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{{Redirect|LVH|the Las Vegas hotel formerly known as "LVH"|Westgate Las Vegas}}
{{Redirect|LVH}}
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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{For|French schools abbreviated "LVH"|Lycée Victor Hugo (disambiguation){{!}}Lycée Victor Hugo}}
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| name = Left ventricular hypertrophy
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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Left ventricular hypertrophy
| image = Heart left ventricular hypertrophy sa.jpg
| image = Heart left ventricular hypertrophy sa.jpg
| caption = A heart with left ventricular hypertrophy in short-axis view
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| field = [[Cardiology]]
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| caption = A heart with left ventricular hypertrophy in short-axis view
| field = [[Cardiology]]
| pronounce =
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| synonyms =
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| complications = [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Heart failure]]<ref name="Maron Maron 2013 pp. 242–255">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maron BJ, Maron MS | title = Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | journal = Lancet | volume = 381 | issue = 9862 | pages = 242–255 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 22874472 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60397-3 | publisher = Elsevier BV | s2cid = 38333896 }}</ref>
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| synonyms =
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| complications = [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Heart failure]]<ref name="Maron Maron 2013 pp. 242–255">{{cite journal | last=Maron | first=Barry J | last2=Maron | first2=Martin S | title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | journal=Lancet | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=381 | issue=9862 | date=2013-01-19 | issn=0140-6736 | pmid=22874472 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60397-3 | pages=242–255}}</ref>
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| causes =
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| risks =
| diagnosis = [[Echocardiography]], [[cardiovascular MRI]]<ref name="Maron Maron 2013 pp. 242–255"/>
| diagnosis = [[Echocardiography]], [[cardiovascular MRI]]<ref name="Maron Maron 2013 pp. 242–255"/>
| differential = [[Athletic heart syndrome#Diagnosis|Athletic heart syndrome]]
| differential = [[Athletic heart syndrome#Diagnosis|Athletic heart syndrome]]
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'''Left ventricular hypertrophy''' ('''LVH''') is [[hypertrophy|thickening]] of the [[cardiac muscle|heart muscle]] of the left [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] of the [[heart]], that is, left-sided [[ventricular hypertrophy]].
'''Left ventricular hypertrophy''' ('''LVH''') is [[hypertrophy|thickening]] of the [[cardiac muscle|heart muscle]] of the left [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] of the [[heart]], that is, left-sided [[ventricular hypertrophy]] and resulting increased [[left ventricular mass]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
While ventricular hypertrophy [[athletic heart syndrome|occurs naturally]] as a reaction to [[aerobic exercise]] and [[strength training]], it is most frequently referred to as a pathological reaction to [[cardiovascular disease]], or [[high blood pressure]].<ref name="titleAsk the doctor: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy">{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/askdoctor/lvh.htm |title=Ask the doctor: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |access-date=2007-12-07 }}</ref> It is one aspect of [[ventricular remodeling]].
While ventricular hypertrophy [[athletic heart syndrome|occurs naturally]] as a reaction to [[aerobic exercise]] and [[strength training]], it is most frequently referred to as a pathological reaction to [[cardiovascular disease]], or [[high blood pressure]].<ref name="titleAsk the doctor: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy">{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/askdoctor/lvh.htm |title=Ask the doctor: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |access-date=2007-12-07 }}</ref> It is one aspect of [[ventricular remodeling]].


While LVH itself is not a disease, it is usually a marker for disease involving the heart.<ref name="pmid18030317">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meijs MF, Bots ML, Vonken EJ, etal |title=Rationale and design of the SMART Heart study: A prediction model for left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension |journal=Neth Heart J |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=295–8 |year=2007 |pmid=18030317 |doi= 10.1007/BF03086003|pmc=1995099}}</ref> Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the [[afterload]] that the heart has to contract against, and some primary diseases of the [[heart muscle|muscle of the heart]].{{cn}}
While LVH itself is not a disease, it is usually a marker for disease involving the heart.<ref name="pmid18030317">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meijs MF, Bots ML, Vonken EJ, Cramer MJ, Melman PG, Velthuis BK, van der Graaf Y, Mali WP, Doevendans PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Rationale and design of the SMART Heart study: A prediction model for left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension | journal = Netherlands Heart Journal | volume = 15 | issue = 9 | pages = 295–298 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18030317 | pmc = 1995099 | doi = 10.1007/BF03086003 }}</ref> Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the [[afterload]] that the heart has to contract against, and some primary diseases of the [[heart muscle|muscle of the heart]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
Causes of increased afterload that can cause LVH include [[aortic stenosis]], [[aortic insufficiency]] and [[hypertension]]. Primary disease of the muscle of the heart that cause LVH are known as [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|hypertrophic cardiomyopathies]], which can lead into heart failure.
Causes of increased afterload that can cause LVH include [[aortic stenosis]], [[aortic insufficiency]] and [[hypertension]]. Primary disease of the muscle of the heart that cause LVH are known as [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|hypertrophic cardiomyopathies]], which can lead into heart failure.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

