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{{Short description|Israeli scientist (born 1958)}} |
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{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2024}} |
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'''Ehud Zohary''' (Hebrew: אהוד זהרי, born Nov 8, 1958) is an Israeli scientist, [[professor]] of [[Computational biology|neurobiology]] at the Edmond and Lilly Safra Center for Brain Science<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences |url=https://elsc.huji.ac.il/}}</ref> and [[Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science |url=https://www.bio.huji.ac.il/en}}</ref> the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. |
'''Ehud Zohary''' (Hebrew: אהוד זהרי, born Nov 8, 1958) is an Israeli scientist, [[professor]] of [[Computational biology|neurobiology]] at the Edmond and Lilly Safra Center for Brain Science<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences |url=https://elsc.huji.ac.il/}}</ref> and [[Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science |url=https://www.bio.huji.ac.il/en}}</ref> the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. |
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=== ''Reorganization of the visual cortex following blindness'' === |
=== ''Reorganization of the visual cortex following blindness'' === |
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The loss of vision does '''''not''''' render the [[visual cortex]] completely useless. Instead, regions in the [[Occipital lobe|occipital cortex]] of people blinded at early age are activated when they read [[Braille]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sadato |first1=Norihiro |last2=Pascual-Leone |first2=Alvaro |last3=Grafman |first3=Jordan |last4=Ibañez |first4=Vicente |last5=Deiber |first5=Marie-Pierre |last6=Dold |first6=George |last7=Hallett |first7=Mark |date=April 1996 |title=Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/380526a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=380 |issue=6574 |pages=526–528 |doi=10.1038/380526a0 |pmid=8606771 |bibcode=1996Natur.380..526S |s2cid=4324041 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Yet Braille, being a ''reading process,'' involves more than just fine tactile judgments. Indeed, Zohary and colleagues found using [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] that in the congenitally blind, regions in the occipital lobe are activated during language processes (retrieval of words from memory, in the absence of any sensory input) and their activation level is correlated with memory capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amedi |first1=Amir |last2=Raz |first2=Noa |last3=Pianka |first3=Pazit |last4=Malach |first4=Rafael |last5=Zohary |first5=Ehud |date=July 2003 |title=Early 'visual' cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1072 |journal=Nature Neuroscience |language=en |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=758–766 |doi=10.1038/nn1072 |pmid=12808458 |s2cid=18085145 |issn=1097-6256}}</ref> They further showed that blind have superior [[Serial memory processing|serial memory]] performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raz |first1=Noa |last2=Striem |first2=Ella |last3=Pundak |first3=Golan |last4=Orlov |first4=Tanya |last5=Zohary |first5=Ehud |date=July 2007 |title=Superior Serial Memory in the Blind: A Case of Cognitive Compensatory Adjustment |
The loss of vision does '''''not''''' render the [[visual cortex]] completely useless. Instead, regions in the [[Occipital lobe|occipital cortex]] of people blinded at early age are activated when they read [[Braille]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sadato |first1=Norihiro |last2=Pascual-Leone |first2=Alvaro |last3=Grafman |first3=Jordan |last4=Ibañez |first4=Vicente |last5=Deiber |first5=Marie-Pierre |last6=Dold |first6=George |last7=Hallett |first7=Mark |date=April 1996 |title=Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/380526a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=380 |issue=6574 |pages=526–528 |doi=10.1038/380526a0 |pmid=8606771 |bibcode=1996Natur.380..526S |s2cid=4324041 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Yet Braille, being a ''reading process,'' involves more than just fine tactile judgments. Indeed, Zohary and colleagues found using [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] that in the congenitally blind, regions in the occipital lobe are activated during language processes (retrieval of words from memory, in the absence of any sensory input) and their activation level is correlated with memory capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amedi |first1=Amir |last2=Raz |first2=Noa |last3=Pianka |first3=Pazit |last4=Malach |first4=Rafael |last5=Zohary |first5=Ehud |date=July 2003 |title=Early 'visual' cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1072 |journal=Nature Neuroscience |language=en |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=758–766 |doi=10.1038/nn1072 |pmid=12808458 |s2cid=18085145 |issn=1097-6256}}</ref> They further showed that blind have superior [[Serial memory processing|serial memory]] performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raz |first1=Noa |last2=Striem |first2=Ella |last3=Pundak |first3=Golan |last4=Orlov |first4=Tanya |last5=Zohary |first5=Ehud |date=July 2007 |title=Superior Serial Memory in the Blind: A Case of Cognitive Compensatory Adjustment |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=13 |pages=1129–1133 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.060|pmid=17583507 |bibcode=2007CBio...17.1129R |doi-access=free }}</ref> Moreover, targeted disruption of the normal activity in the “visual” cortex during verb generation lead to errors in task performance in the congenitally blind but not in the sighted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amedi |first1=Amir |last2=Floel |first2=Agnes |last3=Knecht |first3=Stefan |last4=Zohary |first4=Ehud |last5=Cohen |first5=Leonardo G |date=November 2004 |title=Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1328 |journal=Nature Neuroscience |language=en |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1266–1270 |doi=10.1038/nn1328 |pmid=15467719 |s2cid=15012945 |issn=1097-6256}}</ref> Thus, long term blindness from birth, dramatically alters the functional architecture of the human brain, in seemingly beneficial ways for the blind person. These initial findings were replicated and extended later and reviewed thoroughly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pascual-Leone |first1=Alvaro |last2=Amedi |first2=Amir |last3=Fregni |first3=Felipe |last4=Merabet |first4=Lotfi B. |date=2005-07-21 |title=The Plastic Human Brain Cortex |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216 |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=377–401 |doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216 |pmid=16022601 |issn=0147-006X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bedny |first1=Marina |last2=Saxe |first2=Rebecca |date=March 2012 |title=Insights into the origins of knowledge from the cognitive neuroscience of blindness |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02643294.2012.713342 |journal=Cognitive Neuropsychology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=56–84 |doi=10.1080/02643294.2012.713342 |pmid=23017086 |s2cid=17331583 |issn=0264-3294}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fine |first1=Ione |author-link1=Ione Fine|last2=Park |first2=Ji-Min |date=2018-09-15 |title=Blindness and Human Brain Plasticity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061241 |journal=Annual Review of Vision Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=337–356 |doi=10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061241 |pmid=29975591 |issn=2374-4642}}</ref> |
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'''''The possibilities and limits for visual function recovery after prolonged blindness from birth''''' |
'''''The possibilities and limits for visual function recovery after prolonged blindness from birth''''' |
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Zohary's latest research is focused on the development of vision functions following prolonged visual deprivation since birth. Zohary's Project Eye Opener,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Eye Opener |url=https://www.project-eyeopener.org/}}</ref> is centered around children in [[Ethiopia]] that have been blind from birth for years due to untreated [[cataract]]. Project eyeopener enables a rare assessment of vision restoration after the “critical period" for visual development. Contrary to this dogma, the utility of surgery at relatively late age for vision restoration is obvious. Still, there are some limits to the capabilities that can be attained.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andres |first1=Elena |last2=McKyton |first2=Ayelet |last3=Ben-Zion |first3=Itay |last4=Zohary |first4=Ehud |date=July 2017 |title=Size constancy following long-term visual deprivation |
Zohary's latest research is focused on the development of vision functions following prolonged visual deprivation since birth. Zohary's Project Eye Opener,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Eye Opener |url=https://www.project-eyeopener.org/}}</ref> is centered around children in [[Ethiopia]] that have been blind from birth for years due to untreated [[cataract]]. Project eyeopener enables a rare assessment of vision restoration after the “critical period" for visual development. Contrary to this dogma, the utility of surgery at relatively late age for vision restoration is obvious. Still, there are some limits to the capabilities that can be attained.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andres |first1=Elena |last2=McKyton |first2=Ayelet |last3=Ben-Zion |first3=Itay |last4=Zohary |first4=Ehud |date=July 2017 |title=Size constancy following long-term visual deprivation |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=R696–R697 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.071|pmid=28743012 |bibcode=2017CBio...27.R696A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orlov |first1=Tanya |last2=Raveh |first2=Maayan |last3=McKyton |first3=Ayelet |last4=Ben-Zion |first4=Itay |last5=Zohary |first5=Ehud |date=July 2021 |title=Learning to perceive shape from temporal integration following late emergence from blindness |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=14 |pages=3162–3167.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.059|pmid=34043950 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E3162O |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zohary |first1=Ehud |last2=Harari |first2=Daniel |last3=Ullman |first3=Shimon |last4=Ben-Zion |first4=Itay |last5=Doron |first5=Ravid |last6=Attias |first6=Sara |last7=Porat |first7=Yuval |last8=Sklar |first8=Asael Y. |last9=Mckyton |first9=Ayelet |date=2022-05-17 |title=Gaze following requires early visual experience |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=20 |pages=e2117184119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2117184119 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9171757 |pmid=35549552|bibcode=2022PNAS..11917184Z }}</ref> |
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== Awards and honors == |
== Awards and honors == |
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Latest revision as of 05:31, 17 December 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2024) |
Ehud Zohary (Hebrew: אהוד זהרי, born Nov 8, 1958) is an Israeli scientist, professor of neurobiology at the Edmond and Lilly Safra Center for Brain Science[1] and Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences,[2] the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Ehud Zohary | |
|---|---|
אהוד זהרי | |
| Born | November 8th, 1958 |
| Nationality | Israel |
| Alma mater | The Hebrew University of Jerusalem |
| Awards | Alon Award (1995), given to the top 20 Israeli tenure track new lecturers in all fields and universities. SPONSOR: Council for Higher Education, Israel.
