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'''''Bona''''' is a 1980 [[Philippines|Filipino]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Lino Brocka]] from a story and screenplay written by Cenen Ramones. The film tells the story of a fan becoming infatuated with the bit actor from a movie but the endless infatuation comes with unfortunate results. The film stars acclaimed actress [[Nora Aunor]] as the titular character and [[Phillip Salvador]], one of Brocka's frequent collaborator actors, as the bit actor Gardo.
'''''Bona''''' is a 1980 [[Philippines|Filipino]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Lino Brocka]] from a story and screenplay written by Cenen Ramones. Starring [[Nora Aunor]] as the title character, the film tells the story of a young girl infatuated with a bit actor, played by [[Phillip Salvador]]. Aunor also produced the film through her production company NV Productions.


Produced by Aunor's production company NV Productions and released as one of the official entries to the [[6th Metro Manila Film Festival]] on December 25, 1980,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmography.nora-icon.com/films_winning.html/|title=Nora Aunor Filmography|access-date=January 24, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220144913/http://filmography.nora-icon.com/films_winning.html|archive-date=February 20, 2008}}</ref> the film was also shown at the [[Directors' Fortnight]] of the [[1981 Cannes Film Festival|1981 Cannes International Film Festival]], marking Brocka's second appearance at the festival and also, it gave Aunor her second "[[Gawad Urian for Best Actress|Best Actress]]" award from [[Gawad Urian]].
The film was one of the official entries to the [[1980 Metro Manila Film Festival]], and subsequently premiered at the [[Directors' Fortnight]] of the [[1981 Cannes Film Festival|1981 Cannes International Film Festival]]. Aunor received her second [[Gawad Urian for Best Actress]] for her role.

In 2024, the digitally restored version of the film premiered at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]] during the Cannes Classics section. It had its local Philippine premier as the closing film of the [[Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival|2024 Cinemalaya Film Festival]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tariman |first=Pablo A. |date=2024-08-10 |title=Brocka’s restored ‘Bona’ closes 20th Cinemalaya |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/brockas-restored-bona-closes-20th-cinemalaya |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=VERA Files |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Cast==
==Cast==
{{castlist|
*[[Nora Aunor]] as Bona
*[[Nora Aunor]] as Bona
*[[Phillip Salvador]] as Gardo
*[[Phillip Salvador]] as Gardo
Line 40: Line 43:
* The PETA Kalinangan Ensemble
* The PETA Kalinangan Ensemble
* Naty Mallares
* Naty Mallares
}}


==Release==
==Release==
The film was an official entry to the [[1980 Metro Manila Film Festival]]. It has its international premiere at the [[1981 Cannes Film Festival]] as part of the [[Directors' Fortnight]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Napales |first=Ruben |date=2024-05-14 |title=[Only IN Hollywood] 43 years later, Nora Aunor's 'Bona' returns to Cannes |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/only-in-hollywood-nora-aunor-bona-returns-cannes-film-festival-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref> This marked the second appearance of director [[Lino Brocka]] at the Cannes Directors' Fortnight, following the premiere of ''[[Insiang]]'' at the [[1976 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=May 1, 2024 |title=‘Bona’ by Lino Brocka to be screened at Cannes 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/905416/bona-by-lino-brocka-to-be-screened-at-cannes-2024/story/ |access-date= |website=GMA News Online |language=}}</ref>
===Television===
In the United Kingdom, the film was screened on [[BBC Two|BBC2]] on February 9, 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film International: Bona |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/bf8da46e96db49e19c1ef8557db7f412 |website=[[BBC Genome]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 28, 2023}}</ref>