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Long-standing [[mitral insufficiency]] also leads to LVH as a compensatory mechanism.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}


LV mass increases with [[ageing]].<ref name=":0" />
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Long-standing [[mitral insufficiency]] also leads to LVH as a compensatory mechanism.


Associated genes include [[OGN (gene)|OGN]], osteoglycin.<ref name="pmid18443592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petretto E, Sarwar R, Grieve I, Lu H, Kumaran MK, Muckett PJ, Mangion J, Schroen B, Benson M, Punjabi PP, Prasad SK, Pennell DJ, Kiesewetter C, Tasheva ES, Corpuz LM, Webb MD, Conrad GW, Kurtz TW, Kren V, Fischer J, Hubner N, Pinto YM, Pravenec M, Aitman TJ, Cook SA | title = Integrated genomic approaches implicate osteoglycin (Ogn) in the regulation of left ventricular mass | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 40 | issue = 5 | pages = 546–52 |date=May 2008 | pmid = 18443592 | doi = 10.1038/ng.134 | pmc = 2742198 }}</ref>
Associated genes include [[OGN (gene)|OGN]], osteoglycin.<ref name="pmid18443592">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petretto E, Sarwar R, Grieve I, Lu H, Kumaran MK, Muckett PJ, Mangion J, Schroen B, Benson M, Punjabi PP, Prasad SK, Pennell DJ, Kiesewetter C, Tasheva ES, Corpuz LM, Webb MD, Conrad GW, Kurtz TW, Kren V, Fischer J, Hubner N, Pinto YM, Pravenec M, Aitman TJ, Cook SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Integrated genomic approaches implicate osteoglycin (Ogn) in the regulation of left ventricular mass | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 40 | issue = 5 | pages = 546–552 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18443592 | pmc = 2742198 | doi = 10.1038/ng.134 }}</ref>


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
The principal method to diagnose LVH is [[echocardiography]], with which the thickness of the muscle of the heart can be measured. The [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) often shows signs of increased voltage from the heart in individuals with LVH, so this is often used as a screening test to determine who should undergo further testing.
The commonly used method to diagnose LVH is [[echocardiography]], with which the thickness of the muscle of the heart can be measured. The [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) often shows signs of increased voltage from the heart in individuals with LVH, so this is often used as a screening test to determine who should undergo further testing.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}