Ben Porat presidential award (1998) for the most prominent young investigator (under 40) in all fields at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Golda Meir award (1999) for tenure track fellows. SPONSOR: Golda Meir Foundation. 21st century science initiative award (2004): Bridging Brain, Mind and Behavior SPONSOR: The McDonnel Foundation. Hilgard award for visiting professor (2012-13) at Stanford University. |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Visual perception and its development in normal and abnormal conditions. |
| Website | https://elsc.huji.ac.il/people-directory/faculty-members/ehud-zohary/ |
Biography
[edit]Ehud Zohary was born and raised in Israel. He did his B.Sc. in biology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and continued studying towards his Ph.D. degree in neurobiology at the Hebrew University under the supervision of Prof. Shaul Hochstein.[3] In 1992, Zohary went to the United States for postdoctoral studies at Stanford University, to join the research group of Bill Newsome, studying the neural correlates of motion perception.
Zohary returned to Israel in 1994, and established a visual neuroscience research group at the department of Neurobiology, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2010 he was invited to join the newly established Edmond and Lilly Safra Center for Brain Science, and is current member of its faculty. He is founder of the Jerusalem Brain Community,[4] and headed it from 2013 to 2020. Zohary was a visiting prof. at Harvard university in 2004-2005 and a Hillgardt visiting Prof. at Stanford university in 2012–2013
Zohary is a faculty-member at the Alexander Silberman life-science institute, Hebrew University, following the footsteps of his grandfather, Michael Zohary, and father, Daniel Zohary. He is married to Rachel Ben Eliyahu,[5] a father of three daughters, and lives in Jerusalem.
Research
[edit]Ehud Zohary is studying visual perception and its development in normal and abnormal conditions.
Some of his achievements are summarized below.
The sensitivity of single neurons and motion perception
[edit]Zohary's early research (at Stanford) was focused on understanding the neural basis of motion perception. Using simultaneous recordings from pairs of MT neurons, Zohary found that the firing rates of direction-selective neurons were typically mildly correlated on a trial-by-trial basis. Theoretical considerations showed that this "correlated noise" severely limits the benefits of pooling and may explain why the animal (who is presumably integrating information across wide populations of neurons) is not more sensitive to motion signals than the average neuron.[6] These findings were later reviewed and highlighted.[7]
Visual associative memory and sequence memory
[edit]After establishing his own lab at the Hebrew University Zohary and colleagues studied the neural basis of associative memory. Using single unit recordings, coupled with neural network modelling techniques, they tested and verified key predictions that stem from attractor network theory.[8] As expected from the theory, monkeys naturally categorized visual images according to their ordinal number.[9]
Reorganization of the visual cortex following blindness
[edit]The loss of vision does not render the visual cortex completely useless. Instead, regions in the occipital cortex of people blinded at early age are activated when they read Braille.[10] Yet Braille, being a reading process, involves more than just fine tactile judgments. Indeed, Zohary and colleagues found using fMRI that in the congenitally blind, regions in the occipital lobe are activated during language processes (retrieval of words from memory, in the absence of any sensory input) and their activation level is correlated with memory capabilities.[11] They further showed that blind have superior serial memory performance.[12] Moreover, targeted disruption of the normal activity in the “visual” cortex during verb generation lead to errors in task performance in the congenitally blind but not in the sighted.[13] Thus, long term blindness from birth, dramatically alters the functional architecture of the human brain, in seemingly beneficial ways for the blind person. These initial findings were replicated and extended later and reviewed thoroughly.[14][15][16]
The possibilities and limits for visual function recovery after prolonged blindness from birth
Zohary's latest research is focused on the development of vision functions following prolonged visual deprivation since birth. Zohary's Project Eye Opener,[17] is centered around children in Ethiopia that have been blind from birth for years due to untreated cataract. Project eyeopener enables a rare assessment of vision restoration after the “critical period" for visual development. Contrary to this dogma, the utility of surgery at relatively late age for vision restoration is obvious. Still, there are some limits to the capabilities that can be attained.[18][19][20]
Awards and honors
[edit]- 1995: Alon Scholarship[21] (given to the top 20 Israeli tenure track new lecturers in all fields and universities). SPONSOR: Council for Higher Education, Israel.
