Wisłoujście Fortress: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox historic site |
{{Infobox historic site |
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| name = Wisłoujście |
| name = Wisłoujście Fortress |
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| image = Twierdza Wisłoujście, Gdańsk.jpg |
| image = Twierdza Wisłoujście, Gdańsk.jpg |
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| image_size = 300 |
| image_size = 300 |
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| caption = Aerial view of the Wisłoujście Fortress |
| caption = Aerial view of the Wisłoujście Fortress |
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| locmapin = Poland |
| locmapin = Poland#Poland Pomeranian Voivodeship |
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| map_width = 275 |
| map_width = 275 |
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| map_caption = Location of the Wisłoujście Fortress in Poland |
| map_caption = Location of the Wisłoujście Fortress in Poland |
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| coordinates = {{coord|54|23|41|N|18|40|51|E|type:landmark_scale:3000_region:PL|display= |
| coordinates = {{coord|54|23|41|N|18|40|51|E|type:landmark_scale:3000_region:PL|display=it}} |
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| location = [[Gdańsk]], [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]] in [[Poland]] |
| location = [[Gdańsk]], [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]] in [[Poland]] |
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| area = |
| area = |
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| architecture = |
| architecture = |
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| governing_body = |
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| designation1 = |
| designation1 = Historic Monument of Poland |
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| designation1_number = Dz. U. z 2020 r. poz. 1288<ref name=ph/> |
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| designation1_free1name = |
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| designation1_free1value = JPG |
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'''Wisłoujście Fortress''' ({{ |
'''Wisłoujście Fortress''' ({{langx|pl|Twierdza Wisłoujście}}, {{langx|de|Festung Weichselmünde}}) is a [[historic site|historic]] [[fortress]] located in [[Gdańsk]] by the [[Martwa Wisła]] river, by an old estuary of the river [[Vistula]], flowing into the [[Bay of Gdańsk]]. The fortress is located close to the Wisłoujście [[borough]], [[Westerplatte]] and the Port Północny (Northern Port).<ref>{{cite web|title=Twierdz Wisłoujście|url=http://www.mhmg.pl/oddzial/7/twierdza-wisloujscie|website=Historic Museum of the City of Gdańsk|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625081934/http://www.mhmg.pl/oddzial/7/twierdza-wisloujscie|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is listed as a [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monument of Poland]].<ref name=ph>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 20 kwietnia 2018 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Gdańsk - Twierdza Wisłoujście"|year=2018|number=1008}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Different parts of the [[fortress]] are clearly in different architectural styles (predominantly [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]) and in different styles of construction and building materials. This is the result of the fortress being rebuilt every time it was destroyed or badly damaged. The basement and foundation of the fortress is based on wooden crates (''kaszyce''), which are hidden underneath in the water. |
Different parts of the [[fortress]] are clearly in different architectural styles (predominantly [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]) and in different styles of construction and building materials. This is the result of the fortress being rebuilt every time it was destroyed or badly damaged. The basement and foundation of the fortress is based on wooden crates (''kaszyce''), which are hidden underneath in the water. Rubble was heaped on top of these structures to strengthen them, providing a stable and strong base for the fortress. The heart of the fortress is a [[Circle|circular]] tower (currently devoid of the [[Coping (architecture)|coping]]), which until 1785 was used as a [[lighthouse]]. The lighthouse is surrounded by a [[brick]] [[flange]] (also known as a circular battery), whose inner walls are sealed together with the officers' living quarters. Around the battery there is a four-[[bastion]] ''Fort Carré'', which is led by a [[gatehouse]] with a [[postern]] from 1609. The north-western side of the fort-carré is adjoined to the [[Martwa Wisła]] river, while the rest of the fortress is separated off from land by a [[Sconce (fortification)|sconce]] known as the ''Szaniec Wschodny'' (Eastern Sconce). The sconce is lined up with five [[bastion]]s, two of which are [[ravelin]]s - one of which survived. The ''Fort carré'' as well as the Eastern Sconce are surrounded by a [[moat]], sourced by the [[Martwa Wisła]] river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twierdza Wisłoujście|url=http://www.trojmiasto.pl/Twierdza-Wisloujscie-o95.html|website=Trójmiasto|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Twierdza Wisłoujście|url=http://www.mygdansk.com.pl/twierdza-wisloujscie.php|website=My Gdańsk|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> |
