Pay toilet: Difference between revisions
It may be street furniture or be inside a building, e.g. a mall, department store, railway station, restaurant, etc. |
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{{Short description|Public toilet requiring payment to use}} |
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[[Image:Paris-pay-toilet.jpg|thumb|300px|''A freestanding, coin-operated pay toilet stall in [[Paris]].'']] |
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A '''pay toilet''' is a [[public toilet]] that requires the user to pay. It may be [[street furniture]] or be inside a building, e.g. a shopping mall, department store, or railway station. The reason for charging money is usually for the maintenance of the equipment. Paying to use a toilet can be traced back almost 2000 years, to the first century BCE. The charge is often collected by an attendant or by inserting coins into an automatic turnstile; in some freestanding toilets in the street, the fee is inserted into a slot by the door. Mechanical coin operated locks are also used. Some more high tech toilets accept card or contactless payments. Sometimes, a token can be used to enter a pay toilet without paying the charge. Some municipalities offer these tokens to residents with disabilities so these groups aren't discriminated against by the pay toilet. Some establishments such as cafés and restaurants offer tokens to their customers so they can use the toilets for free but other users must pay the relevant charge. |
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==Examples== |
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A '''pay toilet''' is a [[Toilet#Public_toilets|public toilet]] for which usage a fee has to be paid. It may be [[street furniture]] or be inside a building, e.g. a [[mall]], [[department store]], [[railway station]], [[restaurant]], etc. |
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[[File:Pay toilet.jpg|thumb|200px|A pay toilet in [[San Francisco, California]], 2006.]] |
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=== Europe === |
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Pay toilets are especially common in [[Continental Europe]]. The [[Paris Métro]] operates coin-operated toilets in its underground stations; and even non-mechanized toilets occasionally have [[restroom attendant|attendants]] who accept tips. |
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In Germany, many lavatories at [[Rest area|service station]]s on the [[Autobahn]] have pay toilets with turnstiles, though as in France, customers typically receive a voucher equal to the toilet fee. Elsewhere, while public toilets may not have a set fee, it is customary to provide change to restroom attendants for their services.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Loneliness of the Klofrau |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-loneliness-of-the-klofrau-toilet-training-for-visitors-a-410935.html |magazine=Der Spiegel |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> Some service stations offer a voucher equal in value to the amount paid for use of a toilet, redeemable for other goods at that station or others in the same [[chain store|chain]]. |
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The practice of charging for use of public toilets is the origin of the British euphemism for urination, ''to spend a penny.'' |
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In Eastern Europe, particularly in the [[former USSR]], pay toilets are usually non-automatic and are like usual public toilets except that they have an attendant at the entrance to collect the money from visitors. |
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==Payment== |
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Payment can be accomplished by: |
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In the United Kingdom, pay toilets tend to be common at bus and railway stations, but most public toilets are free to use. Technically, any toilets provided by local government may be subject to a charge by the provider.<ref>Section 87(3)(c) of the Public Health Act 1936</ref> Pay toilets on the streets may provide men's urinals free of charge to prevent public urination. For example, in London, a few public conveniences are appearing in the form of pop-up toilets. During the daytime, these toilets are hidden beneath the streets, and only appear in the evening.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Street Toilets Go Telescopic |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2382831.stm |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> The British English [[euphemism]] "to spend a penny" for "to urinate" derives from the use of a pre-decimal [[penny]] coin for pay toilet locks.<ref name="spend">{{Cite web |last=McAlpine |first=Fraser |title=Fraser's Phrases: 'Spend A Penny' |url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/09/frasers-phrases-spend-a-penny |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=BBC America}}</ref> |
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*putting money on an unattended plate |
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*putting money in a box with a slot |
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*putting money in the slot of a turnstile or spring-door, which unlocks it |
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*giving the money to a [[toilet attendant]] (who is sometimes also in charge of the [[cleaning]]); there may or may not be a rule to pay in advance. |