- 1998: Ben Porat presidential award, for the most prominent young investigator (under 40) in all fields at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- 1999: Golda Meir award for tenure track fellows. SPONSOR: Golda Meir Foundation[22]
- 2004: 21st century science initiative award: Bridging Brain, Mind and Behavior SPONSOR: The McDonnel Foundation
- 2012-13: Hilgard award for visiting professor at Stanford University
References
[edit]- ^ "The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences".
- ^ "The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science".
- ^ "Prof. Shaul Hochstein, Hebrew University of Jerusalem".
- ^ "The Jerusalem Brain Community".
- ^ "Rachel Ben Eliyahu, Faculty at the Software Engineering Department at The Jerusalem College of Engineering".
- ^ Zohary, Ehud; Shadlen, Michael N.; Newsome, William T. (July 1994). "Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance". Nature. 370 (6485): 140–143. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..140Z. doi:10.1038/370140a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8022482. S2CID 4334383.
- ^ Parker, A. J.; Newsome, W. T. (March 1998). "SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of Perception". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 21 (1): 227–277. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.227. ISSN 0147-006X. PMID 9530497.
- ^ Yakovlev, Volodya; Fusi, Stefano; Berman, Elisha; Zohary, Ehud (August 1998). "Inter-trial neuronal activity in inferior temporal cortex: a putative vehicle to generate long-term visual associations". Nature Neuroscience. 1 (4): 310–317. doi:10.1038/1131. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 10195165. S2CID 2390104.
- ^ Orlov, Tanya; Yakovlev, Volodya; Hochstein, Shaul; Zohary, Ehud (March 2000). "Macaque monkeys categorize images by their ordinal number". Nature. 404 (6773): 77–80. Bibcode:2000Natur.404...77O. doi:10.1038/35003571. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10716445. S2CID 4419110.
- ^ Sadato, Norihiro; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Grafman, Jordan; Ibañez, Vicente; Deiber, Marie-Pierre; Dold, George; Hallett, Mark (April 1996). "Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects". Nature. 380 (6574): 526–528. Bibcode:1996Natur.380..526S. doi:10.1038/380526a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8606771. S2CID 4324041.
- ^ Amedi, Amir; Raz, Noa; Pianka, Pazit; Malach, Rafael; Zohary, Ehud (July 2003). "Early 'visual' cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind". Nature Neuroscience. 6 (7): 758–766. doi:10.1038/nn1072. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 12808458. S2CID 18085145.
- ^ Raz, Noa; Striem, Ella; Pundak, Golan; Orlov, Tanya; Zohary, Ehud (July 2007). "Superior Serial Memory in the Blind: A Case of Cognitive Compensatory Adjustment". Current Biology. 17 (13): 1129–1133. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.1129R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.060. PMID 17583507.
- ^ Amedi, Amir; Floel, Agnes; Knecht, Stefan; Zohary, Ehud; Cohen, Leonardo G (November 2004). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (11): 1266–1270. doi:10.1038/nn1328. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 15467719. S2CID 15012945.
- ^ Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Amedi, Amir; Fregni, Felipe; Merabet, Lotfi B. (2005-07-21). "The Plastic Human Brain Cortex". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 28 (1): 377–401. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216. ISSN 0147-006X. PMID 16022601.
- ^ Bedny, Marina; Saxe, Rebecca (March 2012). "Insights into the origins of knowledge from the cognitive neuroscience of blindness". Cognitive Neuropsychology. 29 (1–2): 56–84. doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.713342. ISSN 0264-3294. PMID 23017086. S2CID 17331583.
- ^ Fine, Ione; Park, Ji-Min (2018-09-15). "Blindness and Human Brain Plasticity". Annual Review of Vision Science. 4 (1): 337–356. doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061241. ISSN 2374-4642. PMID 29975591.
- ^ "Project Eye Opener".
- ^ Andres, Elena; McKyton, Ayelet; Ben-Zion, Itay; Zohary, Ehud (July 2017). "Size constancy following long-term visual deprivation". Current Biology. 27 (14): R696–R697. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R696A. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.071. PMID 28743012.
- ^ Orlov, Tanya; Raveh, Maayan; McKyton, Ayelet; Ben-Zion, Itay; Zohary, Ehud (July 2021). "Learning to perceive shape from temporal integration following late emergence from blindness". Current Biology. 31 (14): 3162–3167.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E3162O. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.059. PMID 34043950.
- ^ Zohary, Ehud; Harari, Daniel; Ullman, Shimon; Ben-Zion, Itay; Doron, Ravid; Attias, Sara; Porat, Yuval; Sklar, Asael Y.; Mckyton, Ayelet (2022-05-17). "Gaze following requires early visual experience". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (20): e2117184119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11917184Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.2117184119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9171757. PMID 35549552.
- ^ "Alon Scholarships, Israel Council of Higher Education". 12 April 2019.
- ^ "Golda Meir Foundation".
External links
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