ Ἀνάργυροι καὶ Θαυματουργοί Archived 2011-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. 1 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor Archived 2007-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. OCA - Feasts and Saints.
^ Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century Irfan Shahid
^ Cyril Elgood (31 October 2010). A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-108-01588-2.
^ ^a ^b Richard Stracke. "Saints Cosmas and Damian: Art, Iconography, Legends". www.christianiconography.info. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: "Sts. Cosmas and Damian"". Archived from the original on 2005-08-27. Retrieved 2005-08-20.
^ Wong, Szu Shen (26 September 2016). "Saint Cosmas and Damian: the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine". The Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Foley OFM, Leonard. "Sts. Cosmas and Damian", Saint of the Day, (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan Media". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
^ "Electuary". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
^ Opopira magna, a pharmaceutical preparation from the Antidotarius magnus NCBI PubMed, in German, Daems WF, Ledermann F. Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ Saladino d'Ascoli, "Compendium Aromatariorum", In: Mesue cum expositione mondini super canones vniuersales. ac etiam cum expositione Christophori de honestis in antidotarium eiusdem... Venecia, per Bonetum Locatellum Bergomensem. 1 abril 1495, fol. 323v: "Oppopira dicitur a succo & igne. oppo enim grece latine succus & pir grece latine ignis: inde oppopira idest succus ignitus & hoc electuarium compositum est a sanctissimis medicis cosmas & damiano."
^ Kazhdan, Alexander; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Kosmas and Damianos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1156. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
^ Cf. "Bremer Chronik von Gerhard Rinesberch und Herbord Schene", In: Bremen, Hermann Meinert (ed.) on behalf of the Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bremen: Schünemann, 1968, (Chroniken der deutschen Städte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert; vol. 37: Die Chroniken der niedersächsischen Städte), p. 112; Regesten der Erzbischöfe von Bremen, Joseph König and Otto Heinrich May (compilators), Hanover: Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission, 1971, (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hannover, Oldenburg, Braunschweig, Schaumburg-Lippe und Bremen; vol. 11,2,2), vol. 2, Lfg. 2: 1327–1344, No. 508; Joseph König, "Zur Biographie des Burchard Grelle, Erzbischof von Bremen und der Geschichte seines Pontifikats (1327–1344)", In: Stader Jahrbuch; vol. 76 (1986), p. 42; Herbert Schwarzwälder, Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen: 5 vols., ext. and impr. ed., Bremen: Edition Temmen [de], 1995, vol. 1: Von den Anfängen bis zur Franzosenzeit: (1810), p. 70; Alfred Löhr, "Kult und Herrschaft, Erzstift und Domkapitel", In: Der Bremer Dom. Baugeschichte, Ausgrabungen, Kunstschätze. Handbuch u. Katalog zur Sonderausstellung vom 17.6. bis 30.9.1979 im Bremer Landesmuseum - Focke-Museum -, Karl Heinz Brandt (ed.), Bremen: Bremer Landesmuseum, 1979, (Focke-Museum, Bremen. Hefte; No. 49, vielm.: 52), pp. 102seq. and 128 as well as Catalogue No. 31, Urkunden und Siegel des Erzbischofs Burchard Grelle; Bodo Heyne, "Die Arztheiligen Kosmas und Damian und der Bremer Dom", In: Hospitium Ecclesiae: Forschungen zur Bremischen Kirchengeschichte; vol. 9 (1975), pp. 7–21; Johannes Focke, "Die Heiligen Cosmas und Damian und ihr Reliquienschrein im Dom zu Bremen", In: Bremisches Jahrbuch, Bd. 17 (1895), pp. 128–161.
^ "Ostern 1334 hatte Burchard persönlich im Chor des Bremer Doms die … dort angeblich eingemauerten und vergessenen Reliquien der heiligen Ärzte Cosmas und Damian auf 'wunderbare Weise' wiederaufgefunden. Erzbischof und Kapitel veranstalteten aus diesem Anlaß zu Pfingsten 1335 ein Fest, bei dem die Reliquien aus der Mauer an einen würdigeren Platz überführt wurden." Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 177. Original emphasis. Omission not in the original. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2
^ Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), Part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 178. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2
^ (Wilhelm Tacke: St. Johann in Bremen - erine 600jährige Geschichte - von den Bettelbrüdern bis zu den Pröpsten, Bremen 2006, S. 172ff.)
^ "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 140
^ Beltrami, Costanza. "The feast of Saints Cosmas and Damian", Italian Art Society
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2016-09-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Saintanargyre". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-01-08.

External links

Leslie G. Matthews, "SS. Cosmas and Damian—Patron Saints of Medicine and Pharmacy: Their Cult in England" in Medical History: notes on the few English churches dedicated to these saints
Wonderworkers and Unmercenaries Cosmas and Damian of Asia Minor (1 November) Eastern Orthodox icon and synaxarion
Holy Wonderworking Unmercenary Physicians Cosmas and Damian at Rome (1 July)
Martyrs and Unmercenaries Cosmas Damian in Cilicia (17 October)
Synaxis of the Holy Unmercenaries Icon
Representations of Saints Cosmas and Damian Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
Saints Cosmas and Damian at the Christian Iconography web site
"Here Follow the Lives of Saints Cosmo and Damian" from the Caxton translation of the Golden Legend
The Feast of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Cambridge, MA
Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square
Domkirche Ss. Cosmas und Damian und der heiligen Jungfrau Maria, Essen Archived 2019-11-05 at the Wayback Machine

[3] Arabic: قُزما ودميان, romanized: Qozma wa Dimyān; Ancient Greek: Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός, romanized: Kosmás kai Damianós; Latin: Cosmas et Damianus

[1] Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός οἱ Ἀνάργυροι καὶ Θαυματουργοί Archived 2011-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. 1 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.