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=== Latin and South America === |
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Except in the case of a coin-operated lock, the fee may or may not be fixed. |
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{{unreferenced section|date=December 2024}} |
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In [[Argentina]], pay toilets are not common. Toilets placed in public places are typically free to use but the attendant is seated outside with a dish by his side expecting a tip from the user, often with a sign saying "Su propina es nuestro sueldo" (your tip is our salary). It is customary to give a coin or a $2 bill, especially if the toilets requiring paper are used. |
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==Modern times== |
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Pay toilets are almost unknown in the [[United States]]. A campaign by the Committee to End Pay Toilets In America (CEPTIA) resulted in laws against pay toilets being enacted in a number of cities and states in the mid-1970s. Around that time, most restroom owners found they were losing more money due to stolen pay boxes than they made. |
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In [[Mexico]], the majority of pay toilets have [[turnstile]]s and an attendant at the entrance. The attendant gives out toilet paper and sometimes a paper towel. |
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Pay toilets are not uncommon in Europe. Paris, in particular, is particlarly well-equipped with them: the streets of the city are forested with self-cleaning, coin-op booths (landmarks like Sacre-Coeur generally have several); riders on the [[Metro]] may encounter coin-op bathrooms in its underground stations; and even non-mechanized bathrooms may have attendants who expect tips. (This is not to say that there are no free bathrooms in the city, however -- large stores often have them.) |
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=== Asia === |
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{{unreferenced section|date=December 2024}} |
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In [[India]], [[Sulabh International]] is the major operator of pay toilets (''sulabh shauchalaya''). These are provided with an attendant, and the fee is 2 rupees. They provide toilet as well as bathroom facilities. They are situated in public places like bus stations and major markets, but several sulabh shauchalayas also act as community toilets in areas with poor sanitation facilities. |
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In [[Singapore]], pay toilets are still common in "Hawker Centers"; the use of the toilet usually costs 10-20 cents. The fee is usually paid to an attendant behind a counter; however, certain hawker centres have a turnstile into which the coin is inserted. Sometimes toilet paper is also charged for, and given out at the entrance usually by the attendant, though most of the time there is a toilet paper holder in the cubicle (stall) itself. |
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In some areas of [[Republic of China|Taiwan]], mostly in subways, one must pay for the toilet paper, but the toilet itself is free. |
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In [[Turkey]] pay toilets are common at bus stations and underground cities (but not single-building shopping malls), where a charge of between 5 lira and 10 lira is levied at a turnstile for entrance to the bathroom. |
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=== U.S. === |
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[[File:Restroom token.png|thumb|right|Restroom token]] |
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In the [[United States]], pay toilets became much less common from the 1970s, when they came under attack from feminists as well as from the plumbing industry. California legislator [[March Fong Eu]] argued that they discriminated against females because men and boys could use urinals for free whereas women and girls always had to pay a dime for a toilet "stall" (i.e. cubicle) in places where payment was mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March Fong Eu |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0880736.html |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=infoplease.com}}</ref> The American Restroom Association was a proponent of an amendment to the National Model Building Code to allow pay toilets only where there were also free toilets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://americanrestroom.org/ |website=American Restroom Association (ARA)}}</ref> A campaign by the [[Committee to End Pay Toilets in America]] (CEPTIA) resulted in laws prohibiting pay toilets in some cities and states. In 1973, Chicago became the first American city to enact a ban, at a time when, according to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', there were at least 50,000 units in America,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 19, 1976 |title=Clinched fist rising from commodes ends |location=[[Hamilton, Ohio]] |pages=B–6 |journal=Missing}}{{Full citation needed|date=January 2019}}</ref> mostly made by the Nik-O-Lok Company.{{cn|date=June 2020}} CEPTIA was successful over the next few years in obtaining bans in New York, New Jersey, Minnesota, California, Florida and Ohio.{{cn|date=June 2020}} Lobbying was successful in other states as well, and by the end of the decade, pay toilets were greatly reduced in America. However, they are still in use and produced by the [[Nik-O-Lok Company|Nik-O-Lok company]]; many of these laws have since been repealed, such as in Ohio. In 2007, legislators rescinded ORC Ordinance 4101:1-29-02.6.2, the ban on pay facilities, paving the way for operators to charge for public restroom use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawriter - OAC - 4101:1-29-02.6.2 Pay facilities. [Rescinded]. |url=http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/4101:1-29-02.6.2v1 |access-date=2018-02-12 |website=codes.ohio.gov}}</ref> |