===Echocardiography===
===Echocardiography===
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
{|class="wikitable" align="right"
|+ Left ventricular hyperthophy grading<br> by posterior wall thickness<ref name="GolandCzer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Goland|first1=Sorel|last2=Czer|first2=Lawrence S.C.|last3=Kass|first3=Robert M.|last4=Siegel|first4=Robert J.|last5=Mirocha|first5=James|last6=De Robertis|first6=Michele A.|last7=Lee|first7=Jason|last8=Raissi|first8=Sharo|last9=Cheng|first9=Wen|last10=Fontana|first10=Gregory|last11=Trento|first11=Alfredo|title=Use of Cardiac Allografts With Mild and Moderate Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Can Be Safely Used in Heart Transplantation to Expand the Donor Pool|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=51|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1214–1220|issn=0735-1097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.052}}</ref>
|+ Left ventricular hypertrophy grading<br /> by posterior wall thickness<ref name="GolandCzer2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goland S, Czer LS, Kass RM, Siegel RJ, Mirocha J, De Robertis MA, Lee J, Raissi S, Cheng W, Fontana G, Trento A | display-authors = 6 | title = Use of cardiac allografts with mild and moderate left ventricular hypertrophy can be safely used in heart transplantation to expand the donor pool | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 51 | issue = 12 | pages = 1214–1220 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18355661 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.052 | s2cid = 29478910 | doi-access = }}</ref>
|-
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| Mild || 12 to 13&nbsp;mm
| Mild || 12 to 13&nbsp;mm
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| Severe || >17&nbsp;mm
| Severe || >17&nbsp;mm
|}
|}
Two dimensional echocardiography can produce images of the left ventricle. The thickness of the left ventricle as visualized on echocardiography correlates with its actual mass. Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% [[prediction interval]] for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level are:<ref name="KawelTurkbey2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kawel|first1=Nadine|last2=Turkbey|first2=Evrim B.|last3=Carr|first3=J. Jeffrey|last4=Eng|first4=John|last5=Gomes|first5=Antoinette S.|last6=Hundley|first6=W. Gregory|last7=Johnson|first7=Craig|last8=Masri|first8=Sofia C.|last9=Prince|first9=Martin R.|last10=van der Geest|first10=Rob J.|last11=Lima|first11=João A.C.|last12=Bluemke|first12=David A.|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging|volume=5|issue=4|year=2012|pages=500–508|issn=1941-9651|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Two dimensional echocardiography can produce images of the left ventricle. The thickness of the left ventricle as visualized on echocardiography correlates with its actual mass. Left ventricular mass can be further estimated based on geometric assumptions of ventricular shape using the measured wall thickness and internal diameter.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt JU | display-authors = 6 | title = Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging | journal = Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–39.e14 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25559473 | doi = 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1854/LU-5953422 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% [[prediction interval]] for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level are:<ref name="KawelTurkbey2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawel N, Turkbey EB, Carr JJ, Eng J, Gomes AS, Hundley WG, Johnson C, Masri SC, Prince MR, van der Geest RJ, Lima JA, Bluemke DA | display-authors = 6 | title = Normal left ventricular myocardial thickness for middle-aged and older subjects with steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis | journal = Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 500–508 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22705587 | pmc = 3412148 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*Women: 4 – 8&nbsp;mm
* Women: 4 – 8&nbsp;mm
*Men: 5 – 9&nbsp;mm
* Men: 5 – 9&nbsp;mm

=== CT & MRI ===
[[CT scan|CT]] and [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]-based measurement can be used to measure the left ventricle in three dimensions and calculate left ventricular mass directly. MRI based measurement is considered the “[[Gold standard (test)|gold standard]]” for left ventricular mass,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Myerson SG, Bellenger NG, Pennell DJ | title = Assessment of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance | journal = Hypertension | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 750–755 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11897757 | doi = 10.1161/hy0302.104674 | s2cid = 16598370 | doi-access = free }}</ref> though is usually not readily available for common practice. In older individuals, age related remodeling of the left ventricle's geometry can lead to a discordancy between CT and echocardiographic based measurements of left ventricular mass.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stokar J, Leibowitz D, Durst R, Shaham D, Zwas DR | title = Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = e0224104 | date = 2019-10-24 | pmid = 31648248 | pmc = 6812823 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref>


===ECG criteria===
===ECG criteria===
[[File:LVHwithRepol.jpg|thumb|300px|Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG]]
[[File:Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization.jpg|thumb|300px|Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG]]
[[File:Histopathology of myocardial hypertrophy.jpg|thumb|[[Histopathology]] of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.]]
[[File:Histopathology of myocardial hypertrophy.jpg|thumb|[[Histopathology]] of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.]]
[[File:Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy.jpg|thumb|[[Gross pathology]] of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.]]
[[File:Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy.jpg|thumb|[[Gross pathology]] of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.]]
There are several sets of criteria used to diagnose LVH via electrocardiography.<ref name="urlLesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy">{{cite web |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson8/index.html#LVH |title=Lesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy |access-date=2009-01-07}}</ref> None of them are perfect, though by using multiple criteria sets, the [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] and [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] are increased.
There are several sets of criteria used to diagnose LVH via electrocardiography.<ref name="urlLesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy">{{cite web |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson8/index.html#LVH |title=Lesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy |access-date=2009-01-07}}</ref> None of them are perfect, though by using multiple criteria sets, the [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] and [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] are increased.


