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{{Short description|American video game developer and entrepreneur (born 1961)}}
{{Short description|American video game developer, entrepreneur and space tourist (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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| name = Richard Garriott
| name = Richard Garriott
| caption = Garriott in July 2008
| caption = Garriott in July 2008
| citizenship = [[United States nationality law|American]], [[British nationality law|British]]<ref name="pcgcitizen">{{cite news|title=One on One With Richard 'Lord British' Garriott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZskAQAAIAAJ |date=August 2007 |location=UK |work=[[PC Gamer]] |page=11 |access-date=April 1, 2016|quote=PCG: 'How did you come by the alias of Lord British? You're obviously not English.' Richard Garriott: 'Actually, that's not true&nbsp;... I am a British citizen. That said, I only lived there for about two months prior to moving to the States.'}}</ref>{{bettersource|date=June 2023}}
| citizenship = [[United States nationality law|American]], [[British nationality law|British]]<ref name="pcgcitizen">{{cite news|title=One on One With Richard 'Lord British' Garriott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZskAQAAIAAJ |date=August 2007 |location=UK |work=[[PC Gamer]] |page=11 |access-date=April 1, 2016|quote=PCG: 'How did you come by the alias of Lord British? You're obviously not English.' Richard Garriott: 'Actually, that's not true&nbsp;... I am a British citizen. That said, I only lived there for about two months prior to moving to the States.'}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2023}}
| birth_name = Richard Allen Garriott
| birth_name = Richard Allen Garriott
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|7|4}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|7|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cambridge]], England
| birth_place = [[Cambridge]], England
| occupation = [[Video game developer]]
| occupation = [[Video game developer]]
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|}}
|}}


'''Richard Allen Garriott de Cayeux''' (''[[né]]'' '''Garriott'''; born July 4, 1961) is a British-born American [[video game developer]], [[entrepreneur]] and [[space tourist]].
'''Richard Allen Garriott''' (born 4 July 1961) is a British-born American [[video game developer]], [[entrepreneur]] and private astronaut.


Garriott, who is the son of [[NASA]] astronaut [[Owen Garriott]], was originally a [[game designer]] and [[game programmer|programmer]], and is now involved in a number of aspects of [[computer game|computer-game]] development. On October 12, 2008, Garriott flew aboard the [[Soyuz TMA-13]] mission to the [[International Space Station]] as a private astronaut,<ref name="Chron">{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6052360.html|title=$30 million buys Austin resident a ride on Soyuz mission|access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=[[The Houston Chronicle]]|year=2008|author=Mark Carreau}}</ref><ref name="garriottinspace">{{cite news| url = http://www.space.com/news/070928_garriott_spacetourist.html | title = Former Astronaut's Son Signs on as Next Space Tourist|author=Tariq Malik|publisher= SPACE.com | access-date = 2007-10-09}}</ref> returning 12 days later aboard [[Soyuz TMA-12]]. He became the second space traveler, and first from the United States, to have a parent who was also a space traveler. During his ISS flight, he filmed a science fiction movie ''[[Apogee of Fear]]''.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/14/richard-garriott-space-movie_n_1206198.html Richard Garriott's "Apogee Of Fear," First Sci Fi Movie Ever Shot In Space, Fails To Launch], Huffington Post, January 14, 2012</ref>
Garriott, who is the son of [[NASA]] astronaut [[Owen Garriott]], was originally a [[game designer]] and [[game programmer|programmer]], and is now involved in a number of aspects of [[computer game|computer-game]] development. On October 12, 2008, Garriott flew aboard the [[Soyuz TMA-13]] mission to the [[International Space Station]] as a private astronaut,<ref name="Chron">{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6052360.html|title=$30 million buys Austin resident a ride on Soyuz mission|access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=[[The Houston Chronicle]]|year=2008|author=Mark Carreau}}</ref><ref name="garriottinspace">{{cite news| url = http://www.space.com/news/070928_garriott_spacetourist.html | title = Former Astronaut's Son Signs on as Next Space Tourist|author=Tariq Malik|publisher= SPACE.com | access-date = 2007-10-09}}</ref> returning 12 days later aboard [[Soyuz TMA-12]]. He became the second space traveler, and first from the United States, to have a parent who was also a space traveler. During his ISS flight, he filmed a science fiction movie ''[[Apogee of Fear]]''.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/14/richard-garriott-space-movie_n_1206198.html Richard Garriott's "Apogee Of Fear," First Sci Fi Movie Ever Shot In Space, Fails To Launch], Huffington Post, January 14, 2012</ref>


The creator of the ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' game series, Garriott was involved in all games in the series, and directly supervised all eleven main installments, starting with 1979's ''[[Akalabeth: World of Doom]]'' and concluding with 1999's ''[[Ultima IX: Ascension]]''. Within the context of ''Ultima'', Garriot presented himself as the fictional persona of '''Lord British'''. The series is considered influential, notably helping with establishing the [[computer role-playing game]] genre. He founded the video game development company [[Portalarium]] in 2009.<ref name="portal-about">[http://www.portalarium.com/index.php/about About – Portalarium] from official company website</ref> He was CEO of [[Portalarium]] and creative director of ''[[Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues]]''<ref name="Google+">{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/112005436102690952317/posts/9DxEPYAu4ty|title=By the way...|first=Richard |last=Garriott de Cayeux|access-date=August 1, 2011|publisher=Google+|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414165129/https://plus.google.com/112005436102690952317/posts/9DxEPYAu4ty|archive-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> until 2018 when he shed the title,<ref name="MassivelyOP">{{cite web|url=https://massivelyop.com/2018/10/12/shroud-of-the-avatars-richard-garriott-sheds-ceo-title-for-creative-director-role/|title=Shroud of the Avatar's Richard Garriott sheds CEO title for Creative Director role|first=Richard |last=Garriott de Cayeux|date=12 October 2018 |access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=Massively Overpowered}}</ref> later relinquishing all ''Shroud of the Avatar'' assets to Catnip Games in 2019.<ref name="Portalarium">{{cite web|url=https://www.shroudoftheavatar.com/forum/index.php?threads/catnip-games-acquires-shroud-of-the-avatar.159409/|title=Catnip Games Acquires Shroud of the Avatar|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=Portalarium}}</ref>
The creator of the ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' game series, Garriott was involved in all games in the series, and directly supervised all eleven main installments, starting with 1979's ''[[Akalabeth: World of Doom]]'' and concluding with 1999's ''[[Ultima IX: Ascension]]''. Within the context of ''Ultima'', Garriot presented himself as the fictional persona of [[Lord British]]. The series is considered influential, notably helping with establishing the [[computer role-playing game]] genre. He founded the video game development company [[Portalarium]] in 2009.<ref name="portal-about">[http://www.portalarium.com/index.php/about About – Portalarium] from official company website</ref> He was CEO of [[Portalarium]] and creative director of ''[[Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues]]''<ref name="Google+">{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/112005436102690952317/posts/9DxEPYAu4ty|title=By the way...|first=Richard |last=Garriott de Cayeux|access-date=August 1, 2011|publisher=Google+|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414165129/https://plus.google.com/112005436102690952317/posts/9DxEPYAu4ty|archive-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> until 2018 when he shed the title,<ref name="MassivelyOP">{{cite web|url=https://massivelyop.com/2018/10/12/shroud-of-the-avatars-richard-garriott-sheds-ceo-title-for-creative-director-role/|title=Shroud of the Avatar's Richard Garriott sheds CEO title for Creative Director role|first=Richard |last=Garriott de Cayeux|date=12 October 2018 |access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=Massively Overpowered}}</ref> later relinquishing all ''Shroud of the Avatar'' assets to Catnip Games in 2019.<ref name="Portalarium">{{cite web|url=https://www.shroudoftheavatar.com/forum/index.php?threads/catnip-games-acquires-shroud-of-the-avatar.159409/|title=Catnip Games Acquires Shroud of the Avatar|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=Portalarium}}</ref>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
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== Game design career ==
== Game design career ==
===Early days===
Garriott began writing computer games in 1974. His first games were created on teletype terminals. The code was stored on paper tape spools, and the game was displayed as an ongoing print-out. In summer 1979, Garriott worked at a [[ComputerLand]] store where he first encountered Apple computers. Inspired by their video monitors with color graphics, he began to add [[perspective view]] to his own games. After he created ''[[Akalabeth: World of Doom|Akalabeth]]'' for fun, the owner of the store convinced Garriott it might sell. Garriott spent [[United States dollar|$]]200 printing copies of a manual and cover sheet that his mother had drawn, then put copies of the game in [[Ziploc]] bags, a common way to sell software at the time. Although Garriott sold fewer than a dozen copies at the store, one copy made it to [[California Pacific Computer Company]], which signed a deal with him. The game sold over 30,000 copies, and Garriott received five dollars for each copy sold.{{r|garriott198807}}<ref>''The Official Book of Ultima'', page 8</ref><ref name="ferrell198901">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1989-01-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_104_1989_Jan#page/n17/mode/2up | title=Dungeon Delving with Richard Garriott | work=Compute! | date=January 1989 | access-date=10 November 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=16}}</ref> The {{USD|150,000|1979|round=-3}} he earned was three times his father's astronaut salary.<ref name="bebergal20200819">{{Cite magazine |last=Bebergal |first=Peter |title=The Computer Game That Led to Enlightenment |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-computer-game-that-led-to-enlightenment |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-us |access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> ''Akalabeth'' is considered the first published computer [[Role-playing game|role playing game]].
Garriott began writing computer games in 1974. His first games were created on teletype terminals. The code was stored on paper tape spools, and the game was displayed as an ongoing print-out. In summer 1979, Garriott worked at a [[ComputerLand]] store where he first encountered Apple computers. Inspired by their video monitors with color graphics, he began to add [[perspective view]] to his own games. After he created ''[[Akalabeth: World of Doom|Akalabeth]]'' for fun, the owner of the store convinced Garriott it might sell. Garriott spent [[United States dollar|$]]200 printing copies of a manual and cover sheet that his mother had drawn, then put copies of the game in [[Ziploc]] bags, a common way to sell software at the time. Although Garriott sold fewer than a dozen copies at the store, one copy made it to [[California Pacific Computer Company]], which signed a deal with him. The game sold over 30,000 copies, and Garriott received five dollars for each copy sold.{{r|garriott198807}}<ref>''The Official Book of Ultima'', page 8</ref><ref name="ferrell198901">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1989-01-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_104_1989_Jan#page/n17/mode/2up | title=Dungeon Delving with Richard Garriott | work=Compute! | date=January 1989 | access-date=10 November 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=16}}</ref> The {{USD|150,000|1979|round=-3}} he earned was three times his father's astronaut salary.<ref name="bebergal20200819">{{Cite magazine |last=Bebergal |first=Peter |title=The Computer Game That Led to Enlightenment |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-computer-game-that-led-to-enlightenment |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-us |access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> ''Akalabeth'' is considered the first published computer [[Role-playing game|role playing game]].