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From about 1721 until 1889, the lighthouse tower was topped with a later-[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[coping (architecture)|coping]]. After its burning due to a fire caused by lightning, the [[Coping (architecture)|coping]] was reconstructed and coated with [[shale]], which survived up until 1945. The tower also had formerly a clock, dating back to the eighteenth century. |
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In 1945, due to artillery strikes the tower was almost completely destroyed, the coping and officers' headquarters and upper levels were also devastated. The only parts of the fortress which were left untouched, were the walls of the |
In 1945, due to artillery strikes, the tower was almost completely destroyed, the coping and officers' headquarters and upper levels were also devastated. The only parts of the fortress which were left untouched, were the walls of the ''Fort Carré''. In 1959 the tower was added to the Register of Heritage Sites, and reconstruction of the fortress began. |
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[[File:Wisłoujście3.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[[Fort Carré]] of the Wisłoujście Fortress with the lighthouse tower, as seen from the [[Martwa Wisła]] river]] |
[[File:Wisłoujście3.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[[Fort Carré]] of the Wisłoujście Fortress with the lighthouse tower, as seen from the [[Martwa Wisła]] river]] |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Twierdza Wisloujscie.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Gdansk Twierdza Wisloujscie 9.jpg|thumb|Lighthouse tower and its coping]] |
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[[File:Wisłoujście1642.jpg|thumb|left |
[[File:Wisłoujście1642.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of the Wisłoujście Fortress from 16 June 1642 by B. Hedding, painted in colour by Johann Gelentin in the first quarter of the eighteenth century]] |
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Following the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic]] annexation Gdańsk, in the fourteenth century, a wooden fortress stood by the mouth of the river [[Vistula]], flowing into the [[Baltic Sea]]; which was burnt down by a [[Hussites|Hussite]] [[Sirotci]] raid, in September 1433. In 1482, a [[brick]] [[lighthouse]] tower was built in place of the former fortress. The tower was assigned to control the passage of ships, traveling to and from the [[Bay of Gdańsk]]'s main port city of [[Gdańsk]]. The Wisłoujście Fortress was target for military campaigns. In 1577 the fortress was besieged several times by [[Stefan Batory]], inconclusively, during the [[Battle of Oliwa]] (1627), when the fortress was cannonaded by a [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] fleet; in 1734 by [[Russian Empire|Russian]]-[[Electorate of Saxony|Saxon]], in 1793 by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]], in 1807 by [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleonic]], and once again in 1814 by Prussian fleets. Between 1622-1629 the fortress was known as ''Latarnia'' (''Lighthouse'', [[Polish language|Polish]]), under the name of a fortress - while actually being a naval base of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Army of Warsaw|url=http://pulk12.pl/epoka/cesarskim-sladem/polska/142-twierdza-wisloujscie.html|website=Pulk 12|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606084829/http://pulk12.pl/epoka/cesarskim-sladem/polska/142-twierdza-wisloujscie.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the night of 5–6 July 1628 the fortress was attacked with artillery fire, from a [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] fleet traveling from Wisłoujście, into the fortress, sinking the vessel ''Złoty Lew'' (''Golden Lion'', [[Polish language|Polish]]), and a [[galleon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Holidays|url=http://www.rmf24.pl/raport-wakacje-2014/fakty/news-unikat-w-skali-swiatowej-oto-twierdza-wisloujscie,nId,1475514|website=Radio Muzyka Fakty|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> |
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After the [[Second Partition of Poland]], the fortress came under Prussian control, and from the 1820s it served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including members of the [[Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)|resistance movement]], protesters, insurgents of the [[November Uprising|November]] and [[January Uprising|January]] uprisings and refugees from the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army.<ref name=rk>{{cite journal|last=Kubus|first=Radosław|year=2019|title=Ucieczki z twierdzy Wisłoujście w I połowie XIX wieku|journal=Vade Nobiscum|location=Łódź|publisher=Wydawnictwo [[University of Łódź|Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego]]|language=pl|volume=XX|pages=154–155}}</ref> Among the prisoners were [[Karol Marcinkowski]], [[Gustaw Potworowski]], [[Walenty Stefański]] and General Józef Szymanowski.<ref name=rk/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1308]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1308]] |
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[[Category:Round towers]] |
[[Category:Round towers]] |