[2] Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor Archived 2007-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. OCA - Feasts and Saints.

[4] Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century Irfan Shahid

[Elgood2010-5] Cyril Elgood (31 October 2010). A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-108-01588-2.

[Stracke-6] Richard Stracke. "Saints Cosmas and Damian: Art, Iconography, Legends". www.christianiconography.info. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-09-26.

[7] "Catholic Encyclopedia: "Sts. Cosmas and Damian"". Archived from the original on 2005-08-27. Retrieved 2005-08-20.

[8] Wong, Szu Shen (26 September 2016). "Saint Cosmas and Damian: the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine". The Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 2022-07-30.

[Foley-9] "Foley OFM, Leonard. "Sts. Cosmas and Damian", Saint of the Day, (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan Media". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-03-14.

[10] "Electuary". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-07-09.

[11] Opopira magna, a pharmaceutical preparation from the Antidotarius magnus NCBI PubMed, in German, Daems WF, Ledermann F. Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine

[12] Saladino d'Ascoli, "Compendium Aromatariorum", In: Mesue cum expositione mondini super canones vniuersales. ac etiam cum expositione Christophori de honestis in antidotarium eiusdem... Venecia, per Bonetum Locatellum Bergomensem. 1 abril 1495, fol. 323v: "Oppopira dicitur a succo & igne. oppo enim grece latine succus & pir grece latine ignis: inde oppopira idest succus ignitus & hoc electuarium compositum est a sanctissimis medicis cosmas & damiano."

[13] Kazhdan, Alexander; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Kosmas and Damianos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1156. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.

[14] Cf. "Bremer Chronik von Gerhard Rinesberch und Herbord Schene", In: Bremen, Hermann Meinert (ed.) on behalf of the Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bremen: Schünemann, 1968, (Chroniken der deutschen Städte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert; vol. 37: Die Chroniken der niedersächsischen Städte), p. 112; Regesten der Erzbischöfe von Bremen, Joseph König and Otto Heinrich May (compilators), Hanover: Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission, 1971, (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hannover, Oldenburg, Braunschweig, Schaumburg-Lippe und Bremen; vol. 11,2,2), vol. 2, Lfg. 2: 1327–1344, No. 508; Joseph König, "Zur Biographie des Burchard Grelle, Erzbischof von Bremen und der Geschichte seines Pontifikats (1327–1344)", In: Stader Jahrbuch; vol. 76 (1986), p. 42; Herbert Schwarzwälder, Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen: 5 vols., ext. and impr. ed., Bremen: Edition Temmen [de], 1995, vol. 1: Von den Anfängen bis zur Franzosenzeit: (1810), p. 70; Alfred Löhr, "Kult und Herrschaft, Erzstift und Domkapitel", In: Der Bremer Dom. Baugeschichte, Ausgrabungen, Kunstschätze. Handbuch u. Katalog zur Sonderausstellung vom 17.6. bis 30.9.1979 im Bremer Landesmuseum - Focke-Museum -, Karl Heinz Brandt (ed.), Bremen: Bremer Landesmuseum, 1979, (Focke-Museum, Bremen. Hefte; No. 49, vielm.: 52), pp. 102seq. and 128 as well as Catalogue No. 31, Urkunden und Siegel des Erzbischofs Burchard Grelle; Bodo Heyne, "Die Arztheiligen Kosmas und Damian und der Bremer Dom", In: Hospitium Ecclesiae: Forschungen zur Bremischen Kirchengeschichte; vol. 9 (1975), pp. 7–21; Johannes Focke, "Die Heiligen Cosmas und Damian und ihr Reliquienschrein im Dom zu Bremen", In: Bremisches Jahrbuch, Bd. 17 (1895), pp. 128–161.

[15] "Ostern 1334 hatte Burchard persönlich im Chor des Bremer Doms die … dort angeblich eingemauerten und vergessenen Reliquien der heiligen Ärzte Cosmas und Damian auf 'wunderbare Weise' wiederaufgefunden. Erzbischof und Kapitel veranstalteten aus diesem Anlaß zu Pfingsten 1335 ein Fest, bei dem die Reliquien aus der Mauer an einen würdigeren Platz überführt wurden." Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 177. Original emphasis. Omission not in the original. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2

[16] Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), Part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 178. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2

[17] (Wilhelm Tacke: St. Johann in Bremen - erine 600jährige Geschichte - von den Bettelbrüdern bis zu den Pröpsten, Bremen 2006, S. 172ff.)