The '''Sokolow-Lyon index''':<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sokolow M, Lyon TP | year = 1949 | title = The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads | journal = Am Heart J | volume = 37 | pages = 161–186 | doi = 10.1016/0002-8703(49)90562-1 }}</ref><ref name="Time-Voltage QRS Area of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram : Detection of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy -- Okin et al. 31 (4): 937 -- Hypertension">{{cite journal |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/31/4/937#R10 |title=Time-Voltage QRS Area of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram : Detection of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |journal=Hypertension |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=937–942 |access-date=2007-12-07 |doi=10.1161/01.HYP.31.4.937 |year=1998 |last1=Okin |first1=Peter M. |last2=Roman |first2=Mary J. |last3=Devereux |first3=Richard B. |last4=Pickering |first4=Thomas G. |last5=Borer |first5=Jeffrey S. |last6=Kligfield |first6=Paul |citeseerx=10.1.1.503.8356 }}</ref>
The '''Sokolow-Lyon index''':<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sokolow M, Lyon TP | title = The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads | journal = American Heart Journal | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–186 | date = February 1949 | pmid = 18107386 | doi = 10.1016/0002-8703(49)90562-1 }}</ref><ref name="Time-Voltage QRS Area of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram : Detection of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy -- Okin et al. 31 (4): 937 -- Hypertension">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Pickering TG, Borer JS, Kligfield P | title = Time-voltage QRS area of the 12-lead electrocardiogram: detection of left ventricular hypertrophy | journal = Hypertension | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 937–942 | date = April 1998 | pmid = 9535418 | doi = 10.1161/01.HYP.31.4.937 | s2cid = 2662286 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.503.8356 }}</ref>
*S in V<sub>1</sub> + R in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (whichever is larger) ≥ 35&nbsp;mm (≥ 7 large squares)
* S in V<sub>1</sub> + R in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (whichever is larger) ≥ 35&nbsp;mm (≥ 7 large squares)
*R in aVL ≥ 11&nbsp;mm
* R in aVL ≥ 11&nbsp;mm


The '''Cornell voltage criteria'''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Campo E, Kligfield P |title=Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings |journal=Circulation |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=565–72 |year=1987 |pmid=2949887 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.75.3.565|doi-access=free }}</ref> for the ECG diagnosis of LVH involve measurement of the sum of the R wave in lead aVL and the S wave in lead V<sub>3</sub>. The Cornell criteria for LVH are:
The '''Cornell voltage criteria'''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Campo E, Kligfield P | title = Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings | journal = Circulation | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–572 | date = March 1987 | pmid = 2949887 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.75.3.565 | s2cid = 25815927 | doi-access = }}</ref> for the ECG diagnosis of LVH involve measurement of the sum of the R wave in lead aVL and the S wave in lead V<sub>3</sub>. The Cornell criteria for LVH are:
*S in V<sub>3</sub> + R in aVL > 28&nbsp;mm (men)
* S in V<sub>3</sub> + R in aVL > 28&nbsp;mm (men)
*S in V<sub>3</sub> + R in aVL > 20&nbsp;mm (women)
* S in V<sub>3</sub> + R in aVL > 20&nbsp;mm (women)


The '''Romhilt-Estes point score system''' ("diagnostic" >5 points; "probable" 4 points):
The '''Romhilt-Estes point score system''' ("diagnostic" >5 points; "probable" 4 points):
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* ST-T vector opposite to QRS with digitalis
* ST-T vector opposite to QRS with digitalis
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3<br />
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||3
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||Left axis deviation (QRS of -30° or more)
||Left axis deviation (QRS of −30° or more)
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||2
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Other voltage-based criteria for LVH include:
Other voltage-based criteria for LVH include:
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* Lead I: R wave > 14&nbsp;mm
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* Lead aVR: S wave > 15&nbsp;mm
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* Lead aVL: R wave > 12&nbsp;mm
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* Lead aVF: R wave > 21&nbsp;mm
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* Lead V<sub>5</sub>: R wave > 26&nbsp;mm
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* Lead V<sub>6</sub>: R wave > 20&nbsp;mm


Diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiography in left ventricular hypertrophy can be enhanced with [[artificial intelligence]] analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Sellés |first1=Manuel |last2=Marina-Breysse |first2=Manuel |title=Current and Future Use of Artificial Intelligence in Electrocardiography |journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |date=2023 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=175 |doi=10.3390/jcdd10040175 |doi-access=free |pmid=37103054 |pmc=10145690 }}</ref>
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*Lead I: R wave > 14&nbsp;mm
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*Lead aVR: S wave > 15&nbsp;mm
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*Lead aVL: R wave > 12&nbsp;mm
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*Lead aVF: R wave > 21&nbsp;mm
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*Lead V<sub>5</sub>: R wave > 26&nbsp;mm
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*Lead V<sub>6</sub>: R wave > 20&nbsp;mm


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
The enlargement is not permanent in all cases, and in some cases the growth can regress with the reduction of blood pressure.<ref name="pmid16627048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gradman AH, Alfayoumi F |title=From left ventricular hypertrophy to congestive heart failure: management of hypertensive heart disease |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=326–41 |year=2006 |pmid=16627048 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.001}}</ref>
Treatment is typically focused on resolving the cause of the LVH with the enlargement not permanent in all cases. In some cases the growth can regress with the reduction of blood pressure.<ref name="pmid16627048">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gradman AH, Alfayoumi F | title = From left ventricular hypertrophy to congestive heart failure: management of hypertensive heart disease | journal = Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 326–341 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16627048 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.001 }}</ref>


LVH may be a factor in determining treatment or diagnosis for other conditions. For example, LVH causes a patient to have an irregular ECG. Patients with LVH may have to participate in more complicated and precise diagnostic procedures, such as imaging, in situations in which a [[physician]] could otherwise give advice based on an ECG.<ref name="ASNCfive">{{Citation|author1=American Society of Nuclear Cardiology |author1-link=American Society of Nuclear Cardiology |title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher=[[American Society of Nuclear Cardiology]] |work=Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url=http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Nuc_Cardio.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416220538/http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Nuc_Cardio.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="2007manage">{{Cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Adams | first2 = C. D. | last3 = Antman | first3 = E. M. | last4 = Bridges | first4 = C. R. | last5 = Califf | first5 = R. M. | last6 = Casey | first6 = D. E. | last7 = Chavey | first7 = W. E. | last8 = Fesmire | first8 = F. M. | last9 = Hochman | first9 = J. S. | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185752 | last10 = Levin | first10 = T. N. | last11 = Lincoff | first11 = A. M. | last12 = Peterson | first12 = E. D. | last13 = Theroux | first13 = P. | last14 = Wenger | first14 = N. K. | last15 = Wright | first15 = R. S. | title = ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine | journal = Circulation | volume = 116 | issue = 7 | pages = 803–877 | year = 2007 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
LVH may be a factor in determining treatment or diagnosis for other conditions, for example, LVH is used in the staging and risk stratification of Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies such as Fabry's Disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tower-Rader A, Jaber WA | title = Multimodality Imaging Assessment of Fabry Disease | journal = Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging | volume = 12 | issue = 11 | pages = e009013 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31718277 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009013 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Patients with LVH may have to participate in more complicated and precise diagnostic procedures, such as echocardiography or cardiac MRI.<ref name="ASNCfive">{{Citation|author1=American Society of Nuclear Cardiology |author1-link=American Society of Nuclear Cardiology |title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher=American Society of Nuclear Cardiology |work=Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url=http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Nuc_Cardio.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416220538/http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Nuc_Cardio.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="2007manage">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, Chavey WE, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS, Smith SC, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B | display-authors = 6 | title = ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 50 | issue = 7 | pages = e1–e157 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17692738 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185752 | doi-access = }}</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Cardiomegaly]]
* [[Cardiomegaly]]
⚫
* [[Ventricular hypertrophy]]
* [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
⚫
* [[Ventricular hypertrophy]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|51|7|i|30}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|51|7|i|30}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|429.3}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|429.3}}
| ICDO =
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| eMedicineTopic =
| DiseasesDB = 7659
| DiseasesDB = 7659
| MeshID = D017379
| MeshID = D017379
}}
}}

{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Left Ventricular Hypertrophy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Left Ventricular Hypertrophy}}

Latest revision as of 14:53, 17 December 2024

"LVH" redirects here. For other uses, see LVH (disambiguation).
Left ventricular hypertrophy
A heart with left ventricular hypertrophy in short-axis view
SpecialtyCardiology
ComplicationsHypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Heart failure[1]
Diagnostic methodEchocardiography, cardiovascular MRI[1]
Differential diagnosisAthletic heart syndrome

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is thickening of the heart muscle of the left ventricle of the heart, that is, left-sided ventricular hypertrophy and resulting increased left ventricular mass.

