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'''''Solanum quitoense''''', known as '''Naranjilla'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SOQU|taxon=Solanum quitoense|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> ({{IPA-es|naɾaŋˈxiʝa}}, "little [[orange (fruit)|orange]]") in [[Ecuador]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Panama]] and as '''Lulo''' ({{IPA|[ˈlulo]}}, from [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]) in [[Colombia]], is a [[tropical]] [[perennial plant]] from northwestern [[Colombia]]. The specific name for this species of [[Solanum|nightshade]] means "from [[Quito]]."<ref>Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de. Tableau Encyclopédique et Methodique ... Botanique 2: 16. 1794.</ref>
'''''Solanum quitoense''''', known as '''naranjilla'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SOQU|taxon=Solanum quitoense|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> ({{IPA|es|naɾaŋˈxiʝa}}, "little [[orange (fruit)|orange]]") in [[Ecuador]], [[Costa Rica]], and [[Panama]] and as '''lulo''' ({{IPA|[ˈlulo]}}, from [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]) in [[Colombia]], is a [[tropical]] [[perennial plant]] from northwestern [[South America]]. The specific name for this species of [[Solanum|nightshade]] means "from [[Quito]]."<ref>Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de. Tableau Encyclopédique et Methodique ... Botanique 2: 16. 1794.</ref>


The lulo plant has large elongated heart- or oval-shaped leaves up to 45&nbsp;cm in length. The leaves and stems of the plant are covered in short purple hairs. Naranjilla are delicate plants and must be protected from strong winds and direct sunlight. They grow best in partial shade.
The lulo plant has large elongated heart- or oval-shaped leaves up to 45&nbsp;cm in length. The leaves and stems of the plant are covered in short purple hairs. Naranjilla are delicate plants and must be protected from strong winds and direct sunlight. They grow best in partial shade.
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==Classification==
==Classification==
Within the genus ''[[Solanum]]'', ''S. quitoense'' is a part of the subgenus Leptostemonum. Within this clade, ''S. quitoense'' belongs to the section Lasiocarpa. Other species within Lasiocarpa include: ''S. candidum'', ''S. hyporhodium'', ''S. lasiocarpum'', ''S. felinum'', ''S. psudolulo'', ''S. repandum'' and ''S. vestissimum''.<ref name="solanaceae source">{{aut|Solanaceae Source}} (2005): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?taxa=4905 ''Solanum quitoense'']. Version of December 2005. Retrieved 2008-SEP-25.</ref>[[File:Naranjilla new leaf.jpg|thumb|Naranjilla new leaf]]
Within the genus ''[[Solanum]]'', ''S. quitoense'' is a part of the subgenus ''Leptostemonum''. Within this clade, ''S. quitoense'' belongs to the section ''Lasiocarpa''. Other species within ''Lasiocarpa'' include ''S. candidum'', ''S. hyporhodium'', ''S. lasiocarpum'', ''S. felinum'', ''S. psudolulo'', ''S. repandum'' and ''S. vestissimum''.<ref name="solanaceae source">{{aut|Solanaceae Source}} (2005): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?taxa=4905 ''Solanum quitoense'']. Version of December 2005. Retrieved 2008-SEP-25.</ref>[[File:Naranjilla new leaf.jpg|thumb|Naranjilla new leaf]]


Other plants bear morphological similarity to ''S. quitoense'', but they may or may not be closely related. Some of these plants are: ''S. hirtum'', ''S. myiacanthum'', ''S. pectinatum'', ''S. sessiliflorum'' and, ''S. verrogeneum''. Many of these plants, related or not, can be confused with ''S. quitoense''. Furthermore, ''Solanum quitoense'''s physical traits vary from plant to plant, making identification challenging: at least three varietals (with spines, without spines, or a third variety known as ''baquicha,'' which features red-ripening fruits and smooth leaves) are known to occur. One characteristic that is unique to ''S. quitoense'' is the ring of green flesh within the ripe fruit.<ref name="solanaceae source"/> The only related fruit to have green flesh is a cultivated variant of ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum|S. lasiocarpum]]''.
''Solanum quitoense'' resembles and can be confused with certain other species of ''Solanum'' (some closely related to ''S. quitoense'' and others less so), including ''S. hirtum'', ''S. myiacanthum'', ''S. pectinatum'', ''[[Solanum sessiliflorum|S. sessiliflorum]]'' and ''S. verrogeneum''. Furthermore, ''S. quitoense'' is somewhat variable in appearance, making identification challenging: at least three varietals (with spines, without spines, and a third variety known as ''baquicha,'' which features red-ripening fruits and smooth leaves) are known to occur. One characteristic that is unique to ''S. quitoense'' is the ring of green flesh within the ripe fruit.<ref name="solanaceae source"/> The only related fruit to have green flesh is a cultivated variant of ''[[Solanum lasiocarpum|S. lasiocarpum]]''.