[18] "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 140

[19] Beltrami, Costanza. "The feast of Saints Cosmas and Damian", Italian Art Society

[20] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2016-09-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[21] "Saintanargyre". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2018-01-08.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Patron saints of medicine and twins}}
+{{Short description|Patron saints of medicine and of twins}}
 {{Redirect|Saint Damian|other saints of the same name|Damian (given name){{!}}Damian}}
 {{Infobox saint
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | image = Saint Côme & Saint Damien Grandes Heures Anne de Bretagne XVIe.jpg
 | alt      = Saints Cosmas and Damian
-|birth_date=c. 3rd century AD
+|birth_date={{circa|3rd century AD}}
-|death_date=c. 303 or 287
+|death_date={{circa|303 or 287|lk=no}}
 |feast_day=
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 * 27 September (pre-1970 [[General Roman Calendar]])
 * [[November 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|1 November]] (Eastern Orthodox Church)<ref>Great [[Synaxarium|Synaxaristes]]: {{in lang|el}} ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/1063/sxsaintinfo.aspx Οἱ Ἅγιοι Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός οἱ Ἀνάργυροι καὶ Θαυματουργοί] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083752/http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/1063/sxsaintinfo.aspx |date=2011-11-03 }}.'' 1 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref><ref>''[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103133 Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116055210/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103133 |date=2007-11-16 }}.'' [[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]] - Feasts and Saints.</ref>
-|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodox Churches]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]<br />[[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
+|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodox Churches]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]<br />[[Eastern Catholic Churches]]<br />[[Anglican churches]]<br />[[Lutheran churches]]
-|caption=[[Icon]] of Saints Cosmas (left) and Damian (right)
+|caption=Cosmas (left) and Damian (right) in the [[Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany]], c. 1503–1508
 |birth_place=[[Arabia Petraea|Arabia]]
 |death_place=[[Yumurtalık|Aegea]], [[Syria (Roman province)|Roman province of Cilicia]]<br />(modern-day [[Yumurtalık]], [[Adana Province|Adana]], [[Turkey]])
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 |attributes=depicted as twins, beheaded, or with medical emblems
 |patronage=[[surgeon]]s, [[physicians]], [[identical twins]], [[twins]], [[dentist]]s, protectors of children, [[barbers]], [[pharmacists]], [[veterinarians]], [[orphanages]], [[day-care center]]s, [[confectioner]]s, children in house, against [[hernia]], against the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].
-|major_shrine=Convent of the [[Poor Clares]] in [[Madrid]], Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian in [[Rome]], and [[Bitonto]], [[Bari]], Italy
+|major_shrine=Convent of the [[Poor Clares]] in [[Madrid]], [[Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome|Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian]] in [[Rome]], and [[Bitonto]], [[Bari]], Italy
 |suppressed_date=
 |issues=
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 }}
-[[File:Szent Kozma és Damján Commemorative Plaque in Budapest.jpg|thumb|Saints Cosmas and Damian Commemorative Plaque in Budapest]]
+[[File:Szent Kozma és Damján Commemorative Plaque in Budapest.jpg|thumb|Saints Cosmas and Damian commemorative plaque in Budapest]]
-'''Cosmas and Damian''' ({{lang-ar|قُزما ودميان|translit=Qozma wa Dimyān}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός|translit=Kosmás kai Damianós}}; {{lang-la|Cosmas et Damianus}}; {{circa|3rd century}} – {{circa|287}} or {{circa|303}} AD) were two [[Arabs|Arab]] physicians and early [[Christian martyrs]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rqltAAAAMAAJ&q=Cosmas+and+damian+Arab Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century] Irfan Shahid</ref><ref name="Elgood2010">{{cite book|author=Cyril Elgood|title=A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFB8-xIyUpAC&pg=PA207|date=31 October 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01588-2|pages=207}}</ref> They practised their profession in the seaport of [[Yumurtalık|Aegeae]], then in the Roman [[province]] of [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]].<ref name="Stracke">{{cite web |url=https://www.christianiconography.info/cosmasDamian.html |author=Richard Stracke |work=www.christianiconography.info |title=Saints Cosmas and Damian: Art, Iconography, Legends |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329120516/http://www.christianiconography.info/cosmasDamian.html |archive-date=2019-03-29 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Cosmas and Damian'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|قُزما ودميان|translit=Qozma wa Dimyān}}; {{langx|grc|Κοσμᾶς καὶ Δαμιανός|translit=Kosmás kai Damianós}}; {{langx|la|Cosmas et Damianus}}}} ({{circa|3rd century}} – {{circa|287|lk=no}} or {{circa|303|lk=no}} AD) were two [[Arabs|Arab]] physicians and early [[Christian martyrs]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rqltAAAAMAAJ&q=Cosmas+and+damian+Arab Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century] Irfan Shahid</ref><ref name="Elgood2010">{{cite book|author=Cyril Elgood|title=A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFB8-xIyUpAC&pg=PA207|date=31 October 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01588-2|pages=207}}</ref> They practised their profession in the seaport of [[Yumurtalık|Aegeae]], then in the Roman [[province]] of [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]].