Later that year, Garriott entered the [[University of Texas at Austin]] (UT).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexandra Biesada October 1996 0 |date=1996-10-01 |title=Reality Bytes |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/reality-bytes/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Texas Monthly |language=en}}</ref> He joined the school's [[fencing (sport)|fencing]] team, and later, the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Addams |first=Shay |title=The official book of Ultima |pages=14–15 |language=English}}</ref> He lived at home with his parents while attending university, and from there created ''[[Ultima I]]'' with his friend Ken Arnold.<ref name="doteaters">{{cite web |title=Player 4 Stage 2: "Why in the world would anyone wants a computer at home?" |url=http://www.thedoteaters.com/p4_stage2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407080626/http://www.thedoteaters.com/p4_stage2.php |archive-date=2013-04-07 |access-date=2008-01-25}}</ref> Its cover, and those of several subsequently Garriott games, were painted by [[Denis Loubet]], whose art Garriott discovered during a visit to [[Steve Jackson Games]].<ref name="designers">{{cite book|author=Shannon Appelcline|title=Designers & Dragons|publisher=Mongoose Publishing|year=2011| isbn= 978-1-907702-58-7|page=104}}</ref>
Later that year, Garriott entered the [[University of Texas at Austin]] (UT).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexandra Biesada October 1996 0 |date=1996-10-01 |title=Reality Bytes |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/reality-bytes/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Texas Monthly |language=en}}</ref> He joined the school's [[fencing (sport)|fencing]] team, and later, the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Addams |first=Shay |title=The official book of Ultima |pages=14–15 |language=English}}</ref> He lived at home with his parents while attending university, and from there created ''[[Ultima I]]'' with his friend Ken Arnold.<ref name="doteaters">{{cite web |title=Player 4 Stage 2: "Why in the world would anyone wants a computer at home?" |url=http://www.thedoteaters.com/p4_stage2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407080626/http://www.thedoteaters.com/p4_stage2.php |archive-date=2013-04-07 |access-date=2008-01-25}}</ref> Its cover, and those of several subsequently Garriott games, were painted by [[Denis Loubet]], whose art Garriott discovered during a visit to [[Steve Jackson Games]].<ref name="designers">{{cite book|author=Shannon Appelcline|title=Designers & Dragons|publisher=Mongoose Publishing|year=2011| isbn= 978-1-907702-58-7|page=104}}</ref>


===Origin Systems===
Garriott continued to develop the [[Ultima (series)|''Ultima'' series]] of [[computer game]]s in the early 1980s, eventually leaving UT to work on them full time.{{r|garriott198807}} Originally programmed for the [[Apple II series|Apple II]], the ''Ultima'' series later became available on several platforms. ''[[Ultima II]]'' was published by [[Sierra On-Line]], as they were the only company that would agree to publish it in a box together with a printed cloth map. By the time he developed ''[[Ultima III]]'', Garriott, together with his brother [[Robert Garriott|Robert]], their father [[Owen K. Garriott|Owen]] and [[Chuck Bueche]] established their own [[video game publisher]], [[Origin Systems]], to handle publishing and distribution, in part due to controversy with Sierra over royalties for the PC [[porting|port]] of ''Ultima II''.<ref>''The Official Book of Ultima'' (second edition), page 25.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2008/03/04/warren-spector-interviews-every-bloody-one/|title=Warren Spector Interviews Every-Bloody-One|last=Gillen|first=Kieron|date=2008-03-04|website=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-08}}</ref><ref name="durkee19831112">{{cite news | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1983&pub=6&id=14 | title=Profiles in Programming / Lord British | work=Softline | date=Nov–Dec 1983 | access-date=29 July 2014 | author=Durkee, David | page=26}}</ref>
Garriott continued to develop the [[Ultima (series)|''Ultima'' series]] of [[video game]]s in the early 1980s, eventually leaving UT to work on them full time.{{r|garriott198807}} Originally programmed for the [[Apple II]], the ''Ultima'' series later became available on several platforms. ''[[Ultima II]]'' was published by [[Sierra On-Line]], as they were the only company that would agree to publish it in a box together with a printed cloth map. By the time he developed ''[[Ultima III]]'', Garriott, together with his brother [[Robert Garriott|Robert]], their father [[Owen K. Garriott|Owen]] and [[Chuck Bueche]] established their own [[video game publisher]], [[Origin Systems]], to handle publishing and distribution, in part due to controversy with Sierra over royalties for the PC [[porting|port]] of ''Ultima II''.<ref>''The Official Book of Ultima'' (second edition), page 25.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2008/03/04/warren-spector-interviews-every-bloody-one/|title=Warren Spector Interviews Every-Bloody-One|last=Gillen|first=Kieron|date=2008-03-04|website=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-08}}</ref><ref name="durkee19831112">{{cite news | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1983&pub=6&id=14 | title=Profiles in Programming / Lord British | work=Softline | date=Nov–Dec 1983 | access-date=29 July 2014 | author=Durkee, David | page=26}}</ref>