The new growth of this plant is densely covered in protective [[trichome]]s. Coloration in the plant's trichomes around the new growth and flowers varies from purple to white. Identification can be difficult for this reason.
The new growth of ''Solanum quitoense'' is densely covered in protective [[trichome]]s, which vary in color from purple to white.


<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:stalk 1.jpg|New leaf.
Image:stalk 1.jpg|New leaf
Image:stalk 2.jpg|Bud.
Image:stalk 2.jpg|Bud
Image:stalk 3.jpg|Bud and baby leaf.
Image:stalk 3.jpg|Bud and young leaf
</gallery>
</gallery>


[[Image:solanum quitoense flower 5.jpg|thumb|right|The flower of ''Solanum quitoense'']]
[[Image:solanum quitoense flower 5.jpg|thumb|right|''Solanum quitoense'' flower]]


==Agriculture==
==Agriculture==
The naranjilla has been proposed as a new [[flavoring]] for the global food industry,<ref name="alanrevista"/> but it fares poorly in large-scale [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]], presenting an obstacle to its wider use.<ref name="solanaceae source"/> Its fruit, like tomatoes, is easily damaged when ripe, so is usually harvested unripe.<ref name="alanrevista"/> The fruits are found at markets. It is common for locals to make beverages by adding sugar and water to the freshly squeezed fruits.<ref name="alanrevista">Óscar Acosta, Ana M. Pérez, Fabrice Vaillant (2009) [http://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2009-1/chemical_characterization_antioxidant_volatile_constituents_naranjilla_solanum_quitoense_costa_rica.asp Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties, and volatile constituents of naranjilla (''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.) cultivated in Costa Rica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223065429/http://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2009-1/chemical_characterization_antioxidant_volatile_constituents_naranjilla_solanum_quitoense_costa_rica.asp |date=2009-12-23 }}. ''Archivos Latinoamericana de Nutrición'' 59(1): 88-94</ref>
The naranjilla has been proposed as a new [[flavoring]] for the global food industry,<ref name="alanrevista"/> but its faring poorly in large-scale [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]] presents an obstacle to its wider use.<ref name="solanaceae source"/> Its fruit, like tomatoes, is easily damaged when ripe, so is usually harvested unripe.<ref name="alanrevista"/> The fruits are found at markets, and locals commonly prepare beverages by adding sugar and water to the freshly squeezed fruits.<ref name="alanrevista">Óscar Acosta, Ana M. Pérez, Fabrice Vaillant (2009) [http://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2009-1/chemical_characterization_antioxidant_volatile_constituents_naranjilla_solanum_quitoense_costa_rica.asp Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties, and volatile constituents of naranjilla (''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.) cultivated in Costa Rica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223065429/http://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2009-1/chemical_characterization_antioxidant_volatile_constituents_naranjilla_solanum_quitoense_costa_rica.asp |date=2009-12-23 }}. ''Archivos Latinoamericana de Nutrición'' 59(1): 88-94</ref>


[[Image:salt on fruit.jpg|thumb|right|Rural Costa Rican farmers prepare fruit with salt.]]
[[Image:salt on fruit.jpg|thumb|right|Rural Costa Rican farmers prepare fruit with salt]]


===Pests & diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
''Solanum quitoense'' has limited potential in agriculture due to the plant's extreme vulnerability to pests and diseases when grown as a crop. One common type of [[infection]] is caused by the [[root-knot nematode]]. The ripe fruit is very delicate, and is frequently attacked by fungus, especially when mechanically damaged, so it is often picked unripe to avoid rotting.<ref name="alanrevista"/> [[Vascular wilt in lulo (Solanum quitoense)|''S. quitoense''-specific vascular wilt]] is caused by a fungus and leads to flaccid fruits and defoliation.<ref name="Avila2019">{{cite journal |last1=Ávila |first1=Ana Cristina |last2=Ochoa |first2=José |last3=Proaño |first3=Karina |last4=Martínez |first4=M. Carmen |title=Jasmonic acid and nitric oxide protects naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) against infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. quitoense by eliciting plant defense responses |journal=Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology |date=April 2019 |volume=106 |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1016/j.pmpp.2019.01.002}}</ref>
''Solanum quitoense'' has limited potential in large-scale agriculture due to the plant's extreme vulnerability to pests and diseases when grown as a crop. One common type of [[infection]] is caused by the [[root-knot nematode]]. The ripe fruit is also very delicate and is frequently attacked by fungus, especially when mechanically damaged, so it is often picked unripe to avoid rotting.<ref name="alanrevista"/> [[Vascular wilt in lulo (Solanum quitoense)|''S. quitoense''-specific vascular wilt]] is caused by a fungus and leads to flaccid fruits and defoliation.<ref name="Avila2019">{{cite journal |last1=Ávila |first1=Ana Cristina |last2=Ochoa |first2=José |last3=Proaño |first3=Karina |last4=Martínez |first4=M. Carmen |title=Jasmonic acid and nitric oxide protects naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) against infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. quitoense by eliciting plant defense responses |journal=Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology |date=April 2019 |volume=106 |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1016/j.pmpp.2019.01.002|bibcode=2019PMPP..106..129A |s2cid=92842572 }}</ref>