Causes

[edit]

While ventricular hypertrophy occurs naturally as a reaction to aerobic exercise and strength training, it is most frequently referred to as a pathological reaction to cardiovascular disease, or high blood pressure.[2] It is one aspect of ventricular remodeling.

While LVH itself is not a disease, it is usually a marker for disease involving the heart.[3] Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the afterload that the heart has to contract against, and some primary diseases of the muscle of the heart.[citation needed] Causes of increased afterload that can cause LVH include aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency and hypertension. Primary disease of the muscle of the heart that cause LVH are known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, which can lead into heart failure.[citation needed]

Long-standing mitral insufficiency also leads to LVH as a compensatory mechanism.[citation needed]

LV mass increases with ageing.[4]

Associated genes include OGN, osteoglycin.[5]

Diagnosis

[edit]

The commonly used method to diagnose LVH is echocardiography, with which the thickness of the muscle of the heart can be measured. The electrocardiogram (ECG) often shows signs of increased voltage from the heart in individuals with LVH, so this is often used as a screening test to determine who should undergo further testing.[citation needed]

Echocardiography

[edit]
Left ventricular hypertrophy grading
by posterior wall thickness[6]
Mild 12 to 13 mm
Moderate >13 to 17 mm
Severe >17 mm

Two dimensional echocardiography can produce images of the left ventricle. The thickness of the left ventricle as visualized on echocardiography correlates with its actual mass. Left ventricular mass can be further estimated based on geometric assumptions of ventricular shape using the measured wall thickness and internal diameter.[7] Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level are:[8]

  • Women: 4 – 8 mm
  • Men: 5 – 9 mm

CT & MRI

[edit]

CT and MRI-based measurement can be used to measure the left ventricle in three dimensions and calculate left ventricular mass directly. MRI based measurement is considered the “gold standard” for left ventricular mass,[9] though is usually not readily available for common practice. In older individuals, age related remodeling of the left ventricle's geometry can lead to a discordancy between CT and echocardiographic based measurements of left ventricular mass.[4]

ECG criteria

[edit]
Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG
Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.
Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.

There are several sets of criteria used to diagnose LVH via electrocardiography.[10] None of them are perfect, though by using multiple criteria sets, the sensitivity and specificity are increased.

The Sokolow-Lyon index:[11][12]

  • S in V1 + R in V5 or V6 (whichever is larger) ≥ 35 mm (≥ 7 large squares)
  • R in aVL ≥ 11 mm

The Cornell voltage criteria[13] for the ECG diagnosis of LVH involve measurement of the sum of the R wave in lead aVL and the S wave in lead V3. The Cornell criteria for LVH are:

  • S in V3 + R in aVL > 28 mm (men)
  • S in V3 + R in aVL > 20 mm (women)

The Romhilt-Estes point score system ("diagnostic" >5 points; "probable" 4 points):

ECG Criteria Points
Voltage Criteria (any of):
  1. R or S in limb leads ≥20 mm
  2. S in V1 or V2 ≥30 mm
  3. R in V5 or V6 ≥30 mm
 3
ST-T Abnormalities:
  • ST-T vector opposite to QRS without digitalis
  • ST-T vector opposite to QRS with digitalis

3
1

Negative terminal P mode in V1 1 mm in depth and 0.04 sec in duration (indicates left atrial enlargement) 3
Left axis deviation (QRS of −30° or more) 2
QRS duration ≥0.09 sec 1
Delayed intrinsicoid deflection in V5 or V6 (>0.05 sec) 1

Other voltage-based criteria for LVH include:

  • Lead I: R wave > 14 mm
  • Lead aVR: S wave > 15 mm
  • Lead aVL: R wave > 12 mm
  • Lead aVF: R wave > 21 mm
  • Lead V5: R wave > 26 mm
  • Lead V6: R wave > 20 mm

Diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiography in left ventricular hypertrophy can be enhanced with artificial intelligence analysis.[14]