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=== Africa === |
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[[File:038 35 Kisoro, 2000 constructed under swTws Project (7928190604).jpg|thumb|Pay toilet in [[Uganda]]]] |
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In Africa, pay toilets are particularly common in [[informal settlements]] lacking sewage systems. Of all countries, [[Ghana]] has the greatest reliance on public toilets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Progress on drinking water and sanitation |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2014/jmp-report/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514132824/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2014/jmp-report/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 14, 2014 |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=WHO}}</ref> In [[Accra]], lack of space makes private toilets unrealistic in low-income neighbourhoods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Peprah |first1=Dorothy |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K |last3=Moe |first3=Christine |last4=Robb |first4=Katharine |last5=Wellington |first5=Nii |last6=Yakubu |first6=Habib |last7=Null |first7=Clair |date=2015-10-01 |title=Public toilets and their customers in low-income Accra, Ghana |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=589–604 |doi=10.1177/0956247815595918 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=153987969|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..589P }}</ref> In [[Kumasi]], it has been estimated that 36% of residents use pay toilets, and that "once-daily use of a public toilet by a family of four would cost between US$3.60 and $18 per month depending on the fee charged by the operator of the toilet they use."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greenland |first1=Katie |last2=de-Witt Huberts |first2=Jessica |last3=Wright |first3=Richard |last4=Hawkes |first4=Lisa |last5=Ekor |first5=Cyprian |last6=Biran |first6=Adam |date=2016-07-08 |title=A cross-sectional survey to assess household sanitation practices associated with uptake of 'Clean Team' serviced home toilets in Kumasi, Ghana |url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3063819/1/A%20cross-sectional%20survey%20to%20assess_GREEN%20AAM.pdf |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=583–598 |doi=10.1177/0956247816647343 |issn=0956-2478 |doi-access=free |s2cid=77012908}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Some of the [[Sanitation in ancient Rome|earliest documented pay toilets]] were built around 74 AD in Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langston |first=A |title=The History Behind Pay As You Go Toilets |url=http://www.plumbworld.co.uk/blog/today-i-learned/pay-as-you-go-toilets-used-to-be-a-thing |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Emperor [[Vespasian|Titus Flavius Vespasianus]] created this method to ease the financial hardships resulting from the many wars that had been fought. This was not a popular choice with his people, and he was ridiculed for the decision, to which he reacted with the famous quote, ''[[Pecunia non olet]]'', "Money does not stink". |
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===Ancient times=== |
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The earliest public toilets were set up in [[Knossos]] of the [[Minoan civilization]] in the [[Crete]] island, now part of [[Greece]]. However, the earliest pay toilets were erected in Ancient Rome in [[74|74 AD]] during the rule of [[Vespasian]], after a civil war in Rome affected greatly the Roman finance. His initiative was derided by his adversaries, but his reply to these objections is now famous: "Pecunia non olet" ("Money does not smell"). |
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The Greco-Roman city of [[Ephesus]] was important in ancient times, becoming the trade centre and commercial hub of the ancient world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ephesus Ancient City |url=http://www.ephesus.us/ |access-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=EPHESUS}}</ref> The Scholastica Baths were built in the 1st century AD, and contained all of the modern amenities for hygiene, including advanced public toilets with marble seats. One had to pay to enter these luxury conveniences, where one could enjoy the use of a pool, use the toilet or socialize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PUBLIC TOILETS OF EPHESUS |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ephesus-public-toilets |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> |
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[[File:John Nevil Maskelyne.jpg|thumb|230x230px|right|[[John Nevil Maskelyne]], the inventor of the pay toilet.]] |