The use of the term ''avatar'' for the on-screen representation of the user was coined in 1985 by Richard Garriott for the computer game ''[[Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar]]''. In this game, Garriott desired the player's character to be their Earth self manifested into the virtual world. Due to the ethical content of his story, Garriott wanted the real player to be responsible for their character; he thought only someone playing "themselves" could be properly judged based on their in-game actions. Because of its ethically nuanced narrative approach, he took the Hindu word associated with a deity's manifestation on earth in physical form, and applied it to a player in the game world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.criticalpathproject.com/video/coining-term-avatar/|title=Coining Term "Avatar"|website=insights from the greatest minds in video games.|language=en|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>
The use of the term ''avatar'' for the on-screen representation of the user was coined in 1985 by Richard Garriott for the computer game ''[[Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar]]''. In this game, Garriott desired the player's character to be their Earth self manifested into the virtual world. Due to the ethical content of his story, Garriott wanted the real player to be responsible for their character; he thought only someone playing "themselves" could be properly judged based on their in-game actions. Because of its ethically nuanced narrative approach, he took the Hindu word associated with a deity's manifestation on earth in physical form, and applied it to a player in the game world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.criticalpathproject.com/video/coining-term-avatar/|title=Coining Term "Avatar"|website=insights from the greatest minds in video games.|language=en|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>


[[File:Richard garriott gdc 2018 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Garriott, dressed as his "Lord British" persona, at the 2018 [[Game Developers Conference]]]]
[[File:Richard garriott gdc 2018 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Garriott, dressed as his "Lord British" persona, at the 2018 [[Game Developers Conference]]]]
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| url-access = registration
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/socialmediabible00safk
| url = https://archive.org/details/socialmediabible00safk
}}</ref> In 1999 and 2000, EA canceled all of Origin's new development projects, including ''[[Privateer (video game)|Privateer]] Online'', and ''[[Harry Potter]] Online''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://movies.ign.com/articles/200/200049p1.html | title = IGN: Harry Potter LEGO Redux | author = Linder, Brian | date = 2001-05-10 | access-date = 2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name="kings fall 2">{{cite web | url = http://archive.gamespy.com/mmog/stratics/january02/stratics25/index2.shtm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217225517/http://archive.gamespy.com/mmog/stratics/january02/stratics25/index2.shtm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-12-17 | title = When Kings Fall: Part II of II | author = Matonis, Misty | date = 2002-01-05 | access-date = 2007-04-28}}</ref> Garriott resigned from the company and formed [[Destination Games]] in April 2000 with his brother and [[Starr Long]] (the producer of ''[[Ultima Online]]''). Once Garriott's non-compete agreement with EA expired a year later, Destination partnered with [[NCSoft]] where Garriott acted as a producer and designer of MMORPGs. After that, he became the CEO of NCSoft Austin, also known as NC Interactive.<ref>{{cite news|title=Garriott leaving NCSoft|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2008/11/10/daily31.html|date=November 12, 2008|publisher=bizjournals.com|access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref>
}}</ref> In 1999 and 2000, EA canceled all of Origin's new development projects, including ''[[Privateer (video game)|Privateer]] Online'', and ''[[Harry Potter]] Online''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://movies.ign.com/articles/200/200049p1.html | title = IGN: Harry Potter LEGO Redux | author = Linder, Brian | date = 2001-05-10 | access-date = 2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name="kings fall 2">{{cite web | url = http://archive.gamespy.com/mmog/stratics/january02/stratics25/index2.shtm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217225517/http://archive.gamespy.com/mmog/stratics/january02/stratics25/index2.shtm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-12-17 | title = When Kings Fall: Part II of II | author = Matonis, Misty | date = 2002-01-05 | access-date = 2007-04-28}}</ref> Garriott resigned from the company and formed [[Destination Games]] in April 2000 with his brother and [[Starr Long]] (the producer of ''[[Ultima Online]]'').


===NCSoft===
''[[Tabula Rasa (video game)|Tabula Rasa]]'' failed to generate much money during its initial release, despite its seven-year development period. On November 11, 2008, in an open letter on the ''Tabula Rasa'' website, Garriott announced his plans to leave NCSoft to pursue new interests sparked by his spaceflight experiences. Later, however, Garriott claimed that the letter was forged as a means of forcing him out of his position and that he had had no intention of leaving.<ref name="Original Complaint">{{Cite web |date=2009-05-20 |title=Richard Garriott, Plaintiff, v. NCsoft Corporation, Defendant: Plaintiff's Original Complaint |url=http://cdn2.libsyn.com/gamepolitics/Garriott-NCsoft-complaint.pdf?nvb=20090520223514&nva=20090521224514&t=0ffe5601febd3658ccd56 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520224515/http://cdn2.libsyn.com/gamepolitics/Garriott-NCsoft-complaint.pdf?nvb=20090520223514&nva=20090521224514&t=0ffe5601febd3658ccd56 |archive-date=2009-05-20 |access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>{{Failed verification|talk=NCSoft lawsuit|date=April 2019}} Garriott reviewed and signed this announcement, but did not sign a resignation letter that had been drafted for him by NCSoft.<ref name="5th Circuit">{{cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-5th-circuit/1583315.html|title=Richard Garriott v. NCsoft Corporation {{pipe}} FindLaw|date=21 October 2011|quote=Later that day, NCsoft sent Garriott a press release announcing his departure to Tabula Rasa fans. Garriott reviewed and signed the announcement, which stated that 'I am leaving NCsoft to pursue [other] interests.' }}</ref> On November 24, 2008, NCSoft announced that it planned to end the live service of ''Tabula Rasa''. The servers shut down on February 28, 2009, after a period of free play from January 10 onward for existing account holders.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eu.rgtr.com/en/news_article/an_open_letter_from_general_british| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081227034006/http://eu.rgtr.com/en/news_article/an_open_letter_from_general_british | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2008-12-27 | title = Richard Garriott's Tabula Rasa – An Open Letter from General British | author = Garriott, Richard | date = 2008-11-11 | access-date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>
Once Garriott's non-compete agreement with EA expired a year later, Destination partnered with [[NCSoft]] where Garriott acted as a producer and designer of MMORPGs. After that, he became the CEO of NCSoft Austin, also known as NC Interactive.<ref>{{cite news|title=Garriott leaving NCSoft|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2008/11/10/daily31.html|date=November 12, 2008|publisher=bizjournals.com|access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref>


''[[Tabula Rasa (video game)|Tabula Rasa]]'' failed to generate much money during its initial release, despite its seven-year development period. On November 24, 2008, NCSoft announced that it planned to end the live service of ''Tabula Rasa''. The servers shut down on February 28, 2009, after a period of free play from January 10 onward for existing account holders.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eu.rgtr.com/en/news_article/an_open_letter_from_general_british| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081227034006/http://eu.rgtr.com/en/news_article/an_open_letter_from_general_british | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2008-12-27 | title = Richard Garriott's Tabula Rasa – An Open Letter from General British | author = Garriott, Richard | date = 2008-11-11 | access-date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>
⚫
In July 2010, an Austin District Court awarded Garriott US$28 million in his lawsuit against NCSoft, finding that the company did not appropriately handle his departure in 2008. In October 2011, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]] affirmed the judgment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesman.com/business/technology/appeals-court-upholds-garriotts-28-million-verdict-against-1933965.html |title=Appeals court upholds Garriott's $28 million verdict against NCsoft |author=Gaar, Brian |date=2011-10-25 |access-date=2011-10-31 |publisher=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822151726/http://www.statesman.com/business/technology/appeals-court-upholds-garriotts-28-million-verdict-against-1933965.html |archive-date=2012-08-22 }}</ref>