===Festivals===
*1981 - Official Selection, Directors’ Fortnight, [[Cannes International Film Festival]]
*1981 - Official Selection, Critics’ Choice Section, 25th [[BFI London Film Festival|London Film Festival]], November 12
*1988 - Tribute to Directors, 10th [[Three Continents Festival|Festival Des 3 Continents]], [[Nantes]], November 15–22<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival 1988: Tribute to Directors|url=https://www.3continents.com/en/programme/1988/hommage-aux-realisateurs-1988/|access-date=November 28, 2023|website=[[Three Continents Festival|Festival Des 3 Continents]]}}</ref>
*1991 - Tribute to Lino Brocka, 13th Festival Des 3 Continents, Nantes, November 26 – December 3<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival 1991: Tribute to Lino Brocka|url=https://www.3continents.com/en/programme/1991/hommage-a-lino-brocka-1991/|access-date=November 28, 2023|website=[[Three Continents Festival|Festival Des 3 Continents]]}}</ref>
*1996 - Fest96: The AFI Los Angeles International Film Festival, October 26
*1999 - Feature Film: Tribute to Asian Master Lino Brocka, [[Telluride Film Festival]]
*2005 - Official Selection, Lino Brocka Retrospective, 23rd [[Torino Film Festival]], November 15
*2024 - Official Selection, Cannes Classics, Cannes Film Festival<ref name=":0" />


===Restoration===
===Restoration===
After its initial release in 1980, the film remained largely unseen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2024 |title=BONA COMES HOME |url=https://culturalcenter.gov.ph/press-release/bona-comes-home/ |website=[[Cultural Center of the Philippines]]}}</ref> Amongst Philippine film circles, it was believed that the film was lost after negatives and prints were destroyed in a fire.<ref name=":1" />
A restored version of the film premiered at the Cannes Classics section of the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|77th Cannes Film Festival]] from May 14 to 25, 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Cannes Classics 2024 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/cannes-classics-2024/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nepales |first=Janet Susan R. |date=2024-05-23 |title=Hollywood filmmaker Sean Baker, others rave over restored 'Bona' film in Cannes |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/907794/sean-baker-rave-over-restored-bona-film-in-cannes/story/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> The restored version will receive a French theatrical premiere on September 25, 2024 through French distribution company Carlotta Films, headed by its founder and president Vincent Paul-Boncour. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Pearl Chan of boutique home video label, Kani Releasing, co-headed by its co-founder Ariel Esteban Cayer, said ''Bona'' will be shown in the United States and Canada. The [[4K resolution|4K]] [[digital film]] [[film restoration|restoration]] was carried out at [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9s_de_m%C3%A9moire Cité de Mémoire] laboratory from the original [[35 mm movie film|35 mm]] film and sound [[Negative (photography)|negatives]] by LTC Patrimoine and L.E. Diapason. [[Filmmaking|Filmmaker]] Dodo Dayao created the English [[subtitles]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frater |first1= Frater|title=Lino Brocka’s Cannes Classic ‘Bona,’ With Philippines’ Female Superstar Nora Aunor, Set for Release in U.S., Franc|url= https://variety.com/2024/film/news/lino-brocka-nora-aunor-bona-philippines-restored-film-cannes-1235999388/|accessdate=May 15, 2024 |publisher= [[Variety (magazine)]]|date=May 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Neapales|first1= Ruben|title=43 years later, Nora Aunor’s ‘Bona’ returns to Cannes|url= https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/only-in-hollywood-nora-aunor-bona-returns-cannes-film-festival-2024/|accessdate=May 15, 2024 |publisher= [[Rappler]] |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Domingo|first1= Gay Ace|title=‘Bona’s’ journey to Cannes|url= https://malaya.com.ph/news_entertainment/bonas-journey-to-cannes/|accessdate=May 15, 2024 |publisher=[[Malaya (newspaper)]] |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Liwag |first1=Jason |title=At Cannes, ‘Bona’ finds a second life|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/interview-kani-releasing-restoration-lino-brocka-bona-cannes-film-festival-2024/ |accessdate=May 15, 2024 |publisher= [[Rappler]]|date=May 14, 2024}}</ref>