<ref name="Stracke">{{cite web |url=https://www.christianiconography.info/cosmasDamian.html |author=Richard Stracke |work=www.christianiconography.info |title=Saints Cosmas and Damian: Art, Iconography, Legends |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329120516/http://www.christianiconography.info/cosmasDamian.html |archive-date=2019-03-29 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Cosmas and Damian were third century Arabian-born twin brothers who embraced Christianity and practised medicine and surgery without a fee. This led them to being named ''anargyroi'' (from the Greek {{lang|grc|Ἀνάργυροι}}, 'the silverless' or '[[Holy Unmercenaries|unmercenaries]]'); by this, they attracted many to the Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04403e.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: "Sts. Cosmas and Damian" |access-date=2005-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827015643/http://newadvent.org/cathen/04403e.htm |archive-date=2005-08-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> They reputedly cured blindness, fever, paralysis and reportedly expelled a serpent. They were arrested by Lysias, governor of Cilicia (modern day Çukurova, Turkey) during the [[Diocletian persecution]] because of their faith and fame as healers. Emperor [[Diocletian]], who favoured the worship of the Olympian gods, issued a series of edicts that condemned the Christians with the goal of eliminating Christianity from the Roman empire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Szu Shen |title=Saint Cosmas and Damian: the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine |url=https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/opinion/saint-cosmas-and-damian-the-patron-saints-of-pharmacy-and-medicine |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=The Pharmaceutical Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Cosmas and Damian were third century Arabian-born twin brothers who embraced Christianity and practised medicine and surgery without a fee. This led them to being named ''anargyroi'' (from the Greek {{lang|grc|Ἀνάργυροι}}, 'the silverless' or '[[Holy Unmercenaries|unmercenaries]]'); by this, they attracted many to the Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04403e.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: "Sts. Cosmas and Damian" |access-date=2005-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827015643/http://newadvent.org/cathen/04403e.htm |archive-date=2005-08-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> They reputedly cured blindness, fever, paralysis and reportedly expelled a serpent. They were arrested by Lysias, governor of Cilicia (modern-day Çukurova, Turkey) during the [[Diocletian persecution]] because of their faith and fame as healers. Emperor [[Diocletian]], who favoured the worship of the Olympian gods, issued a series of edicts that condemned the Christians with the goal of eliminating Christianity from the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Szu Shen |title=Saint Cosmas and Damian: the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine |url=https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/opinion/saint-cosmas-and-damian-the-patron-saints-of-pharmacy-and-medicine |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=The Pharmaceutical Journal |date=26 September 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==Lives==
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 According to Christian traditions, the twin brothers were born in Arabia and became skilled doctors.<ref name=Foley/>
-Saladino d'Ascoli, a 15th century Italian physician, claims that the medieval [[electuary]], a pasty mass consisting of a drug mixed with sugar and water or honey suitable for oral administration,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/electuary |title=Electuary |access-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012203052/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/electuary |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> known as opopira,<ref>Opopira magna, a pharmaceutical preparation from the Antidotarius magnus [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3325340 NCBI PubMed, in German, Daems WF, Ledermann F.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126021932/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3325340 |date=2018-01-26 }}</ref> a complex compound medicine used to treat diverse maladies including paralysis, was invented by Cosmas and Damian.<ref>Saladino d'Ascoli, "Compendium Aromatariorum", In: ''Mesue cum expositione mondini super canones vniuersales. ac etiam cum expositione Christophori de honestis in antidotarium eiusdem...'' Venecia, per Bonetum Locatellum Bergomensem. 1 abril 1495, fol. 323v: "Oppopira dicitur a succo & igne. oppo enim grece latine succus & pir grece latine ignis: inde oppopira idest succus ignitus & hoc electuarium compositum est a sanctissimis medicis cosmas & damiano."</ref>