⚫
NCSoft fired Garriot in November 2008, but publicly claimed that he left the company voluntarily, resulting in a lawsuit against them.<ref name="Purchese 2011 w546">{{cite web | last=Purchese | first=Robert | title=Garriott: what went wrong with Tabula Rasa | website=Eurogamer.net | date=2011-12-13 | url=https://www.eurogamer.net/garriott-what-went-wrong-with-tabula-rasa | access-date=2024-03-14}}</ref><ref name="Tong-hyung 2010 w321">{{cite web | last=Tong-hyung | first=Kim | title=Garriott wins $28 mil. in NCsoft lawsuit | website=Korea Times | date=2010-07-30 | url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2024/03/129_70538.html | access-date=2024-03-14}}</ref> In July 2010, an Austin District Court awarded Garriott US$28 million in his lawsuit against NCSoft, finding that the company did not appropriately handle his departure in 2008. In October 2011, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]] affirmed the judgment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesman.com/business/technology/appeals-court-upholds-garriotts-28-million-verdict-against-1933965.html |title=Appeals court upholds Garriott's $28 million verdict against NCsoft |author=Gaar, Brian |date=2011-10-25 |access-date=2011-10-31 |publisher=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822151726/http://www.statesman.com/business/technology/appeals-court-upholds-garriotts-28-million-verdict-against-1933965.html |archive-date=2012-08-22 }}</ref>
⚫
Garriott founded the company [[Portalarium]] in 2009, which developed ''[[Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues]]'', a [[spiritual successor]] to the ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' series. Garriott remarked that had they been able to secure the [[intellectual property]] rights to ''Ultima'' from EA, the game could have become ''Ultima Online 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/12/12/garriotts-ultimate-rpg-clearly-the-spiritual-successor-to-ult/|title=Garriott's Ultimate RPG 'clearly the spiritual successor' to Ultima|author=Jef Reahard|work=Engadget|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211022541/http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/12/12/garriotts-ultimate-rpg-clearly-the-spiritual-successor-to-ult/|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-12-garriotts-ultimate-rpg-could-become-ultima-online-2|title=Garriott's Ultimate RPG could become Ultima Online 2|date=12 December 2011|work=Eurogamer.net|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBicXY_H2-I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/jBicXY_H2-I| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=LOGIN 2011 Keynote: Richard Garriott – The Next Big Games|date=25 June 2011|work=YouTube |access-date=20 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4xfrVUj_c0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/v4xfrVUj_c0| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Lord British shall walk the streets of Britannia again!|date=2 June 2011|work=YouTube|access-date=20 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On March 8, 2013, Portalarium launched a Kickstarter campaign<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/portalarium/shroud-of-the-avatar-forsaken-virtues-0 |title=Shroud of the Avatar Kickstarter Campaign |publisher=Portalarium |date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref> for ''Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shroudoftheavatar.com/ |title=Shroud of the Avatar Home Page |publisher=Portalarium |date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref> An [[early access]] version of the game was released on [[Steam (service)|Steam]] in 2014, and the game was fully released in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/11/25/shroud-of-the-avatar-released-early-access/ | title=Steaming: Shroud Of The Avatar Arrives On Early Access | work=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] | first=Alice |last=O'Connor | date=2014-11-25 | access-date=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/portalarium/shroud-of-the-avatar-forsaken-virtues-0/posts/2146631|access-date=April 18, 2018|publisher=Kickstarter|title=Launch is Here!|date=March 26, 2018|author=Starr Long|author-link=Starr Long}}</ref>


===Portalarium===
⚫
In April 2022 he announced he had begun working on a new fantasy MMO that uses NFT technology with long-time contributor Todd Porter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultima's creator is making a new MMO, and it's built on NFTs |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/ultima-online/nft-mmo |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=PCGamesN |language=en-GB}}</ref> In August 2022, the game was announced as ''Iron and Magic''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Litchfield |first1=Ted |title=Richard Garriott's NFT MMO entreats you to 'buy land in the realm of Lord British' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/richard-garriotts-nft-mmo-entreats-you-to-buy-land-in-the-realm-of-lord-british/ |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=15 August 2022}}</ref> However, in May 2023, it was reported that the game's official website has vanished and its Facebook page has lied dormant since September 2022, leading to many speculations regarding the status of the game.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lefebvre |first1=Eliot |title=Richard Garriott’s NFT-based MMO, Iron & Magic, appears to have vanished already |url=https://massivelyop.com/2023/05/26/richard-garriotts-nft-based-mmo-iron-magic-appears-to-have-vanished-already/ |website=Massively Overpowered |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>
⚫
Garriott founded the company [[Portalarium]] in 2009, which developed ''[[Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues]]'', a [[spiritual successor]] to the ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' series. Garriott remarked that had they been able to secure the [[intellectual property]] rights to ''Ultima'' from EA, the game could have become ''Ultima Online 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/12/12/garriotts-ultimate-rpg-clearly-the-spiritual-successor-to-ult/|title=Garriott's Ultimate RPG 'clearly the spiritual successor' to Ultima|author=Jef Reahard|work=Engadget|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211022541/http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/12/12/garriotts-ultimate-rpg-clearly-the-spiritual-successor-to-ult/|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-12-garriotts-ultimate-rpg-could-become-ultima-online-2|title=Garriott's Ultimate RPG could become Ultima Online 2|date=12 December 2011|work=Eurogamer.net|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBicXY_H2-I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/jBicXY_H2-I| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=LOGIN 2011 Keynote: Richard Garriott – The Next Big Games|date=25 June 2011|work=YouTube |access-date=20 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4xfrVUj_c0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/v4xfrVUj_c0| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Lord British shall walk the streets of Britannia again!|date=2 June 2011|work=YouTube|access-date=20 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On March 8, 2013, Portalarium launched a Kickstarter campaign<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/portalarium/shroud-of-the-avatar-forsaken-virtues-0 |title=Shroud of the Avatar Kickstarter Campaign |publisher=Portalarium |date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref> for ''Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shroudoftheavatar.com/ |title=Shroud of the Avatar Home Page |publisher=Portalarium |date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref> An [[early access]] version of the game was released on [[Steam (service)|Steam]] in 2014, and the game was fully released in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/11/25/shroud-of-the-avatar-released-early-access/ | title=Steaming: Shroud Of The Avatar Arrives On Early Access | work=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] | first=Alice |last=O'Connor | date=2014-11-25 | access-date=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/portalarium/shroud-of-the-avatar-forsaken-virtues-0/posts/2146631|access-date=April 18, 2018|publisher=Kickstarter|title=Launch is Here!|date=March 26, 2018|author=Starr Long|author-link=Starr Long}}</ref> The game received "mixed or average" reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Metacritic |title=Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/shroud-of-the-avatar-forsaken-virtues/ |website=Metacritic |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> In October 2019, the assets and rights to ''Shroud of the Avatar'' were sold to Catnip Games, a company owned by Portalarium CEO Chris Spears.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shroudoftheavatar.com/forum/index.php?threads/catnip-games-acquires-shroud-of-the-avatar.159409/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010010927/https://www.shroudoftheavatar.com/forum/index.php?threads/catnip-games-acquires-shroud-of-the-avatar.159409/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-10-10|title=Catnip Games Acquires Shroud of the Avatar}}</ref> Garriott is no longer associated with either company.