The restoration of ''Bona'' was led by French distribution company Carlotta Films, headed by its CEO and co-founder Vincent Paul-Boncour, and Kani Releasing. In his search for an original copy, Paul-Boncour learned of original negatives that were stored with a Paris film lab following its original Cannes premiere. The discovery was initially made by film historian Jose B. Capino, during his research for a book on director [[Lino Brocka]], after interviewing Cannes film scout Pierre Rissient. The film restoration was carried out at Cité de Mémoire, with sound restoration handled by L.E. Diapason.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Frater |first1=Frater |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Lino Brocka’s Cannes Classic ‘Bona,’ With Philippines’ Female Superstar Nora Aunor, Set for Release in U.S., Franc |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/lino-brocka-nora-aunor-bona-philippines-restored-film-cannes-1235999388/ |accessdate=May 15, 2024 |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> In 2023, the first 20 minutes of the restoration was screened at the [[Marché du Film|Marché du Film of Cannes]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2023 |title=Marché du Film is back with a vengeance |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/28/marche-du-film-is-back-with-a-vengeance |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |language=en}}</ref>

The full restored film premiered at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]] as part of the Cannes Classics section.<ref name=":3" /> It had its local Philippine premier as the closing film of the [[Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival|2024 Cinemalaya Film Festival]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The film will also be screen at the [[2024 Toronto International Film Festival]] as part of the TIFF Classics section.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=2024-08-08 |title=Toronto Film Fest Adds Wang Bing, Roberto Minervini, Miguel Gomes Films to Wavelengths |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tiff-2024-wavelengths-lineup-miguel-gomes-wang-bing-1235969119/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Reception==
==Reception==
===Critical reception===
===Critical reception===
''Bona'' has been considered as one of the Philippines' greatest movies. It was also cited as one of "The Best 100 Films in the World" by the [[Museum of Tolerance]] in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, USA]] in 1997 and has been screened in different film festivals around the world, albeit receiving mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507EEDA143AF93AA2575AC0A962948260/ |title='BONA' GIVES A GLIMPSE OF LIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES|access-date=January 24, 2013 | work=The New York Times|first=Lawrence|last=Van Gelder|date=September 19, 1984}}</ref>
''Bona'' has been considered as one of the Philippines' greatest movies. It was also cited as one of "The Best 100 Films in the World" by the [[Museum of Tolerance]] in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, USA]] in 1997 and has been screened in different film festivals around the world, albeit receiving mixed reviews.
In a contemporary review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', critic [[Lawrence Van Gelder]] noted the film was interesting as a glimpse of Philippine life, but found fault in the directing and writing for failing to give valid explanations to the obsession.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507EEDA143AF93AA2575AC0A962948260/ |title='BONA' GIVES A GLIMPSE OF LIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES|access-date=January 24, 2013 | work=The New York Times|first=Lawrence|last=Van Gelder|date=September 19, 1984}}</ref>


Barbara Wurm, Berlin- and Vienna-based film historian, critic, and programmer, described Philippine cinema's Superstar as "the awesome Nora Aunor", during the film's screening at the 47 [[Vienna International Film Festival]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wurm|first=Barbara|url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/festival-reports/vienna-international-film-festival// |title=Leftist Glamour? or, Home Runs and Explorations: The 47th Viennale: Vienna International Film Festival|date=April 5, 2010|access-date=January 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409075330/http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/festival-reports/vienna-international-film-festival//|archive-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargo-film.de/festival/cargo-auf-der-viennale/|first=Lukas|last=Foerster |title=CARGO auf der Viennale|access-date=January 24, 2013|date=October 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915075430/http://www.cargo-film.de/festival/cargo-auf-der-viennale/|archive-date=September 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://racsoledger.blogspot.com/2010/04/racsoview-bona-1980.html/|title=RacsOview: Bona (1980)|access-date=January 24, 2013}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Barbara Wurm, Berlin- and Vienna-based film historian, critic, and programmer, described Philippine cinema's Superstar as "the awesome Nora Aunor", during the film's screening at the 47 [[Vienna International Film Festival]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wurm|first=Barbara|url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/festival-reports/vienna-international-film-festival// |title=Leftist Glamour? or, Home Runs and Explorations: The 47th Viennale: Vienna International Film Festival|date=April 5, 2010|access-date=January 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409075330/http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/festival-reports/vienna-international-film-festival//|archive-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargo-film.de/festival/cargo-auf-der-viennale/|first=Lukas|last=Foerster |title=CARGO auf der Viennale|access-date=January 24, 2013|date=October 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915075430/http://www.cargo-film.de/festival/cargo-auf-der-viennale/|archive-date=September 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://racsoledger.blogspot.com/2010/04/racsoview-bona-1980.html/|title=RacsOview: Bona (1980)|access-date=January 24, 2013}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Upon the release of the restoration at the Cannes Classics, ''Bona'' received positive comments and reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nepales |first=Ruben |date=2024-05-23 |title=[Only IN Hollywood] Restored 'Bona' draws raves as biggest Filipino delegation gathers at Cannes |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/only-in-hollywood-restored-bona-draws-raves-cannes-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref>