+Saladino d'Ascoli, a 15th-century Italian physician, claims that the medieval [[electuary]], a pasty mass consisting of a drug mixed with sugar and water or honey suitable for oral administration,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/electuary |title=Electuary |access-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012203052/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/electuary |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> known as opopira,<ref>Opopira magna, a pharmaceutical preparation from the Antidotarius magnus [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3325340 NCBI PubMed, in German, Daems WF, Ledermann F.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126021932/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3325340 |date=2018-01-26 }}</ref> a complex compound medicine used to treat diverse maladies including paralysis, was invented by Cosmas and Damian.<ref>Saladino d'Ascoli, "Compendium Aromatariorum", In: ''Mesue cum expositione mondini super canones vniuersales. ac etiam cum expositione Christophori de honestis in antidotarium eiusdem...'' Venecia, per Bonetum Locatellum Bergomensem. 1 abril 1495, fol. 323v: "Oppopira dicitur a succo & igne. oppo enim grece latine succus & pir grece latine ignis: inde oppopira idest succus ignitus & hoc electuarium compositum est a sanctissimis medicis cosmas & damiano."</ref>
-During the [[Diocletian Persecution|persecution]] under Diocletian, Cosmas and Damian were arrested by order of the [[Prefect]] of [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]], one Lysias who is otherwise unknown, who ordered them under [[torture]] to recant. However, according to legend they stayed true to their faith, enduring being hung on a cross, stoned and shot by arrows and finally suffered execution by [[Decapitation|beheading]]. Anthimus, Leontius and Euprepius, their younger brothers, who were inseparable from them throughout life, shared in their martyrdom.<ref name="Stracke"/>
+During the [[Diocletian Persecution|persecution]] under Diocletian, Cosmas and Damian were arrested by order of the [[Prefect]] of [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]], one Lysias who is otherwise unknown, who ordered them under [[torture]] to recant. However, according to legend they stayed true to their faith, enduring being hung on a cross, stoned, shot by arrows, and finally suffered execution by [[Decapitation|beheading]]. Anthimus, Leontius and Euprepius, their younger brothers, who were inseparable from them throughout life, shared in their martyrdom.<ref name="Stracke"/>
 ==Veneration==
 [[File:Beinwunder Cosmas und Damian.jpg|thumb|Cosmas and Damian miraculously transplant the black leg of the Ethiopian onto the white body of the patient.]]
-[[File:Holy Cosmas and holy Damian shrine in St. Michael in Munich.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Reliquary (1400/1420) in [[St. Michael's Church, Munich]] containing the alleged skulls of Cosmas and Damian. The convent of the [[Poor Clares]] in Madrid also has two skulls alleged to be of Cosmas and Damian.]]
+[[File:Holy Cosmas and holy Damian shrine in St. Michael in Munich.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Reliquary (1400/1420) in [[St. Michael's Church, Munich]], containing the alleged skulls of Cosmas and Damian. The convent of the [[Poor Clares]] in Madrid also has two skulls alleged to be those of Cosmas and Damian.]]
 [[File:Pope Felix presents church to Cosmas and Damian.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Felix IV]] presents Saints Cosmas and Damian with [[Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome|the basilica]] he [[consecration|rededicated]] to them.]]
-The veneration of Cosmas and Damian quickly spread beyond Constantinople; accounts of their martyrdom were rewritten by various authors such as [[Andrew of Crete]], [[Peter the Wonderworker|Peter of Argos]], [[Theodore II Laskaris]], and a certain Maximus around 1300. The legends are preserved also in Syriac, Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, and Latin.<ref>{{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|title=Kosmas and Damianos|last1=Kazhdan|first1=Alexander|last2=Ševčenko|first2=Nancy Patterson|authorlink=|url=|volume=|page=1156|pages=}}</ref>
+The veneration of Cosmas and Damian quickly spread beyond Constantinople; accounts of their martyrdom were rewritten by various authors such as [[Andrew of Crete]], [[Peter the Wonderworker|Peter of Argos]], [[Theodore II Laskaris]], and a certain Maximus {{Circa|1300|lk=no}}. The legends are preserved also in Syriac, Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, and Latin.<ref>{{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|title=Kosmas and Damianos|last1=Kazhdan|first1=Alexander|last2=Ševčenko|first2=Nancy Patterson|authorlink=|url=|volume=|page=1156|pages=}}</ref>
-As early as the 4th century, churches dedicated to the twin saints were established at [[Jerusalem]], in [[Egypt]] and in [[Mesopotamia]]. Devotion to the two saints spread rapidly in both East and West. [[Theodoret]] records the division of their reputed relics. Their relics, deemed miraculous, were buried in the city of [[Cyrrhus]] in Syria. Churches were built in their honor by Archbishop [[Archbishop Proclus of Constantinople|Proclus]] and by Emperor [[Justinian I]] (527–565), who sumptuously restored the city of Cyrrhus and dedicated it to the twins, but brought their purported relics to [[Constantinople]].<ref name=Foley/>
+As early as the 4th century, churches dedicated to the twin saints were established at [[Jerusalem]], in [[Egypt]] and in [[Mesopotamia]]. Devotion to the two saints spread rapidly in both the East and the West. [[Theodoret]] records the division of their reputed relics. Their relics, deemed miraculous, were buried in the city of [[Cyrrhus]] in Syria. Churches were built in their honor by Archbishop [[Archbishop Proclus of Constantinople|Proclus]] and by Emperor [[Justinian I]] (527–565), who sumptuously restored the city of Cyrrhus and dedicated it to the twins, but brought their purported relics to [[Constantinople]].<ref name=Foley/>