===Current===
⚫
In April 2022 he announced he had begun working on a new fantasy MMO that uses NFT technology with long-time contributor Todd Porter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultima's creator is making a new MMO, and it's built on NFTs |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/ultima-online/nft-mmo |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=PCGamesN |date=12 April 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In August 2022, the game was announced as ''Iron and Magic''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Litchfield |first1=Ted |title=Richard Garriott's NFT MMO entreats you to 'buy land in the realm of Lord British' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/richard-garriotts-nft-mmo-entreats-you-to-buy-land-in-the-realm-of-lord-british/ |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=15 August 2022}}</ref> However, in May 2023, it was reported that the game's official website has vanished and its Facebook page has lied dormant since September 2022, leading to many speculations regarding the status of the game.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lefebvre |first1=Eliot |title=Richard Garriott's NFT-based MMO, Iron & Magic, appears to have vanished already |url=https://massivelyop.com/2023/05/26/richard-garriotts-nft-based-mmo-iron-magic-appears-to-have-vanished-already/ |website=Massively Overpowered |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>


== Private Astronaut ==
== Private Astronaut ==
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{{stack|[[File:Iss017e021361.jpg|thumb|Richard Garriott (far right) aboard the ISS on October 23, 2008, with the MIT SPHERES Satellites.]]}}
{{stack|[[File:Iss017e021361.jpg|thumb|Richard Garriott (far right) aboard the ISS on October 23, 2008, with the MIT SPHERES Satellites.]]}}
On September 28, 2007, Space Adventures announced that Garriott would fly to the [[International Space Station]] in October 2008 as a self-funded Private Astronaut at a reported cost of $30 million.<ref name="Chron" /><ref name="sg">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.viewnews&newsid=554|title=Space Adventures Announces 1st Second Generation Astronaut |access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=Space Adventures, Ltd. |year=2008|author=Space Adventures, Ltd. }}</ref> On October 12, 2008, after a year of training in Russia, Garriott became the second second-generation space traveler (after [[Sergey Aleksandrovich Volkov|Sergei Volkov]]),<ref name="dna">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/topstories/2008-10-12-4272284269_x.htm|title=US game designer blasts into space with DNA cargo|date=October 12, 2008|access-date=June 2, 2011|publisher=[[USA Today]]|author=Peter Leonard for [[The Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25935535|title=Space tourist will pay high price for adventure|access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=[[NBC News]]|year=2008|author=Marcia Dunn for The Associated Press}}</ref> the first offspring of an American astronaut to go into space,<ref name="Chron" /><ref name="dna" /><ref name="launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/10/soyuz-tma-13-set-to-launch-trio-to-iss/|title=Soyuz TMA-13 launches trio on journey to the ISS|access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=NASA Spaceflight.com|year=2008|author=Chris Bergin}}</ref> and the second person to wear the British [[Union flag]] in space.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article4930136.ece|title=Login|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> His father, Owen Garriott, was at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] in [[Kazakhstan]] for the launch, and was in attendance when he landed safely, along with Russian [[cosmonauts]] Sergei Volkov and [[Oleg Kononenko]], twelve days later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Successful Lift Off For US Space Tourist – Space News – redOrbit|date=12 October 2008|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1586145/successful_lift_off_for_us_space_tourist/|publisher=redorbit.com|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7688021.stm|title=Soyuz space capsule lands safely|publisher=BBC | date=October 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=American, Russians return from space|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/american-russians-return-from-space-1.740806|date=October 24, 2008|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13204951&PageNum=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227065328/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13204951&PageNum=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2008|title=ITAR-TASS|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
On September 28, 2007, Space Adventures announced that Garriott would fly to the [[International Space Station]] in October 2008 as a self-funded Private Astronaut at a reported cost of $30 million.<ref name="Chron" /><ref name="sg">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.viewnews&newsid=554|title=Space Adventures Announces 1st Second Generation Astronaut |access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=Space Adventures, Ltd. |year=2008|author=Space Adventures, Ltd. }}</ref> On October 12, 2008, after a year of training in Russia, Garriott became the second second-generation space traveler (after [[Sergey Aleksandrovich Volkov|Sergei Volkov]]),<ref name="dna">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/topstories/2008-10-12-4272284269_x.htm|title=US game designer blasts into space with DNA cargo|date=October 12, 2008|access-date=June 2, 2011|publisher=[[USA Today]]|author=Peter Leonard for [[The Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25935535|title=Space tourist will pay high price for adventure|access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=[[NBC News]]|year=2008|author=Marcia Dunn for The Associated Press}}</ref> the first offspring of an American astronaut to go into space,<ref name="Chron" /><ref name="dna" /><ref name="launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/10/soyuz-tma-13-set-to-launch-trio-to-iss/|title=Soyuz TMA-13 launches trio on journey to the ISS|access-date=October 12, 2008|publisher=NASA Spaceflight.com|year=2008|author=Chris Bergin}}</ref> and the second person to wear the British [[Union flag]] in space.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article4930136.ece|title=Login|access-date=20 June 2015}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His father, Owen Garriott, was at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] in [[Kazakhstan]] for the launch, and was in attendance when he landed safely, along with Russian [[cosmonauts]] Sergei Volkov and [[Oleg Kononenko]], twelve days later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Successful Lift Off For US Space Tourist – Space News – redOrbit|date=12 October 2008|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1586145/successful_lift_off_for_us_space_tourist/|publisher=redorbit.com|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7688021.stm|title=Soyuz space capsule lands safely|publisher=BBC | date=October 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=American, Russians return from space|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/american-russians-return-from-space-1.740806|date=October 24, 2008|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13204951&PageNum=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227065328/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13204951&PageNum=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2008|title=ITAR-TASS|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>


[[File:WinEarth screen Peru coast.png|thumb|Screen capture from [[Windows on Earth]], used by Garriott on ISS to identify targets for Earth photography (Coast of Peru).]]
[[File:WinEarth screen Peru coast.png|thumb|Screen capture from [[Windows on Earth]], used by Garriott on ISS to identify targets for Earth photography (Coast of Peru).]]
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== Other exploration ==
== Other exploration ==
[[File:Richard Garriott 2022 Manhattan jeh.jpg|thumb|2022 in Manhattan]]
[[File:Richard Garriott 2022 Manhattan jeh.jpg|thumb|2022 in Manhattan]]
In January 2021, Garriott was elected president of [[The Explorers Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.explorers.org//news/news_detail/richard-garriott-elected-45th-president-of-the-explorers-club|title=Richard Garriott Elected 45th President of The Explorers Club|access-date=3 Mar 2021}}</ref>
In January 2021, Garriott was elected president of [[The Explorers Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.explorers.org//news/news_detail/richard-garriott-elected-45th-president-of-the-explorers-club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913150931/https://explorers.org/news/news_detail/richard-garriott-elected-45th-president-of-the-explorers-club|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2021|title=Richard Garriott Elected 45th President of The Explorers Club|access-date=3 Mar 2021}}</ref>
In February 2021, Garriott traveled to the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]], the deepest oceanic trench on the planet.<ref name="cambridge_dive">{{cite web
In February 2021, Garriott traveled to the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]], the deepest oceanic trench on the planet.<ref name="cambridge_dive">{{cite web
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In 1986, Garriott helped start the Challenger Center for Space Science Education with his high school science teacher, June Scobee Rodgers, widow of Challenger Shuttle Commander [[Dick Scobee]], who piloted the ill-fated [[STS-51-L]] mission. Scobee Rodgers drew on Garriott's early leadership in gaming to help design what have become approximately 50 global interactive networked facilities, where students perform simulated space missions.<ref>[http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.viewnews&newsid=599 Challenger Center / Space Adventures Announcement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812015401/http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.viewnews&newsid=599 |date=2014-08-12 }}</ref>
In 1986, Garriott helped start the Challenger Center for Space Science Education with his high school science teacher, June Scobee Rodgers, widow of Challenger Shuttle Commander [[Dick Scobee]], who piloted the ill-fated [[STS-51-L]] mission. Scobee Rodgers drew on Garriott's early leadership in gaming to help design what have become approximately 50 global interactive networked facilities, where students perform simulated space missions.<ref>[http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.viewnews&newsid=599 Challenger Center / Space Adventures Announcement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812015401/http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.viewnews&newsid=599 |date=2014-08-12 }}</ref>