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[[John Nevil Maskelyne]], an English [[Magician (illusion)|stage magician]], invented the first modern pay toilet in the late 19th century. His door lock for London toilets required the insertion of a penny coin to operate it, hence the [[euphemism]] to "spend a penny".<ref name="ropelink">{{Cite book |last=Lamont |first=Peter |title=The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick, (The Biography of a Legend) |publisher=Time Warner Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-316-72430-2 |edition=1 |author-link=Peter Lamont (historian)}}</ref> |
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The first pay toilet in the United States was installed in 1910 in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]].<ref name="first">Gruenstein, Peter (4 Sept 1975) [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D-ItAAAAIBAJ&sjid=adsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6097,877500 Pay toilet movement attacks capitalism], ''[[The Beaver County Times]]'', Retrieved October 19, 2010 (with sarcastic subtitle for 1975, "How about charging air for tires?")</ref> |
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==Cultural references== |
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Whether or not public toilets should require payment is a plot point in [[Noël Coward]]'s 1949 play ''[[South Sea Bubble (play)|South Sea Bubble]]''. |
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Pay toilets are key to the 2001 American musical ''[[Urinetown]]''. |
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In the 1977 movie ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' Frog says "I have to go 10-100, could I have a dime? To which he replies, "crawl under" |
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In a 1979 episode of ''[[WKRP in Cincinnati]]'', "Fish Story", Herb (dressed as a carp) tries to use a pay toilet at the University of Cincinnati without paying and is caught by a rival station's mascot. |
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The 1983 Stephen King novel, ‘’[[Pet Sematary]]” involves a scene featuring pay toilet and a quote that reads, “JOHN CRAPPER WAS A SEXIST PIG!” written in grease pencil on the stall. |
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== Criticism == |
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People in developing countries or low incomes, for instance in [[Accra]], may choose to [[Open defecation|defecate in the open]] rather than pay to use toilets. Or they may limit the number of times per day that they use a pay toilet. Thus pay toilets have possibly undesirable public health consequences.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== |
== See also == |
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*[[Committee to End Pay Toilets in America]] |
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In some cities, during the Middle Ages, there were sellers of public toilets, who were equipped with a large cloak and a bucket, and for a fee, you could use the bucket, while hidden by the cloak. |
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* [[Outhouse]] |
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* [[Portable toilet]] |
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* [[Sanisette]] |
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* [[urinal (restroom)|Urinal]] |
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== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Toilets}} |
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==References== |
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*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s105028.htm Bathroom Blues] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pay Toilet}} |
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[[Category:Toilets]] |
[[Category:Toilets]] |
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[[Category:Vending]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:10, 17 December 2024
A pay toilet is a public toilet that requires the user to pay. It may be street furniture or be inside a building, e.g. a shopping mall, department store, or railway station. The reason for charging money is usually for the maintenance of the equipment. Paying to use a toilet can be traced back almost 2000 years, to the first century BCE. The charge is often collected by an attendant or by inserting coins into an automatic turnstile; in some freestanding toilets in the street, the fee is inserted into a slot by the door. Mechanical coin operated locks are also used. Some more high tech toilets accept card or contactless payments. Sometimes, a token can be used to enter a pay toilet without paying the charge. Some municipalities offer these tokens to residents with disabilities so these groups aren't discriminated against by the pay toilet. Some establishments such as cafés and restaurants offer tokens to their customers so they can use the toilets for free but other users must pay the relevant charge.
Examples
[edit]
Europe
[edit]Pay toilets are especially common in Continental Europe. The Paris Métro operates coin-operated toilets in its underground stations; and even non-mechanized toilets occasionally have attendants who accept tips.
In Germany, many lavatories at service stations on the Autobahn have pay toilets with turnstiles, though as in France, customers typically receive a voucher equal to the toilet fee. Elsewhere, while public toilets may not have a set fee, it is customary to provide change to restroom attendants for their services.[1] Some service stations offer a voucher equal in value to the amount paid for use of a toilet, redeemable for other goods at that station or others in the same chain.