 There, following his cure, ascribed to the intercession of Cosmas and Damian, Justinian, in gratitude also built and adorned their church at Constantinople,<ref name=Foley>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1150 |title=Foley OFM, Leonard. "Sts. Cosmas and Damian", ''Saint of the Day'', (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan Media |access-date=2015-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315030454/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1150 |archive-date=2015-03-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it became a celebrated place of pilgrimage. At Rome, Pope [[Felix IV]] (526–530) rededicated the Library of Peace (''Bibliotheca Pacis'') as a [[basilica]] of [[Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome|Santi Cosma e Damiano]] in the [[Imperial forums|Forum of Vespasian]] in their honour. The church is much rebuilt but still famed for its sixth-century mosaics illustrating the saints.
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 Other skulls said to be theirs were discovered in 1334 by [[Burchard Grelle]], [[Erzstift Bremen|Archbishop of Bremen]]. He "personally 'miraculously' retrieved the relics of the holy physicians Cosmas and Damian, which were allegedly immured and forgotten in the choir of the [[Bremen Cathedral]].<ref>Cf. "Bremer Chronik von Gerhard Rinesberch und Herbord Schene", In: ''Bremen'', Hermann Meinert (ed.) on behalf of the Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bremen: Schünemann, 1968, (Chroniken der deutschen Städte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert; vol. 37: Die Chroniken der niedersächsischen Städte), p. 112; ''Regesten der Erzbischöfe von Bremen'', Joseph König and Otto Heinrich May (compilators), Hanover: Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission, 1971, (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hannover, Oldenburg, Braunschweig, Schaumburg-Lippe und Bremen; vol. 11,2,2), vol. 2, Lfg. 2: 1327–1344, No. 508; Joseph König, "Zur Biographie des Burchard Grelle, Erzbischof von Bremen und der Geschichte seines Pontifikats (1327–1344)", In: ''Stader Jahrbuch''; vol. 76 (1986), p. 42; [[Herbert Schwarzwälder]], ''Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen'': 5 vols., ext. and impr. ed., Bremen: {{Ill|Edition Temmen|de}}, 1995, vol. 1: Von den Anfängen bis zur Franzosenzeit: (1810), p. 70; Alfred Löhr, "Kult und Herrschaft, Erzstift und Domkapitel", In: ''Der Bremer Dom. Baugeschichte, Ausgrabungen, Kunstschätze. Handbuch u. Katalog zur Sonderausstellung vom 17.6. bis 30.9.1979 im Bremer Landesmuseum - Focke-Museum -'', Karl Heinz Brandt (ed.), Bremen: Bremer Landesmuseum, 1979, (Focke-Museum, Bremen. Hefte; No. 49, vielm.: 52), pp. 102seq. and 128 as well as Catalogue No. 31, Urkunden und Siegel des Erzbischofs Burchard Grelle; Bodo Heyne, "Die Arztheiligen Kosmas und Damian und der Bremer Dom", In: ''Hospitium Ecclesiae: Forschungen zur Bremischen Kirchengeschichte''; vol. 9 (1975), pp. 7–21; Johannes Focke, "Die Heiligen Cosmas und Damian und ihr Reliquienschrein im Dom zu Bremen", In: ''Bremisches Jahrbuch'', Bd. 17 (1895), pp. 128–161.</ref>
-In celebration of the retrieval Archbishop and [[Chapter (religion)|Chapter]] arranged a feast at Pentecost 1335, when the relics were translated from the wall to a more dignified place.<ref>"Ostern 1334 hatte Burchard persönlich im Chor des Bremer Doms die … dort angeblich eingemauerten und vergessenen Reliquien der heiligen Ärzte Cosmas und Damian auf 'wunderbare Weise' wiederaufgefunden. Erzbischof und Kapitel veranstalteten aus diesem Anlaß zu Pfingsten 1335 ein Fest, bei dem die Reliquien aus der Mauer an einen würdigeren Platz überführt wurden." Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 177. Original emphasis. Omission not in the original. {{ISBN|978-3-9801919-8-2}}</ref> Grelle claimed the relics were those Archbishop [[Adaldag]] brought from Rome in 965. The cathedral master-builder Johann Hemeling made a shrine for the relics, which was finished around 1420. The shrine, made from carved oak wood covered with gilt and rolled silver is considered an important mediaeval gold work.<ref>Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), Part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 178. {{ISBN|978-3-9801919-8-2}}</ref>
+In celebration of the retrieval Archbishop and [[Chapter (religion)|Chapter]] arranged a feast at Pentecost 1335, when the relics were translated from the wall to a more dignified place.<ref>"Ostern 1334 hatte Burchard persönlich im Chor des Bremer Doms die … dort angeblich eingemauerten und vergessenen Reliquien der heiligen Ärzte Cosmas und Damian auf 'wunderbare Weise' wiederaufgefunden. Erzbischof und Kapitel veranstalteten aus diesem Anlaß zu Pfingsten 1335 ein Fest, bei dem die Reliquien aus der Mauer an einen würdigeren Platz überführt wurden." Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 177. Original emphasis. Omission not in the original. {{ISBN|978-3-9801919-8-2}}</ref> Grelle claimed the relics were those Archbishop [[Adaldag]] brought from Rome in 965. The cathedral master-builder Johann Hemeling made a shrine for the relics, which was finished {{Circa|1420|lk=no}}. The shrine, made from carved oak wood covered with gilt and rolled silver is considered an important mediaeval gold work.<ref>Konrad Elmshäuser, "Der werdende Territorialstaat der Erzbischöfe von Bremen (1236–1511): I. Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren", In: ''Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser'': 3 parts, Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), Part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159–189, here p. 178. {{ISBN|978-3-9801919-8-2}}</ref>