Hybrids are an increasingly popular solution to the nematode pest problem. ''S. quitoense'' has been hybridized with other plants, most commonly with ''[[Solanum sessiliflorum|S. sessiliflorum]]'', a plant with similar phenotypic traits. The leaves, flowers and fruits of ''S. sessiliflorum'' are similar in form to ''S. quitoense'', but has much larger fruits that are yellow; the resulting hybrids have fruits with yellowish fruit pulp.<ref name="solanaceae source"/>
Hybrids are an increasingly popular solution to the nematode pest problem. ''S. quitoense'' has been hybridized with other Solanum species, most commonly with ''[[Solanum sessiliflorum|S. sessiliflorum]]'', a plant with similar phenotypic traits. The leaves, flowers and fruits of ''S. sessiliflorum'' are similar in form to ''S. quitoense'', but the fruits of the former are larger and yellow; the resulting hybrids have fruits with yellowish fruit pulp.<ref name="solanaceae source"/>


==Nutrition==
==Nutrition==


[[Image:Solanum quitoense unripe fruit flesh.jpg|thumb|Unripe fruit flesh.]]
[[Image:Solanum quitoense unripe fruit flesh.jpg|thumb|Unripe fruit flesh]]
[[Image:The ripe fruit flesh.jpg|thumb|Ripe fruit flesh.]]
[[Image:The ripe fruit flesh.jpg|thumb|Ripe fruit flesh]]


Contents of the fruit varies from region to region. These statistics are based on [[Costa Rican]] fruit:<ref name="alanrevista"/>
Contents of the fruit varies from region to region. These statistics are based on [[Costa Rican]] fruit:<ref name="alanrevista"/>
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| 3%
| 3%
|-
|-
| Energy per 100&nbsp;g
| Calories
| {{cvt|18|kcal|kJ|order=flip}}
| (kcal/100g) 18
|-
|-
| Vitamin C
| Vitamin C
Line 117: Line 117:
{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SOQU PLANTS National Database Reports and Topics] SOQU
*{{GRIN}}
*{{GRIN}}
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/naranjilla_ars.html Naranjilla in Fruits of Warm Climates] by [[Julia Morton|Morton, Julia F.]] 1987
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/naranjilla_ars.html Naranjilla in Fruits of Warm Climates] by [[Julia Morton|Morton, Julia F.]] 1987

Latest revision as of 08:04, 17 December 2024

Solanum quitoense
Whole and transversely-cut fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species:
S. quitoense
Binomial name
Solanum quitoense
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Solanum angulatum Ruiz & Pav.
  • Solanum macrocarpon Molina (non L.: homonym)
  • Solanum macrocarpon Pav. ex Dunal in DC. (nomen nudum, homonym)
  • Solanum nollanum Britton
  • Solanum quitense Kunth
  • Solanum quitoense f. septentrionale (R.E.Schult. & Cuatrec.) D'Arcy
  • Solanum quitoense var. septentrionale R.E.Schult. & Cuatrec.

Solanum quitoense, known as naranjilla[3] (Spanish pronunciation: [naɾaŋˈxiʝa], "little orange") in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Panama and as lulo ([ˈlulo], from Quechua) in Colombia, is a tropical perennial plant from northwestern South America. The specific name for this species of nightshade means "from Quito."[4]

The lulo plant has large elongated heart- or oval-shaped leaves up to 45 cm in length. The leaves and stems of the plant are covered in short purple hairs. Naranjilla are delicate plants and must be protected from strong winds and direct sunlight. They grow best in partial shade.