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[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Gdańsk]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:42, 17 December 2024
| Wisłoujście Fortress | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view of the Wisłoujście Fortress | |
| Location | Gdańsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland |
| Coordinates | 54°23′41″N 18°40′51″E / 54.39472°N 18.68083°E |
| Built | 1308 |
| Designated | 2018-04-20 |
| Reference no. | Dz. U. z 2020 r. poz. 1288[1] |
  Location of the Wisłoujście Fortress in Poland  Wisłoujście Fortress (Pomeranian Voivodeship) | |
Wisłoujście Fortress (Polish: Twierdza Wisłoujście, German: Festung Weichselmünde) is a historic fortress located in Gdańsk by the Martwa Wisła river, by an old estuary of the river Vistula, flowing into the Bay of Gdańsk. The fortress is located close to the Wisłoujście borough, Westerplatte and the Port Północny (Northern Port).[2] It is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.[1]
Description
[edit]Different parts of the fortress are clearly in different architectural styles (predominantly Gothic) and in different styles of construction and building materials. This is the result of the fortress being rebuilt every time it was destroyed or badly damaged. The basement and foundation of the fortress is based on wooden crates (kaszyce), which are hidden underneath in the water. Rubble was heaped on top of these structures to strengthen them, providing a stable and strong base for the fortress. The heart of the fortress is a circular tower (currently devoid of the coping), which until 1785 was used as a lighthouse. The lighthouse is surrounded by a brick flange (also known as a circular battery), whose inner walls are sealed together with the officers' living quarters. Around the battery there is a four-bastion Fort Carré, which is led by a gatehouse with a postern from 1609. The north-western side of the fort-carré is adjoined to the Martwa Wisła river, while the rest of the fortress is separated off from land by a sconce known as the Szaniec Wschodny (Eastern Sconce). The sconce is lined up with five bastions, two of which are ravelins - one of which survived. The Fort carré as well as the Eastern Sconce are surrounded by a moat, sourced by the Martwa Wisła river.[3][4]
From about 1721 until 1889, the lighthouse tower was topped with a later-Baroque coping. After its burning due to a fire caused by lightning, the coping was reconstructed and coated with shale, which survived up until 1945. The tower also had formerly a clock, dating back to the eighteenth century.
In 1945, due to artillery strikes, the tower was almost completely destroyed, the coping and officers' headquarters and upper levels were also devastated. The only parts of the fortress which were left untouched, were the walls of the Fort Carré. In 1959 the tower was added to the Register of Heritage Sites, and reconstruction of the fortress began.
History
[edit]
Following the Teutonic annexation Gdańsk, in the fourteenth century, a wooden fortress stood by the mouth of the river Vistula, flowing into the Baltic Sea; which was burnt down by a Hussite Sirotci raid, in September 1433. In 1482, a brick lighthouse tower was built in place of the former fortress. The tower was assigned to control the passage of ships, traveling to and from the Bay of Gdańsk's main port city of Gdańsk. The Wisłoujście Fortress was target for military campaigns. In 1577 the fortress was besieged several times by Stefan Batory, inconclusively, during the Battle of Oliwa (1627), when the fortress was cannonaded by a Swedish fleet; in 1734 by Russian-Saxon, in 1793 by Prussian, in 1807 by Napoleonic, and once again in 1814 by Prussian fleets. Between 1622-1629 the fortress was known as Latarnia (Lighthouse, Polish), under the name of a fortress - while actually being a naval base of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[5] On the night of 5–6 July 1628 the fortress was attacked with artillery fire, from a Swedish fleet traveling from Wisłoujście, into the fortress, sinking the vessel Złoty Lew (Golden Lion, Polish), and a galleon.[6]
After the Second Partition of Poland, the fortress came under Prussian control, and from the 1820s it served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including members of the resistance movement, protesters, insurgents of the November and January uprisings and refugees from the Russian Partition of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army.[7] Among the prisoners were Karol Marcinkowski, Gustaw Potworowski, Walenty Stefański and General Józef Szymanowski.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 20 kwietnia 2018 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Gdańsk - Twierdza Wisłoujście", Dz. U., 2018, No. 1008
- ^ "Twierdz Wisłoujście". Historic Museum of the City of Gdańsk. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Twierdza Wisłoujście". Trójmiasto. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Twierdza Wisłoujście". My Gdańsk. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Royal Army of Warsaw". Pulk 12. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Holidays". Radio Muzyka Fakty. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ a b Kubus, Radosław (2019). "Ucieczki z twierdzy Wisłoujście w I połowie XIX wieku". Vade Nobiscum (in Polish). XX. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego: 154–155.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Wisłoujście Fortress at Wikimedia Commons