 In 1649 Bremen's Chapter, Lutheran by this time, sold the shrine without the heads to [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I of Bavaria]]. The two heads remained in Bremen and came into the possession of the small Roman Catholic community. They were shown from 1934 to 1968 in the Church of St. Johann and in 1994 they were buried in the crypt.<ref>(Wilhelm Tacke: St. Johann in Bremen - erine 600jährige Geschichte - von den Bettelbrüdern bis zu den Pröpsten, Bremen 2006, S. 172ff.)</ref> The shrine is now shown in the [[Jesuit]] [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|church of St Michael]] in [[Munich]]. At least since 1413 another supposed pair of skulls of the saints has been stored in [[Stephansdom|St Stephens's Cathedral]] in Vienna. Other relics are claimed by the [[Church of San Giorgio Maggiore]] in [[Venice]].
-[[File:CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg|thumb|right|The martyrdom of Saints Cosmas and Damian by [[Fra Angelico]] ([[Musée du Louvre]], Paris).]]
+[[File:CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg|thumb|right|The martyrdom of Saints Cosmas and Damian by [[Fra Angelico]] ([[Musée du Louvre]], Paris)]]
 The martyr twins are invoked in the [[Canon of the Mass]]<ref name=Foley/> in the prayer known as the ''Communicantes'' (from the first Latin word of the prayer): "In communion with the whole Church, they venerate above all others the memory of the glorious ever-virgin Mary, Mother of our God and Lord, Jesus Christ, then of blessed Joseph, husband of the Virgin, your blessed Apostles and Martyrs, Peter and Paul, Andrew, James, ...John and Paul, ''Cosmas and Damian'' and all your Saints: grant through their merits and prayers that in all things we may be defended by the help of your protection." They are also invoked in the [[Litany of the Saints]], and in the older form of the Roman rite, in the [[Collect]] for Thursday in the Third Week of Lent, as the [[Station days|station church]] for this day is Santi Cosma e Damiano.
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 [[File:French - Double Capital Depicting Saints Cosmas and Damian (Guild of Barber-Surgeons) - Walters 27572.jpg|thumb|right|Cosmas and Damian are depicted as [[supporter]]s of the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|arms]] of the guild of barber-surgeons carved into a [[capital (architecture)|capital]], 15th century, from the Carmes monastery in [[Trie-sur-Baïse]] in southwestern France.  The inscription reads, "Saints Cosmas and Damian pray for us".]]
-In [[Brazil]], the twin saints are regarded as protectors of children, and 27 September is commemorated, especially in [[Rio de Janeiro]], by giving children bags of candy with the saints' effigy printed on them and throughout the entire state of Bahia where Catholics and adepts of [[Candomble|Candomblé]] religion offer typical food such as [[Caruru (food)|caruru]].
+In [[Brazil]], the twin saints are regarded as protectors of children, and 27 September is commemorated, especially in [[Rio de Janeiro]], by giving children bags of candy with the saints' effigy printed on them and throughout the entire state of Bahia where Catholics and adepts of [[Candomble|Candomblé]] religion offer typical food such as [[Caruru (food)|caruru]]. The ritual consists of first offering the food to seven children that are no older than seven years old and then having them feast while sitting on the floor and eating with their hands. For adepts of Candomblé and [[Umbanda]], the saints are [[religious syncretism|syncretized]] with the [[Ibeji]]. The [[Church of São Cosme e São Damião|Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian]], in [[Igarassu, Pernambuco|Igarassu]], [[Pernambuco]] is Brazil's oldest church, built in 1535.
-The ritual consists of first offering the food to seven children that are no older than seven years old and then having them feast while sitting on the floor and eating with their hands. The [[Church of São Cosme e São Damião|Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian]], in [[Igarassu, Pernambuco|Igarassu]], [[Pernambuco]] is Brazil's oldest church, built in 1535.
-In the UK Damian is the [[Dexter and sinister|dexter]] side supporter in the [[coat of arms]] of the [[British Dental Association]].
+In the UK, Damian is the [[Dexter and sinister|dexter]] side supporter in the [[coat of arms]] of the [[British Dental Association]].
-Cosmas and Damian are venerated every year in [[Utica, New York]], at St. Anthony's Parish during the annual pilgrimage which takes place on the last weekend of September (close to the 27 September feast day). There are thousands of pilgrims who come to honor the saints. Over 80 busloads come from Canada and other destinations. The 2-day festival includes music (La Banda Rosa), much Italian food, masses and processions through the streets of East Utica. It is one of the largest festivals honoring saints in the northeast USA.
+Cosmas and Damian are venerated every year in [[Utica, New York]], at St. Anthony's Parish during the annual pilgrimage which takes place on the last weekend of September (close to the 27 September feast day). There are thousands of pilgrims who come to honor the saints. Over 80 busloads come from Canada and other destinations. The two-day festival includes music (La Banda Rosa), much Italian food, Masses and processions through the streets of East Utica. It is one of the largest festivals honoring saints in the Northeastern United States.
 ==Eastern Christianity==
 {{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
-[[File:MHS ss Damian i Kosma XVII w p.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] of Saints Cosmas and Damian (17th century, Historic Museum in [[Sanok]], Poland).]]
+[[File:MHS ss Damian i Kosma XVII w p.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] of Saints Cosmas and Damian (17th century, Historic Museum in [[Sanok]], Poland)]]