In Eastern Europe, particularly in the former USSR, pay toilets are usually non-automatic and are like usual public toilets except that they have an attendant at the entrance to collect the money from visitors.
In the United Kingdom, pay toilets tend to be common at bus and railway stations, but most public toilets are free to use. Technically, any toilets provided by local government may be subject to a charge by the provider.[2] Pay toilets on the streets may provide men's urinals free of charge to prevent public urination. For example, in London, a few public conveniences are appearing in the form of pop-up toilets. During the daytime, these toilets are hidden beneath the streets, and only appear in the evening.[3] The British English euphemism "to spend a penny" for "to urinate" derives from the use of a pre-decimal penny coin for pay toilet locks.[4]
Latin and South America
[edit] |
In Argentina, pay toilets are not common. Toilets placed in public places are typically free to use but the attendant is seated outside with a dish by his side expecting a tip from the user, often with a sign saying "Su propina es nuestro sueldo" (your tip is our salary). It is customary to give a coin or a $2 bill, especially if the toilets requiring paper are used.
In Mexico, the majority of pay toilets have turnstiles and an attendant at the entrance. The attendant gives out toilet paper and sometimes a paper towel.
Asia
[edit] |
In India, Sulabh International is the major operator of pay toilets (sulabh shauchalaya). These are provided with an attendant, and the fee is 2 rupees. They provide toilet as well as bathroom facilities. They are situated in public places like bus stations and major markets, but several sulabh shauchalayas also act as community toilets in areas with poor sanitation facilities.
In Singapore, pay toilets are still common in "Hawker Centers"; the use of the toilet usually costs 10-20 cents. The fee is usually paid to an attendant behind a counter; however, certain hawker centres have a turnstile into which the coin is inserted. Sometimes toilet paper is also charged for, and given out at the entrance usually by the attendant, though most of the time there is a toilet paper holder in the cubicle (stall) itself.
In some areas of Taiwan, mostly in subways, one must pay for the toilet paper, but the toilet itself is free.
In Turkey pay toilets are common at bus stations and underground cities (but not single-building shopping malls), where a charge of between 5 lira and 10 lira is levied at a turnstile for entrance to the bathroom.
U.S.
[edit]
In the United States, pay toilets became much less common from the 1970s, when they came under attack from feminists as well as from the plumbing industry. California legislator March Fong Eu argued that they discriminated against females because men and boys could use urinals for free whereas women and girls always had to pay a dime for a toilet "stall" (i.e. cubicle) in places where payment was mandatory.[5] The American Restroom Association was a proponent of an amendment to the National Model Building Code to allow pay toilets only where there were also free toilets.[6] A campaign by the Committee to End Pay Toilets in America (CEPTIA) resulted in laws prohibiting pay toilets in some cities and states. In 1973, Chicago became the first American city to enact a ban, at a time when, according to The Wall Street Journal, there were at least 50,000 units in America,[7] mostly made by the Nik-O-Lok Company.[citation needed] CEPTIA was successful over the next few years in obtaining bans in New York, New Jersey, Minnesota, California, Florida and Ohio.[citation needed] Lobbying was successful in other states as well, and by the end of the decade, pay toilets were greatly reduced in America. However, they are still in use and produced by the Nik-O-Lok company; many of these laws have since been repealed, such as in Ohio. In 2007, legislators rescinded ORC Ordinance 4101:1-29-02.6.2, the ban on pay facilities, paving the way for operators to charge for public restroom use.[8]
Africa
[edit].jpg)
In Africa, pay toilets are particularly common in informal settlements lacking sewage systems. Of all countries, Ghana has the greatest reliance on public toilets.[9] In Accra, lack of space makes private toilets unrealistic in low-income neighbourhoods.[10] In Kumasi, it has been estimated that 36% of residents use pay toilets, and that "once-daily use of a public toilet by a family of four would cost between US$3.60 and $18 per month depending on the fee charged by the operator of the toilet they use."[11]
History
[edit]Some of the earliest documented pay toilets were built around 74 AD in Rome.[12] Emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus created this method to ease the financial hardships resulting from the many wars that had been fought. This was not a popular choice with his people, and he was ridiculed for the decision, to which he reacted with the famous quote, Pecunia non olet, "Money does not stink".