Garriott bought the [[Luna 21]] lander and the [[Lunokhod 2]] rover (both currently on the lunar surface) from the [[Lavochkin]] Association for $68,500 in December 1993 at a [[Sotheby's]] auction in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/thebloconthebloc363|title=The Bloc on the Block|work=Discover Magazine|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> (The catalog incorrectly lists lot 68A as Luna 17/Lunokhod 1.<ref>Sotheby's Catalogue – ''Russian Space History'', Addendum, Lot 68A, December 11, 1993</ref>) Garriott notes that while UN treaties ban governmental ownership of property on other celestial bodies, corporations and private citizens retain such rights. Lunokhod 2 is still in use, with mirrors aligned to reflect lasers such that precise Earth-Moon distances can be measured. With his vehicle still in use, Garriott claims property rights to the territory surveyed by Lunokhod 2. This may be the first valid claim for private ownership of extraterrestrial territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/8073-privately-owned-soviet-moon-rover-sparks-space-law-talks.html|title=Privately Owned Soviet Moon Rover Sparks Space Law Talks|work=Space.com|date=22 March 2010|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Lunokhod 2 held the record for distance traveled on the surface of another planetary body until it was surpassed by NASA's [[Opportunity Rover]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/187076-mars-rover-opportunity-breaks-longest-off-earth-driving-record-finally-beating-the-speed-freak-russians|title=Mars rover Opportunity breaks longest off-Earth driving record, finally beating the speed freak Russians – ExtremeTech|work=ExtremeTech|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
Garriott bought the [[Luna 21]] lander and the [[Lunokhod 2]] rover (both currently on the lunar surface) from the [[Lavochkin]] Association for $68,500 in December 1993 at a [[Sotheby's]] auction in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/thebloconthebloc363|title=The Bloc on the Block|work=Discover Magazine|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> (The catalog incorrectly lists lot 68A as Luna 17/Lunokhod 1.<ref>Sotheby's Catalogue – ''Russian Space History'', Addendum, Lot 68A, December 11, 1993</ref>) Garriott notes that while UN treaties ban governmental ownership of property on other celestial bodies, corporations and private citizens retain such rights. Lunokhod 2 is still in use, with mirrors aligned to reflect lasers such that precise Earth-Moon distances can be measured. With his vehicle still in use, Garriott claims property rights to the territory surveyed by Lunokhod 2. This may be the first valid claim for private ownership of extraterrestrial territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/8073-privately-owned-soviet-moon-rover-sparks-space-law-talks.html|title=Privately Owned Soviet Moon Rover Sparks Space Law Talks|work=Space.com|date=22 March 2010|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Lunokhod 2 held the record for distance traveled on the surface of another planetary body until it was surpassed by NASA's [[Opportunity Rover]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/187076-mars-rover-opportunity-breaks-longest-off-earth-driving-record-finally-beating-the-speed-freak-russians|title=Mars rover Opportunity breaks longest off-Earth driving record, finally beating the speed freak Russians – ExtremeTech|work=ExtremeTech|date=29 July 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>


From 1988 through 1994 Garriott built a [[haunted house]]/[[museum]] every other year at [[Britannia Manor]], his residence in [[Austin, Texas]]. Garriott's haunted houses cost tens of thousands of dollars to create each year and took many months and a sizable team to construct, yet were free to the public.<ref name=theone>{{cite magazine|title = Garriott's House of Horror|date = April 1991|url = https://archive.org/details/theone-magazine-31/page/n37|magazine = The One|publisher = emap Images|issue = 31|page = 38}}</ref>
From 1988 through 1994 Garriott built a [[haunted house]]/[[museum]] every other year at [[Britannia Manor]], his residence in [[Austin, Texas]]. Garriott's haunted houses cost tens of thousands of dollars to create each year and took many months and a sizable team to construct, yet were free to the public.<ref name=theone>{{cite magazine|title = Garriott's House of Horror|date = April 1991|url = https://archive.org/details/theone-magazine-31/page/n37|magazine = The One|publisher = emap Images|issue = 31|page = 38}}</ref>


Garriott promotes private space flight and served as vice-chairman of the board of directors for [[Space Adventures]]. He is also a trustee of the [[Ansari X Prize|X PRIZE Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xprize.org/about/board-of-trustees|title=Board Of Trustees|work=XPRIZE|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
Garriott promotes private space flight and served as vice-chairman of the board of directors for [[Space Adventures]]. He is also a trustee of the [[Ansari X Prize|X PRIZE Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xprize.org/about/board-of-trustees|title=Board Of Trustees|work=XPRIZE|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805231226/http://www.xprize.org/about/board-of-trustees|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Garriott participated in the first [[zero gravity]] wedding on June 20, 2009, with his wife [[Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux]].<ref>{{cite journal
Garriott participated in the first [[zero gravity]] wedding on June 20, 2009, with his wife [[Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux]].<ref>{{cite journal
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Latest revision as of 15:34, 17 December 2024

Richard Garriott
Garriott in July 2008
Born
Richard Allen Garriott

(1961-07-04) 4 July 1961 (age 63)
Cambridge, England
CitizenshipAmerican, British[1][better source needed]
OccupationVideo game developer
Known for
Spouse
​
​
(m. 2011)​
Children2
Parents
RelativesRobert Garriott (brother)
AwardsAIAS Hall of Fame Award (2006)[2]
Space career
Space Adventures private astronaut /
cast of a film in a space station
Time in space
11d 20h 35m
MissionsSoyuz TMA-13/TMA-12

Richard Allen Garriott (born 4 July 1961) is a British-born American video game developer, entrepreneur and private astronaut.

Garriott, who is the son of NASA astronaut Owen Garriott, was originally a game designer and programmer, and is now involved in a number of aspects of computer-game development. On October 12, 2008, Garriott flew aboard the Soyuz TMA-13 mission to the International Space Station as a private astronaut,[3][4] returning 12 days later aboard Soyuz TMA-12. He became the second space traveler, and first from the United States, to have a parent who was also a space traveler. During his ISS flight, he filmed a science fiction movie Apogee of Fear.[5]

The creator of the Ultima game series, Garriott was involved in all games in the series, and directly supervised all eleven main installments, starting with 1979's Akalabeth: World of Doom and concluding with 1999's Ultima IX: Ascension. Within the context of Ultima, Garriot presented himself as the fictional persona of Lord British. The series is considered influential, notably helping with establishing the computer role-playing game genre. He founded the video game development company Portalarium in 2009.[6] He was CEO of Portalarium and creative director of Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues[7] until 2018 when he shed the title,[8] later relinquishing all Shroud of the Avatar assets to Catnip Games in 2019.[9]

Early life

[edit]

Richard Allen Garriott was born in Cambridge, England on 4 July 1961,[10][11] to Helen Mary (née Walker) Garriott (1930–2017[12]) and Owen Garriott, one of NASA's first scientist-astronauts (selected in NASA Astronaut Group 4), who flew on Skylab 3 and Space Shuttle mission STS-9.[13][14] His parents had been high school sweethearts growing up in Enid, Oklahoma.[15]: 61  Although both his parents were Americans, Garriott claims dual citizenship for both the United States and the United Kingdom by birth.[1]

Garriott was raised in Nassau Bay, Texas from the age of about two months.[1][13] Since his childhood, he had dreamed of becoming a NASA astronaut like his father. Eyesight problems discovered at the age of 13 blocked his ambition, however, so he instead came to focus on computer game development.[16]

Garriott's "first real exposure to computers" occurred in 1975, during his freshman year at Clear Creek High School. In search of more experience than the single one-semester BASIC class the school offered, and as a fan of The Lord of the Rings and Dungeons & Dragons, Garriott convinced the school to let him create a self-directed course in programming. He used the course to create fantasy computer games on the school's teletype machine.[17][18] Garriott later estimated that he wrote 28 computer fantasy games during high school.[11]

One of Garriott's game pseudonyms is "British", a name he still uses for various gaming characters, including Ultima character Lord British and Tabula Rasa character General British.[19][20] The name was given to him by his first Dungeons and Dragons friends because he was born in the UK.[21]

Game design career

[edit]

Early days

[edit]

Garriott began writing computer games in 1974. His first games were created on teletype terminals. The code was stored on paper tape spools, and the game was displayed as an ongoing print-out. In summer 1979, Garriott worked at a ComputerLand store where he first encountered Apple computers. Inspired by their video monitors with color graphics, he began to add perspective view to his own games. After he created Akalabeth for fun, the owner of the store convinced Garriott it might sell. Garriott spent $200 printing copies of a manual and cover sheet that his mother had drawn, then put copies of the game in Ziploc bags, a common way to sell software at the time. Although Garriott sold fewer than a dozen copies at the store, one copy made it to California Pacific Computer Company, which signed a deal with him. The game sold over 30,000 copies, and Garriott received five dollars for each copy sold.[18][22][23] The US$150,000 (equivalent to $630,000 in 2023) he earned was three times his father's astronaut salary.[24] Akalabeth is considered the first published computer role playing game.