-In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], and the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], Cosmas and Damian are venerated as a type of saint known as [[Unmercenary Physicians]] ({{lang-el|ἀνάργυροι}}, ''anargyroi,'' ''"without money"''). This classification of saints is unique to the Eastern Church and refers to those who heal purely out of love for God and man, strictly observing the command of Jesus: "Freely have you received, freely give." («Δωρεὰν ἐλάβετε, δωρεὰν δότε...» {{Bibleverse||Matthew|10:8|KJV}}) While each of the Unmercenaries has his own [[feast day]]s, all are commemorated together on the first Sunday in November, in a feast known as the [[Synaxis]] of the Unmercenary Physicians.
+In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], and the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], Cosmas and Damian are venerated as a type of saint known as [[Unmercenary Physicians]] ({{langx|el|ἀνάργυροι}}, ''anargyroi,'' ''"without money"''). This classification of saints is unique to the Eastern Church and refers to those who heal purely out of love for God and man, strictly observing the command of Jesus: "Freely have you received, freely give." («Δωρεὰν ἐλάβετε, δωρεὰν δότε...» {{Bibleverse||Matthew|10:8|KJV}}) While each of the Unmercenaries has his own [[feast day]]s, all are commemorated together on the first Sunday in November, in a feast known as the [[Synaxis]] of the Unmercenary Physicians.
-[[File:Cosmas and Damian (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|Cosmas and Damian depicted in the [[Menologion of Basil II]].]]
+[[File:Cosmas and Damian (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|Cosmas and Damian depicted in the [[Menologion of Basil II]]]]
 The Orthodox celebrate no less than three different sets of saints by the name of Cosmas and Damian, each with their own distinct [[feast day]]:
@@ Line 94: / Line 93: @@
 Orthodox [[icon]]s of the saints depict them vested as laymen holding medicine boxes. Often each will also hold a spoon with which to dispense medicine. The handle of the spoon is normally shaped like a cross to indicate the importance of spiritual as well as physical healing, and that all cures come from God.
-[[File:ApseCosmasDamianChrist.jpg|frame|center|alt=Apse mosaic of Cosmas and Damian|'''The Apse of the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, Rome, 7th century: Paul and Peter present the martyrs to Christ.''']]
+[[File:ApseCosmasDamianChrist.jpg|frame|center|alt=Apse mosaic of Cosmas and Damian|The Apse of the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, Rome, 7th century: Paul and Peter present the martyrs to Christ.]]
 == Churches ==
@@ Line 106: / Line 105: @@
 ===Brazil===
 * [[Church of Saints Cosme and Damião]], [[Igarassu, Pernambuco|Igarassu]], [[Pernambuco]]
+* [[Sts. Cosmas and Damian Orthodox Church]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
 ===Bulgaria===
@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 * [[Keymer]], Sussex,  [[St Cosmas and St Damian Church, Keymer|St Cosmas and St Damian Church]]
 * [[Sherrington]], [[Wiltshire]], church of St Cosmo {{sic}} and St Damian
-* Stretford, near [[Leominster]], Herefordshire, church no longer in use and in the care of the [[Churches Conservation Trust]]
+* [https://www.visitchurches.org.uk/visit/church-listing/st-cosmas-and-st-damian-stretford.html Stretford church], near [[Leominster]], Herefordshire, church no longer in use and in the care of the [[Churches Conservation Trust]]
 * [[Gospel Oak]], north London, Greek Orthodox Church of St Cosmas and Damian (at 1 Gordon House Road, London NW5)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stanargyre.co.uk/ |title=Saintanargyre |access-date=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116082148/https://www.stanargyre.co.uk/ |archive-date=2017-11-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 ===Greece===
-* 10th century chapel of ''Agioi Anargyroi'' in the town of [[Servia, Greece|Servia]]
+* 10th-century chapel of ''Agioi Anargyroi'' in the town of [[Servia, Greece|Servia]]
-* 11th century church in the city of [[Kastoria]]
+* 11th-century church in the city of [[Kastoria]]
 ===Hungary===
@@ Line 211: / Line 211: @@
 ==See also==
 * [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 26|Saints Cosmas and Damian, patron saint archive]]
+== Notes ==
+{{Noteslist}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 221: / Line 224: @@
 == External links ==
 {{commons category|Saints Cosmas and Damian}}
-*[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1033831 Leslie G. Matthews, "SS. Cosmas and Damian—Patron Saints of Medicine and Pharmacy: Their Cult in England" in ''Medical History'']: notes on the few English churches dedicated to these saints
+*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033831/ Leslie G. Matthews, "SS. Cosmas and Damian—Patron Saints of Medicine and Pharmacy: Their Cult in England" in ''Medical History'']: notes on the few English churches dedicated to these saints
 *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103133 ''Wonderworkers and Unmercenaries Cosmas and Damian of Asia Minor''] (1 November) Eastern Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]]
 *[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=101859 ''Holy Wonderworking Unmercenary Physicians Cosmas and Damian at Rome''] (1 July)
@@ Line 231: / Line 234: @@
 *[http://www.cosmas-and-damian.org The Feast of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Cambridge, MA]
 *[http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Cosmas-65/StCosmas.htm Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square]
-*[http://www.dom-essen.de/domkirche-ss-cosmas-und-damian/ Domkirche Ss. Cosmas und Damian und der heiligen Jungfrau Maria, Essen]
+*[http://www.dom-essen.de/domkirche-ss-cosmas-und-damian/ Domkirche Ss. Cosmas und Damian und der heiligen Jungfrau Maria, Essen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105041324/http://www.dom-essen.de/domkirche-ss-cosmas-und-damian/ |date=2019-11-05 }}
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