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{{Short description|Forged Vedic text}} |
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{{Hinduism}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
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The '''''Ezourvedam''''' is a forgery "consisting of certain 'Vedic' materials translated by Jesuits with the intention of isolating elements most in harmony with Christianity."{{sfn|Cowan|2010|p=40}}{{sfn|App|2011|p=52}} |
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The '''''Ezourvedam''''' is a forgery "consisting of certain 'Vedic' materials translated by [[Jesuits]] with the intention of isolating elements most in harmony with Christianity".{{sfn|Cowan|2010|p=40}}{{sfn|App|2011|p=52}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=On Hinduism|last=Doniger, Wendy.|date = March 2014|isbn=9780199360079|location=Oxford|oclc=858660095}}</ref> Rather than being an original Sanskrit work, the ''Ezourvedam'' turned out to be a French text that was written by French Jesuits and meant to be translated into Sanskrit.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} |
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==History and authorship== |
==History and authorship== |
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A manuscript called ''Ezourvedam'' was given to [[Voltaire]] in 1760 by Louis-Laurent de |
A manuscript called ''Ezourvedam'' was given to [[Voltaire]] in 1760 by [[:fr:Fayd'herbe de Maudave|Louis-Laurent de Féderbe, Chevalier de Maudave]].{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=326}} The text was in French, and said to be{{by whom|date=January 2018}} a French translation of a [[Sanskrit]] original.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=326}} Voltaire was enthusiastic about the work, had it copied and brought it to the attention of others.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=326}} It was first published in 1778{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} (Voltaire died that same year). The genuineness of the ''Ezourvedam'' was first questioned in 1782; the doubts were confirmed in 1822.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} Rather than an original Sanskrit work, the ''Ezourvedam'' turned out to be a French text that was written by French Jesuits and meant to be translated into Sanskrit.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} |
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==Title== |
==Title== |
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The name ''Ezourvedam'' was sometimes taken to be a corruption of [[Yajurveda]],{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} but the Ezourvedam has nothing in common with the Yajurveda.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} The ''Ezourvedam'' itself refers to the Yajurveda as ''Zozu-vedam''.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} "Ezour" is the sandhi |
The name ''Ezourvedam'' was sometimes taken to be a corruption of ''[[Yajurveda]]'',{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} but the Ezourvedam has nothing in common with the ''Yajurveda''.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} The ''Ezourvedam'' itself refers to the Yajurveda as ''Zozu-vedam''.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=327}} "Ezour" is the [[sandhi]] form of "Ezous-", that is, "Jezus", based on the Latin pronunciation that used by the Jesuits.{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=328}} The name "Ezourvedam" means something like "Gospel of Jesus".{{sfn|Maurer|1988|p=328}} |
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== |
== Content == |
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''Ezourvedam'' is a French text in the form of a dialogue between two [[Vedas|Vedic]] sages, one [[Monotheism|monotheist]] and one [[Polytheism|polytheist]], they conclude the monotheism of 'pristine Hinduism' points to [[Christianity|Christian]] truth and [[Hinduism]] is monotheism masquerading as polytheism concealing monotheism.<ref name=":0" /> Adimo is the first human, and Heva the first woman, in a creation story in the Ezourvedam.{{cn|date=December 2024}} |
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Adimo is the first human, and Heva the first woman, in a creation story in the Ezouvedam. Also referred as ''Adamu'', "Adam" is introduced in the ''Ezourvedam'' as "Adimo", "a perfectly acceptable [[Sanskrit]] term meaning "the first one.""{{sfn|Rocher|1984|p=69}} |
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French philosopher [[Voltaire]] (1694-1778), who has been critisized for his uncritical acceptance of "tainted sources",{{sfn|App|2011|p=53}} regarded [[Adam and eve]] to have been derived from Adimo and Heva: |
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{{quote|What is even more extraordinary is that the Vedam of the ancient Brahmans teaches that the first man was Adimo and the first woman Procriti. Adimo signifies Lord, and Procriti means life, even as Heva, among the Phoenicians and the Hebrews, signified also life or the serpent. This conformity deserves special attention."{{sfn|Rocher|1984|p=69}}}} |
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Along with Adimo, other characters include Heva, and three sons of Noe, they are Sherma, Hama and Jiapheta, which have been related with Noah, Shem, Ham, Japeth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What on earth is an atheist!|author = Madalyn Murray O'Hair|page = 186|quote = I am sorry - of Adimo and Heva, called Sherma, Hama and Jiapheta. Does this sound to you like Shem, and Ham and Japeth?|publisher = American Atheist Press}} Originally from University of Michigan</ref> [[Kersey Graves]] (1830-1883),<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43550/43550-h/43550-h.htm The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Bible Of Bibles;, by Kersey Graves and Lydia M. Graves, 1879]</ref><ref>[http://users.hfcc.edu/~ahazlett/Blog/Bible%20Lectures%20-%20Intro%20to%20Bible.doc Bible Lecture – Introduction to the Bible and the Old Testament]</ref> [[Ralph Griffiths]] (1720-1803)<ref>"The Monthly Review - Volume 29" page 489, by Ralph Griffiths, G. E. Griffiths, Originally from :- Harvard University</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = God ... and Dr. Bannister: This War Can be Stopped|page = 197|author = Frank Bruce Robinson|quote = the first created couple in the christian bible were Adam and Eve, while in the Hindoo bible they were Adam and Heva.}} Originally from University of California</ref> regarded these stories to have been replicated into middle eastern legends. |
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According to [[George Smith (assyriologist)|George Smith]] (1840-1876), Adimo is a character of a folk tale, which was written by Ramutsariar, about 2,000 of years before [[Hebrew Bible|Bible]].<ref>{{cite book|title = The Bold Truth|author = Lazima Tutashinda|publisher = Reciprocity Publishing|year = 1997|page = 233|quote=George Smith found an account on Creation identical with that of the Bible, and in it the first man is Adami. In a Hindu book two thousand years older than bible, ''The Prophecies'' by Ramutsariar.}} original from the University of Michigan</ref> The story regards Adimo to be first human, and Heva to be first woman.{{sfn|Cowan|2010}} |