The Greco-Roman city of Ephesus was important in ancient times, becoming the trade centre and commercial hub of the ancient world.[13] The Scholastica Baths were built in the 1st century AD, and contained all of the modern amenities for hygiene, including advanced public toilets with marble seats. One had to pay to enter these luxury conveniences, where one could enjoy the use of a pool, use the toilet or socialize.[14]
John Nevil Maskelyne, an English stage magician, invented the first modern pay toilet in the late 19th century. His door lock for London toilets required the insertion of a penny coin to operate it, hence the euphemism to "spend a penny".[15]
The first pay toilet in the United States was installed in 1910 in Terre Haute, Indiana.[16]
Cultural references
[edit]Whether or not public toilets should require payment is a plot point in Noël Coward's 1949 play South Sea Bubble.
Pay toilets are key to the 2001 American musical Urinetown.
In the 1977 movie Smokey and the Bandit Frog says "I have to go 10-100, could I have a dime? To which he replies, "crawl under"
In a 1979 episode of WKRP in Cincinnati, "Fish Story", Herb (dressed as a carp) tries to use a pay toilet at the University of Cincinnati without paying and is caught by a rival station's mascot.
The 1983 Stephen King novel, ‘’Pet Sematary” involves a scene featuring pay toilet and a quote that reads, “JOHN CRAPPER WAS A SEXIST PIG!” written in grease pencil on the stall.
Criticism
[edit]People in developing countries or low incomes, for instance in Accra, may choose to defecate in the open rather than pay to use toilets. Or they may limit the number of times per day that they use a pay toilet. Thus pay toilets have possibly undesirable public health consequences.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Loneliness of the Klofrau". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ Section 87(3)(c) of the Public Health Act 1936
- ^ "Street Toilets Go Telescopic". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ McAlpine, Fraser. "Fraser's Phrases: 'Spend A Penny'". BBC America. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ "March Fong Eu". infoplease.com. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ "Welcome". American Restroom Association (ARA).
- ^ "Clinched fist rising from commodes ends". Missing. Hamilton, Ohio: B–6. August 19, 1976.[full citation needed]
- ^ "Lawriter - OAC - 4101:1-29-02.6.2 Pay facilities. [Rescinded]". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
- ^ "WHO | Progress on drinking water and sanitation". WHO. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
- ^ a b Peprah, Dorothy; Baker, Kelly K; Moe, Christine; Robb, Katharine; Wellington, Nii; Yakubu, Habib; Null, Clair (2015-10-01). "Public toilets and their customers in low-income Accra, Ghana". Environment and Urbanization. 27 (2): 589–604. Bibcode:2015EnUrb..27..589P. doi:10.1177/0956247815595918. ISSN 0956-2478. S2CID 153987969.
- ^ Greenland, Katie; de-Witt Huberts, Jessica; Wright, Richard; Hawkes, Lisa; Ekor, Cyprian; Biran, Adam (2016-07-08). "A cross-sectional survey to assess household sanitation practices associated with uptake of 'Clean Team' serviced home toilets in Kumasi, Ghana" (PDF). Environment and Urbanization. 28 (2): 583–598. doi:10.1177/0956247816647343. ISSN 0956-2478. S2CID 77012908.
- ^ Langston, A. "The History Behind Pay As You Go Toilets". Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Ephesus Ancient City". EPHESUS. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ "THE PUBLIC TOILETS OF EPHESUS". Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ Lamont, Peter (2004). The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick, (The Biography of a Legend) (1 ed.). Time Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-316-72430-2.
- ^ Gruenstein, Peter (4 Sept 1975) Pay toilet movement attacks capitalism, The Beaver County Times, Retrieved October 19, 2010 (with sarcastic subtitle for 1975, "How about charging air for tires?")