Later that year, Garriott entered the University of Texas at Austin (UT).[25] He joined the school's fencing team, and later, the Society for Creative Anachronism.[26] He lived at home with his parents while attending university, and from there created Ultima I with his friend Ken Arnold.[27] Its cover, and those of several subsequently Garriott games, were painted by Denis Loubet, whose art Garriott discovered during a visit to Steve Jackson Games.[28]

Origin Systems

[edit]

Garriott continued to develop the Ultima series of video games in the early 1980s, eventually leaving UT to work on them full time.[18] Originally programmed for the Apple II, the Ultima series later became available on several platforms. Ultima II was published by Sierra On-Line, as they were the only company that would agree to publish it in a box together with a printed cloth map. By the time he developed Ultima III, Garriott, together with his brother Robert, their father Owen and Chuck Bueche established their own video game publisher, Origin Systems, to handle publishing and distribution, in part due to controversy with Sierra over royalties for the PC port of Ultima II.[29][30][10]

The use of the term avatar for the on-screen representation of the user was coined in 1985 by Richard Garriott for the computer game Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar. In this game, Garriott desired the player's character to be their Earth self manifested into the virtual world. Due to the ethical content of his story, Garriott wanted the real player to be responsible for their character; he thought only someone playing "themselves" could be properly judged based on their in-game actions. Because of its ethically nuanced narrative approach, he took the Hindu word associated with a deity's manifestation on earth in physical form, and applied it to a player in the game world.[31]

Garriott, dressed as his "Lord British" persona, at the 2018 Game Developers Conference

Garriott sold Origin Systems to Electronic Arts (EA) in September 1992 for $30 million.[32] In 1997, he coined the term massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), giving a new identity to the nascent genre previously known as graphical MUDs.[33] In 1999 and 2000, EA canceled all of Origin's new development projects, including Privateer Online, and Harry Potter Online.[34][35] Garriott resigned from the company and formed Destination Games in April 2000 with his brother and Starr Long (the producer of Ultima Online).

NCSoft

[edit]

Once Garriott's non-compete agreement with EA expired a year later, Destination partnered with NCSoft where Garriott acted as a producer and designer of MMORPGs. After that, he became the CEO of NCSoft Austin, also known as NC Interactive.[36]

Tabula Rasa failed to generate much money during its initial release, despite its seven-year development period. On November 24, 2008, NCSoft announced that it planned to end the live service of Tabula Rasa. The servers shut down on February 28, 2009, after a period of free play from January 10 onward for existing account holders.[37]

NCSoft fired Garriot in November 2008, but publicly claimed that he left the company voluntarily, resulting in a lawsuit against them.[38][39] In July 2010, an Austin District Court awarded Garriott US$28 million in his lawsuit against NCSoft, finding that the company did not appropriately handle his departure in 2008. In October 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the judgment.[40]

Portalarium

[edit]

Garriott founded the company Portalarium in 2009, which developed Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues, a spiritual successor to the Ultima series. Garriott remarked that had they been able to secure the intellectual property rights to Ultima from EA, the game could have become Ultima Online 2.[41][42][43][44] On March 8, 2013, Portalarium launched a Kickstarter campaign[45] for Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues.[46] An early access version of the game was released on Steam in 2014, and the game was fully released in March 2018.[47][48] The game received "mixed or average" reviews from critics.[49] In October 2019, the assets and rights to Shroud of the Avatar were sold to Catnip Games, a company owned by Portalarium CEO Chris Spears.[50] Garriott is no longer associated with either company.

Current

[edit]

In April 2022 he announced he had begun working on a new fantasy MMO that uses NFT technology with long-time contributor Todd Porter.[51] In August 2022, the game was announced as Iron and Magic.[52] However, in May 2023, it was reported that the game's official website has vanished and its Facebook page has lied dormant since September 2022, leading to many speculations regarding the status of the game.[53]

Private Astronaut

[edit]

In 1983, Softline reported that "Garriott wants to go into space but doesn't see it happening in the predictable future ... He has frequently joked with his father about stowing away on a spaceship, and recently his speculations have been sounding uncomfortably realistic".[10] The income from the success of Garriott's video game career allowed him to pursue his interest in spaceflight.[10] After the sale of Origin Systems, he invested in Space Adventures and purchased a ticket to become the first private citizen to fly into space. Due to financial setbacks in 2001 after the dot-com bubble burst, however, he was forced to sell his seat to Dennis Tito.[54]

Garriott then returned to creating games; once he had accumulated sufficient funds, he put down another non-refundable deposit. During his mandatory medical examination a hemangioma was discovered on his liver, which could cause potentially fatal internal bleeding in the event of a rapid spacecraft depressurization. Given the choice of forfeiting his deposit or undergoing surgical removal of the angioma, he decided to have the surgery.[54]

Richard Garriott (far right) aboard the ISS on October 23, 2008, with the MIT SPHERES Satellites.

On September 28, 2007, Space Adventures announced that Garriott would fly to the International Space Station in October 2008 as a self-funded Private Astronaut at a reported cost of $30 million.[3][55] On October 12, 2008, after a year of training in Russia, Garriott became the second second-generation space traveler (after Sergei Volkov),[56][57] the first offspring of an American astronaut to go into space,[3][56][58] and the second person to wear the British Union flag in space.[59] His father, Owen Garriott, was at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan for the launch, and was in attendance when he landed safely, along with Russian cosmonauts Sergei Volkov and Oleg Kononenko, twelve days later.[60][61][62][63]

Screen capture from Windows on Earth, used by Garriott on ISS to identify targets for Earth photography (Coast of Peru).

During his spaceflight, Garriott took part in several education outreach efforts. The free Metro newspaper in London provided him with a special edition containing details of British primary school students' space experiment concepts that Garriott took to the ISS. The Metro has claimed, as a result, that it was the first newspaper in space.[64][65] He communicated with students and other Amateur Radio operators and transmitted photographs using the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) slow-scan television system,[66] and placed a geocache while aboard the ISS.[67]

Garriott worked with the Windows on Earth project, which provides an interactive, virtual view of Earth as seen from the ISS.[68] Garriott used Windows on Earth software to assist in the selection of locations on Earth to photograph, and the public were able to use the same online tool to track the ISS and see the view Garriott was experiencing. Garriott's photographs, along with images taken by his astronaut father Owen Garriott in 1973, will be available to the public through Windows on Earth, adding a personal element to studies of Earth and how Earth has changed over time.[68]

Garriott covertly smuggled a portion of the ashes of Star Trek actor James Doohan on a laminated card, which he placed under the floor cladding of the ISS's Columbus module. This action was kept secret until Christmas Day 2020 when Doohan's son made the fact public on his Twitter account. At the time of the reveal, Doohan's ashes had orbited the Earth more than 70,000 times and traveled more than 1.7 billion miles.[69]

Garriott's film Apogee of Fear was the first ever fictional (short) film fully filmed in space (whereas Return from Orbit was only partially filmed in space).[70] Tracy Hickman wrote the screenplay.[71]

In 2010 he was featured in a documentary, Man on a Mission: Richard Garriott's Road to the Stars, which covered his spaceflight training and mission into orbit.[72]

Other exploration

[edit]
2022 in Manhattan

In January 2021, Garriott was elected president of The Explorers Club.[73]