The fruit has a citrus flavour, sometimes described as a combination of rhubarb and lime. The juice of the naranjilla is green and is often used as a juice or for a drink called lulada.

Classification

[edit]

Within the genus Solanum, S. quitoense is a part of the subgenus Leptostemonum. Within this clade, S. quitoense belongs to the section Lasiocarpa. Other species within Lasiocarpa include S. candidum, S. hyporhodium, S. lasiocarpum, S. felinum, S. psudolulo, S. repandum and S. vestissimum.[1]

Naranjilla new leaf

Solanum quitoense resembles and can be confused with certain other species of Solanum (some closely related to S. quitoense and others less so), including S. hirtum, S. myiacanthum, S. pectinatum, S. sessiliflorum and S. verrogeneum. Furthermore, S. quitoense is somewhat variable in appearance, making identification challenging: at least three varietals (with spines, without spines, and a third variety known as baquicha, which features red-ripening fruits and smooth leaves) are known to occur. One characteristic that is unique to S. quitoense is the ring of green flesh within the ripe fruit.[1] The only related fruit to have green flesh is a cultivated variant of S. lasiocarpum.

The new growth of Solanum quitoense is densely covered in protective trichomes, which vary in color from purple to white.

  • New leaf
    New leaf
  • Bud
    Bud
  • Bud and young leaf
    Bud and young leaf
Solanum quitoense flower

Agriculture

[edit]

The naranjilla has been proposed as a new flavoring for the global food industry,[5] but its faring poorly in large-scale cultivation presents an obstacle to its wider use.[1] Its fruit, like tomatoes, is easily damaged when ripe, so is usually harvested unripe.[5] The fruits are found at markets, and locals commonly prepare beverages by adding sugar and water to the freshly squeezed fruits.[5]

Rural Costa Rican farmers prepare fruit with salt

Pests and diseases

[edit]

Solanum quitoense has limited potential in large-scale agriculture due to the plant's extreme vulnerability to pests and diseases when grown as a crop. One common type of infection is caused by the root-knot nematode. The ripe fruit is also very delicate and is frequently attacked by fungus, especially when mechanically damaged, so it is often picked unripe to avoid rotting.[5] S. quitoense-specific vascular wilt is caused by a fungus and leads to flaccid fruits and defoliation.[6]

Hybrids are an increasingly popular solution to the nematode pest problem. S. quitoense has been hybridized with other Solanum species, most commonly with S. sessiliflorum, a plant with similar phenotypic traits. The leaves, flowers and fruits of S. sessiliflorum are similar in form to S. quitoense, but the fruits of the former are larger and yellow; the resulting hybrids have fruits with yellowish fruit pulp.[1]

Nutrition

[edit]
Unripe fruit flesh
Ripe fruit flesh

Contents of the fruit varies from region to region. These statistics are based on Costa Rican fruit:[5]

fruit nutrients percent contained in fruit
Water 90%
Protein 1%
Fat less than .0001%
Carbohydrates 3.8%
Fiber 1.4%
Sugar 3%
Energy per 100 g 75 kJ (18 kcal)
Vitamin C 2.6%

These statistics are based on fruits found in Colombia and Ecuador:[7]

Fruit nutrients mg per 100g of nutrients.
Calcium 5.9–12.4 mg
Phosphorus 12.0–43.7 mg
Iron 0.34–0.64 mg
Carotene 0.071–0.0232 mg
Thiamine 0.04–0.094 mg
Riboflavin 0.03–0.047 mg
Niacin 1.19–1.76 mg

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Solanaceae Source (2005): Solanum quitoense. Version of December 2005. Retrieved 2008-SEP-25.
  2. ^ Tropicos
  3. ^ NRCS. "Solanum quitoense". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  4. ^ Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de. Tableau Encyclopédique et Methodique ... Botanique 2: 16. 1794.
  5. ^ a b c d e Óscar Acosta, Ana M. Pérez, Fabrice Vaillant (2009) Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties, and volatile constituents of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) cultivated in Costa Rica Archived 2009-12-23 at the Wayback Machine. Archivos Latinoamericana de Nutrición 59(1): 88-94
  6. ^ Ávila, Ana Cristina; Ochoa, José; Proaño, Karina; Martínez, M. Carmen (April 2019). "Jasmonic acid and nitric oxide protects naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) against infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. quitoense by eliciting plant defense responses". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 106: 129–136. Bibcode:2019PMPP..106..129A. doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2019.01.002. S2CID 92842572.
  7. ^ Naranjilla
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solanum quitoense.
Wikispecies has information related to Solanum quitoense.
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