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According to Carrillo, the story about Adimo can be also found in [[Rigveda]].{{sfn|Carrillo|2009|p=56}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{Citation | last =App | first =Urs | year =2011 | title =The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda | publisher =University of Pennsylvania Press | url = |
* {{Citation | last =App | first =Urs | year =2011 | title =The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda | publisher =University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn =978-0812200058 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7iTIXXjyXPQC}} |
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* {{Citation | last =Carrillo | first =Carlos Alonzo | year =2009 | title = La bestia: controversias del cristianismo | publisher = Edamex | isbn =9786074390018}} |
* {{Citation | last =Carrillo | first =Carlos Alonzo | year =2009 | title = La bestia: controversias del cristianismo | publisher = Edamex | isbn =9786074390018}} |
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* {{Citation | last =Cowan | first =Robert | year =2010 | title =The Indo-German Identification: Reconciling South Asian Origins and European Destinies, 1765-1885 | publisher =[[Camden House Publishing]] | isbn = 9781571134639 | url = |
* {{Citation | last =Cowan | first =Robert | year =2010 | title =The Indo-German Identification: Reconciling South Asian Origins and European Destinies, 1765-1885 | publisher =[[Camden House Publishing]] | isbn = 9781571134639 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6nSQ6WyHhuYC&q=The+Indo-German+Identification:+Reconciling+South+Asian+Origins+and+European+Destinies,+1765-1885}} |
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* {{Citation | last =Maurer | first =Walter Harding | year =1988 | title =Review of "Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century" | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society 108 |
* {{Citation | last =Maurer | first =Walter Harding | year =1988 | title =Review of "Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century" | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 | doi =10.2307/603676 | jstor =603676 }} |
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* {{Citation | last =Rocher | first =Ludo | year =1984 | title =Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century | publisher =John Benjamins Publishing | url = |
* {{Citation | last =Rocher | first =Ludo | year =1984 | title =Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century | publisher =John Benjamins Publishing | isbn =0915027062 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fM9VuzTwBesC}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==Further |
==Further reading== |
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* {{Citation | last =App | first =Urs | year =2011 | title =The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda | publisher =University of Pennsylvania Press | url = |
* {{Citation | last =App | first =Urs | year =2011 | title =The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda | publisher =University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn =978-0812200058 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7iTIXXjyXPQC |ref=none}} |
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* {{Citation | last =Rocher | first =Ludo | year =1984 | title =Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century | publisher =John Benjamins Publishing | url = |
* {{Citation | last =Rocher | first =Ludo | year =1984 | title =Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century | publisher =John Benjamins Publishing | isbn =0915027062 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fM9VuzTwBesC |ref=none}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Literary forgeries]] |
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[[Category:Voltaire]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:56, 17 December 2024
The Ezourvedam is a forgery "consisting of certain 'Vedic' materials translated by Jesuits with the intention of isolating elements most in harmony with Christianity".[1][2][3] Rather than being an original Sanskrit work, the Ezourvedam turned out to be a French text that was written by French Jesuits and meant to be translated into Sanskrit.[4]
History and authorship
[edit]A manuscript called Ezourvedam was given to Voltaire in 1760 by Louis-Laurent de Féderbe, Chevalier de Maudave.[5] The text was in French, and said to be[by whom?] a French translation of a Sanskrit original.[5] Voltaire was enthusiastic about the work, had it copied and brought it to the attention of others.[5] It was first published in 1778[4] (Voltaire died that same year). The genuineness of the Ezourvedam was first questioned in 1782; the doubts were confirmed in 1822.[4] Rather than an original Sanskrit work, the Ezourvedam turned out to be a French text that was written by French Jesuits and meant to be translated into Sanskrit.[4]
Title
[edit]The name Ezourvedam was sometimes taken to be a corruption of Yajurveda,[4] but the Ezourvedam has nothing in common with the Yajurveda.[4] The Ezourvedam itself refers to the Yajurveda as Zozu-vedam.[4] "Ezour" is the sandhi form of "Ezous-", that is, "Jezus", based on the Latin pronunciation that used by the Jesuits.[6] The name "Ezourvedam" means something like "Gospel of Jesus".[6]
Content
[edit]Ezourvedam is a French text in the form of a dialogue between two Vedic sages, one monotheist and one polytheist, they conclude the monotheism of 'pristine Hinduism' points to Christian truth and Hinduism is monotheism masquerading as polytheism concealing monotheism.[3] Adimo is the first human, and Heva the first woman, in a creation story in the Ezourvedam.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Sources
[edit]- App, Urs (2011), The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812200058
- Carrillo, Carlos Alonzo (2009), La bestia: controversias del cristianismo, Edamex, ISBN 9786074390018
- Cowan, Robert (2010), The Indo-German Identification: Reconciling South Asian Origins and European Destinies, 1765-1885, Camden House Publishing, ISBN 9781571134639
- Maurer, Walter Harding (1988), "Review of "Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century"", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108 (2), doi:10.2307/603676, JSTOR 603676
- Rocher, Ludo (1984), Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 0915027062
Further reading
[edit]- App, Urs (2011), The Birth of Orientalism. Chapter 1: Voltaire's Veda, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812200058
- Rocher, Ludo (1984), Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 0915027062