===Accolades===
===Accolades===
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|}
|}


==Adaptations==
==Stage adaptation==
The Philippine Educational Theater Association staged an adaptation of the film from August 24 to September 23, 2012, at the Peta Theater Center. The adaptation was written by Layeta Bucoy and directed by Socrates "Soxie" Topacio. [[Eugene Domingo]] played Bona while [[Edgar Allan Guzman]] played Gino Sanchez, the stage counterpart of the film's Gardo.<ref>{{cite web|first=Walter|last=Ang|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/62772/eugene-domingo-from-kimmy-dora-to-bona/|title=Eugene Domingo: From 'Kimmy Dora' to 'Bona'|date=August 19, 2012|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|publisher=[[Inquirer Group of Companies]] |access-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822043740/http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/62772/eugene-domingo-from-kimmy-dora-to-bona|archive-date=August 22, 2012}}</ref>
In 2012, as part of its 45th season, the [[Philippine Educational Theater Association]] staged a contemporary adaptation written by Layeta Bucoy and directed by Socrates 'Soxie" Tapacio. [[Eugene Domingo]] played Bona, while [[EA Guzman]] played Gino Sanchez, the stage counterpart of the film's Gardo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bona: From screen to stage |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2012/08/24/841392/bona-screen-stage |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 122: Line 123:
[[Category:1980 drama films]]
[[Category:1980 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lino Brocka]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lino Brocka]]
[[Category:Films produced by Nora Aunor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Lutgardo Labad]]
[[Category:Films set in Metro Manila]]
[[Category:Films shot in Metro Manila]]

Latest revision as of 03:33, 17 December 2024

Bona
Official poster of the film for the 1980 Metro Manila Film Festival
Directed byLino Brocka
Written byCenen Ramones
Produced byNora Villamayor
Starring
CinematographyConrado Baltazar
Edited byAugusto Salvador
Music byLutgardo Labad
Production
company
NV Productions
Distributed byNV Productions
Release date
  • December 25, 1980 (1980-12-25)
Running time
85 minutes
CountryPhilippines
LanguageFilipino
Box office₱13 million

Bona is a 1980 Filipino drama film directed by Lino Brocka from a story and screenplay written by Cenen Ramones. Starring Nora Aunor as the title character, the film tells the story of a young girl infatuated with a bit actor, played by Phillip Salvador. Aunor also produced the film through her production company NV Productions.

The film was one of the official entries to the 1980 Metro Manila Film Festival, and subsequently premiered at the Directors' Fortnight of the 1981 Cannes International Film Festival. Aunor received her second Gawad Urian for Best Actress for her role.

In 2024, the digitally restored version of the film premiered at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival during the Cannes Classics section. It had its local Philippine premier as the closing film of the 2024 Cinemalaya Film Festival.[1]

Cast

[edit]

Release

[edit]

The film was an official entry to the 1980 Metro Manila Film Festival. It has its international premiere at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival as part of the Directors' Fortnight.[2] This marked the second appearance of director Lino Brocka at the Cannes Directors' Fortnight, following the premiere of Insiang at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival.[3]

Restoration

[edit]

After its initial release in 1980, the film remained largely unseen.[4] Amongst Philippine film circles, it was believed that the film was lost after negatives and prints were destroyed in a fire.[2]