Treatment

[edit]

Treatment is typically focused on resolving the cause of the LVH with the enlargement not permanent in all cases. In some cases the growth can regress with the reduction of blood pressure.[15]

LVH may be a factor in determining treatment or diagnosis for other conditions, for example, LVH is used in the staging and risk stratification of Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies such as Fabry's Disease.[16] Patients with LVH may have to participate in more complicated and precise diagnostic procedures, such as echocardiography or cardiac MRI.[17][18]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Maron BJ, Maron MS (January 2013). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Lancet. 381 (9862). Elsevier BV: 242–255. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60397-3. PMID 22874472. S2CID 38333896.
  2. ^ "Ask the doctor: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy". Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  3. ^ Meijs MF, Bots ML, Vonken EJ, Cramer MJ, Melman PG, Velthuis BK, et al. (2007). "Rationale and design of the SMART Heart study: A prediction model for left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension". Netherlands Heart Journal. 15 (9): 295–298. doi:10.1007/BF03086003. PMC 1995099. PMID 18030317.
  4. ^ a b Stokar J, Leibowitz D, Durst R, Shaham D, Zwas DR (2019-10-24). "Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT". PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0224104. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424104S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224104. PMC 6812823. PMID 31648248.
  5. ^ Petretto E, Sarwar R, Grieve I, Lu H, Kumaran MK, Muckett PJ, et al. (May 2008). "Integrated genomic approaches implicate osteoglycin (Ogn) in the regulation of left ventricular mass". Nature Genetics. 40 (5): 546–552. doi:10.1038/ng.134. PMC 2742198. PMID 18443592.
  6. ^ Goland S, Czer LS, Kass RM, Siegel RJ, Mirocha J, De Robertis MA, et al. (March 2008). "Use of cardiac allografts with mild and moderate left ventricular hypertrophy can be safely used in heart transplantation to expand the donor pool". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 51 (12): 1214–1220. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.052. PMID 18355661. S2CID 29478910.
  7. ^ Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. (January 2015). "Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging". Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 28 (1): 1–39.e14. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003. hdl:1854/LU-5953422. PMID 25559473.
  8. ^ Kawel N, Turkbey EB, Carr JJ, Eng J, Gomes AS, Hundley WG, et al. (July 2012). "Normal left ventricular myocardial thickness for middle-aged and older subjects with steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis". Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 5 (4): 500–508. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560. PMC 3412148. PMID 22705587.
  9. ^ Myerson SG, Bellenger NG, Pennell DJ (March 2002). "Assessment of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance". Hypertension. 39 (3): 750–755. doi:10.1161/hy0302.104674. PMID 11897757. S2CID 16598370.
  10. ^ "Lesson VIII - Ventricular Hypertrophy". Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  11. ^ Sokolow M, Lyon TP (February 1949). "The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads". American Heart Journal. 37 (2): 161–186. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(49)90562-1. PMID 18107386.
  12. ^ Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Pickering TG, Borer JS, Kligfield P (April 1998). "Time-voltage QRS area of the 12-lead electrocardiogram: detection of left ventricular hypertrophy". Hypertension. 31 (4): 937–942. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.503.8356. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.31.4.937. PMID 9535418. S2CID 2662286.
  13. ^ Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Campo E, Kligfield P (March 1987). "Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings". Circulation. 75 (3): 565–572. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.75.3.565. PMID 2949887. S2CID 25815927.
  14. ^ Martínez-Sellés, Manuel; Marina-Breysse, Manuel (2023). "Current and Future Use of Artificial Intelligence in Electrocardiography". Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 10 (4): 175. doi:10.3390/jcdd10040175. PMC 10145690. PMID 37103054.
  15. ^ Gradman AH, Alfayoumi F (2006). "From left ventricular hypertrophy to congestive heart failure: management of hypertensive heart disease". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 48 (5): 326–341. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.001. PMID 16627048.
  16. ^ Tower-Rader A, Jaber WA (November 2019). "Multimodality Imaging Assessment of Fabry Disease". Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 12 (11): e009013. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009013. PMID 31718277.
  17. ^ American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" (PDF), Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2012, retrieved August 17, 2012
  18. ^ Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, et al. (August 2007). "ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 50 (7): e1 – e157. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185752. PMID 17692738.
[edit]
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