In February 2021, Garriott traveled to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest oceanic trench on the planet.[74][75] While there, as well as performing scientific duties, he placed a geocache and recorded another short sci-fi film. This made him the holder of both altitude and depth records for these activities.[76][77]

Other accomplishments and interests

[edit]

In 1986, Garriott helped start the Challenger Center for Space Science Education with his high school science teacher, June Scobee Rodgers, widow of Challenger Shuttle Commander Dick Scobee, who piloted the ill-fated STS-51-L mission. Scobee Rodgers drew on Garriott's early leadership in gaming to help design what have become approximately 50 global interactive networked facilities, where students perform simulated space missions.[78]

Garriott bought the Luna 21 lander and the Lunokhod 2 rover (both currently on the lunar surface) from the Lavochkin Association for $68,500 in December 1993 at a Sotheby's auction in New York.[79] (The catalog incorrectly lists lot 68A as Luna 17/Lunokhod 1.[80]) Garriott notes that while UN treaties ban governmental ownership of property on other celestial bodies, corporations and private citizens retain such rights. Lunokhod 2 is still in use, with mirrors aligned to reflect lasers such that precise Earth-Moon distances can be measured. With his vehicle still in use, Garriott claims property rights to the territory surveyed by Lunokhod 2. This may be the first valid claim for private ownership of extraterrestrial territory.[81] Lunokhod 2 held the record for distance traveled on the surface of another planetary body until it was surpassed by NASA's Opportunity Rover in 2014.[82]

From 1988 through 1994 Garriott built a haunted house/museum every other year at Britannia Manor, his residence in Austin, Texas. Garriott's haunted houses cost tens of thousands of dollars to create each year and took many months and a sizable team to construct, yet were free to the public.[83]

Garriott promotes private space flight and served as vice-chairman of the board of directors for Space Adventures. He is also a trustee of the X PRIZE Foundation.[84]

Garriott participated in the first zero gravity wedding on June 20, 2009, with his wife Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux.[85][86] The wedding took place in a specially modified Boeing 727-200 aircraft, G-Force One, operated by a company Garriott co-founded, Zero Gravity Corporation.[87]

Garriott wrote a memoir (with David Fisher) covering his accomplishments in games publishing and spaceflight, entitled Explore/Create: My Life in Pursuit of New Frontiers, Hidden Worlds, and the Creative Spark. It was published on January 10, 2017.[88]

Garriott was the inspiration for the character James Halliday in Ernest Cline's Ready Player One.[89]

Awards

[edit]

Games

[edit]
Game name First released Garriott's role(s)
Akalabeth: World of Doom 1979 Game designer & programmer
Ultima I: The First Age of Darkness 1981 Original conceptor, programmer & graphic artist
Ultima II: The Revenge of the Enchantress 1982 Game designer
Ultima III: Exodus 1983 Project director
Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar 1985 Project director
Autoduel 1985 Programmer & designer
Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny 1988 Designer, writer & programmer
Omega 1989 Designer
Ultima VI: The False Prophet 1990 Designer, producer, sound effect worker, writer & voice actor
Worlds of Ultima: The Savage Empire 1990 Executive producer
Ultima: Worlds of Adventure 2: Martian Dreams 1991 Creative director
Ultima: Runes of Virtue 1991 Creative director
Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss 1992 Director & voice actor
Ultima VII: The Black Gate 1992 Director & producer
Ultima VII: Forge of Virtue 1993 Creative assistance & producer
Ultima VII Part Two: Serpent Isle 1993 Creative director & audio team member
Ultima VII Part Two: The Silver Seed 1993 Director & voice actor
Ultima VIII: Pagan 1994 Producer
Ultima: Runes of Virtue II 1994 Creative director & additional design
Ultima VIII: The Lost Vale Cancelled Producer
BioForge 1995 Executive producer
Ultima Online 1997 Producer
Ultima Online: The Second Age 1998 Executive designer
Lineage 1998 Executive producer
Ultima IX: Ascension 1999 Director
Lineage II 2003 Executive producer
City of Heroes 2004 Executive producer
City of Villains 2005 Executive management
Tabula Rasa 2007 Creative director & executive producer
Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues 2018 Creative director
Iron and Magic TBD Creative director

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "One on One With Richard 'Lord British' Garriott". PC Gamer. UK. August 2007. p. 11. Retrieved 1 April 2016. PCG: 'How did you come by the alias of Lord British? You're obviously not English.' Richard Garriott: 'Actually, that's not true ... I am a British citizen. That said, I only lived there for about two months prior to moving to the States.'
  2. ^ "D.I.C.E Special Awards". Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Mark Carreau (2008). "$30 million buys Austin resident a ride on Soyuz mission". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  4. ^ Tariq Malik. "Former Astronaut's Son Signs on as Next Space Tourist". SPACE.com. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  5. ^ Richard Garriott's "Apogee Of Fear," First Sci Fi Movie Ever Shot In Space, Fails To Launch, Huffington Post, January 14, 2012
  6. ^ About – Portalarium from official company website
  7. ^ Garriott de Cayeux, Richard. "By the way..." Google+. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  8. ^ Garriott de Cayeux, Richard (12 October 2018). "Shroud of the Avatar's Richard Garriott sheds CEO title for Creative Director role". Massively Overpowered. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  9. ^ "Catnip Games Acquires Shroud of the Avatar". Portalarium. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d Durkee, David (November–December 1983). "Profiles in Programming / Lord British". Softline. p. 26. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Inside Ultima IV". Computer Gaming World. March 1986. pp. 18–21. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008.
  12. ^ Garriott Family (2017-09-05). Helen Mary Walker Garriott. Enid News, 5 September 2017. Retrieved on 2020-07-04 from https://obituaries.enidnews.com/obituary/helen-mary-garriott-972976051.
  13. ^ a b "International Space Station". Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  14. ^ Tariq Malik (28 September 2007). "Former Astronaut's Son Signs on as Next Space Tourist". space.com. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
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  17. ^ Official Book of Ultima by Shay Addams, pp. 3–5
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  30. ^ Gillen, Kieron (4 March 2008). "Warren Spector Interviews Every-Bloody-One". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
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  33. ^ Safko, Ron; Brake, David (2009). The Social Media Bible: Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-41155-1. Richard Garriott first coined the term MMORPG in 1997.
  34. ^ Linder, Brian (10 May 2001). "IGN: Harry Potter LEGO Redux". Retrieved 28 April 2007.
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  46. ^ "Shroud of the Avatar Home Page". Portalarium. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  47. ^ O'Connor, Alice (25 November 2014). "Steaming: Shroud Of The Avatar Arrives On Early Access". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
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  50. ^ "Catnip Games Acquires Shroud of the Avatar". Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
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  52. ^ Litchfield, Ted (15 August 2022). "Richard Garriott's NFT MMO entreats you to 'buy land in the realm of Lord British'". PC Gamer. Future plc. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  53. ^ Lefebvre, Eliot (26 May 2023). "Richard Garriott's NFT-based MMO, Iron & Magic, appears to have vanished already". Massively Overpowered. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
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  67. ^ "International Space Station Traditional Geocache".
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  69. ^ Miami, Jacqui Goddard. "Ashes of Star Trek's Scotty smuggled on to International Space Station". thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  70. ^ "The Hill". 8 November 2020.
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  72. ^ Jenkins, Mark (13 January 2012). "In Astro-Dad's Footsteps: A Son's 'Mission' To Space". NPR. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
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  76. ^ Pearlman, Robert (26 February 2021). "Q&A: Private astronaut Richard Garriott set to dive to lowest point on Earth". Space.com. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  77. ^ Evans, Mark (2 March 2021). "Richard Garriott makes history with Marianas Trench dive". ScubaDiverMag.com. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  78. ^ Challenger Center / Space Adventures Announcement Archived 2014-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
  79. ^ "The Bloc on the Block". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  80. ^ Sotheby's Catalogue – Russian Space History, Addendum, Lot 68A, December 11, 1993
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