The restoration of Bona was led by French distribution company Carlotta Films, headed by its CEO and co-founder Vincent Paul-Boncour, and Kani Releasing. In his search for an original copy, Paul-Boncour learned of original negatives that were stored with a Paris film lab following its original Cannes premiere. The discovery was initially made by film historian Jose B. Capino, during his research for a book on director Lino Brocka, after interviewing Cannes film scout Pierre Rissient. The film restoration was carried out at Cité de Mémoire, with sound restoration handled by L.E. Diapason.[2][5] In 2023, the first 20 minutes of the restoration was screened at the Marché du Film of Cannes.[2][6]

The full restored film premiered at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival as part of the Cannes Classics section.[5] It had its local Philippine premier as the closing film of the 2024 Cinemalaya Film Festival.[1][4] The film will also be screen at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival as part of the TIFF Classics section.[7]

Reception

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]

Bona has been considered as one of the Philippines' greatest movies. It was also cited as one of "The Best 100 Films in the World" by the Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, USA in 1997 and has been screened in different film festivals around the world, albeit receiving mixed reviews.

In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Lawrence Van Gelder noted the film was interesting as a glimpse of Philippine life, but found fault in the directing and writing for failing to give valid explanations to the obsession.[8]

Barbara Wurm, Berlin- and Vienna-based film historian, critic, and programmer, described Philippine cinema's Superstar as "the awesome Nora Aunor", during the film's screening at the 47 Vienna International Film Festival in 2009.[9][10][11]

Upon the release of the restoration at the Cannes Classics, Bona received positive comments and reviews.[12]

Accolades

[edit]
Year Group Category Nominee Result
1982 Figueira da Foz International Film Festival Premio de le Juri de la Federacion Internationale des Cine Clubs (Jury Prize of the International Federation of Cinema Clubs) Won
1981 Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS) Awards Best Actress Nora Aunor Nominated
Gawad Urian Awards (Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino) Best Actress Nora Aunor Won
Best Actor Philip Salvador Nominated
Best Director Lino Brocka Nominated
Best Picture Nominated

Adaptations

[edit]

In 2012, as part of its 45th season, the Philippine Educational Theater Association staged a contemporary adaptation written by Layeta Bucoy and directed by Socrates 'Soxie" Tapacio. Eugene Domingo played Bona, while EA Guzman played Gino Sanchez, the stage counterpart of the film's Gardo.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Tariman, Pablo A. (August 10, 2024). "Brocka's restored 'Bona' closes 20th Cinemalaya". VERA Files. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Napales, Ruben (May 14, 2024). "[Only IN Hollywood] 43 years later, Nora Aunor's 'Bona' returns to Cannes". Rappler. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
  3. ^ "'Bona' by Lino Brocka to be screened at Cannes 2024". GMA News Online. May 1, 2024.
  4. ^ a b "BONA COMES HOME". Cultural Center of the Philippines. August 8, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Frater, Frater (May 14, 2024). "Lino Brocka's Cannes Classic 'Bona,' With Philippines' Female Superstar Nora Aunor, Set for Release in U.S., Franc". Variety. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  6. ^ "Marché du Film is back with a vengeance". Manila Bulletin. May 28, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
  7. ^ Vlessing, Etan (August 8, 2024). "Toronto Film Fest Adds Wang Bing, Roberto Minervini, Miguel Gomes Films to Wavelengths". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  8. ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (September 19, 1984). "'BONA' GIVES A GLIMPSE OF LIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  9. ^ Wurm, Barbara (April 5, 2010). "Leftist Glamour? or, Home Runs and Explorations: The 47th Viennale: Vienna International Film Festival". Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  10. ^ Foerster, Lukas (October 29, 2009). "CARGO auf der Viennale". Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  11. ^ "RacsOview: Bona (1980)". Retrieved January 24, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ Nepales, Ruben (May 23, 2024). "[Only IN Hollywood] Restored 'Bona' draws raves as biggest Filipino delegation gathers at Cannes". Rappler. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
  13. ^ "Bona: From screen to stage". Philstar.com. Retrieved August 10, 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Tobias, Mel. One hundred acclaimed Tagalog movies. Canada: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1998.
[edit]
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