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{{otherpeople5|Empress Xiao}}{{Short description|Qing Dynasty consort to the Qianlong Emperor}}
{{Short description|Posthumous empress of the Qing dynasty}}
{{similar names|Empress Xiao (disambiguation){{!}}Empress Xiao}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Empress Xiaoyichun
| name = Empress Xiaoyichun 《posthumous name》
| title = [[List of Chinese empresses and queens|Empress of]] [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] (posthumously)
⚫
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| image = Empress XiaoYi.PNG
| image = Empress XiaoYi.PNG
| image_size = 200px
| image_size = 200px
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| reign =
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| coronation =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1727|10|23|df=y}}<br>(雍正五年 九月 九日)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1727|10|23|df=y}}<br>(雍正五年 九月 九日)
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1775|2|28|1727|10|23|df=y}}<br>(乾隆四十年 正月 二十九日)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1775|2|28|1727|10|23|df=y}}<br>(乾隆四十年 正月 二十九日)
| death_place = [[Forbidden City]]
| death_place = [[Forbidden City]], [[Beijing]]
| burial_place = Yu Mausoleum, [[Eastern Qing tombs]]
| burial_place = Yu Mausoleum, [[Eastern Qing tombs]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Qianlong Emperor]]|1745}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Qianlong Emperor]]|1745}}
| consort =
| consort = yes
⚫
| issue = {{plainlist|
| issue = [[Princess Hejing (1756–1775)|Princess Hejing of the First Rank]]<br>[[Princess Heke|Princess Heke of the Second Rank]]<br>[[Jiaqing Emperor]]<br>[[Yonglin]], [[Prince Qing|Prince Qingxi of the First Rank]]
* [[Princess Hejing (born 1756)|Princess Hejing of the First Rank]]
| issue-link =
* [[Princess Heke|Princess Heke of the Second Rank]]
| issue-pipe =
* [[Jiaqing Emperor]]
| issue-type =
* [[Yonglin]], [[Prince Qing|Prince Qingxi of the First Rank]]
| full name =
}}
| era name =
⚫
| posthumous name = '''Empress Xiaoyi''' Gongshun Kangyu Ciren Duanke Minzhe Yitian Yusheng '''Chun''' ('''孝儀'''恭順康裕慈仁端恪敏哲翼天毓聖'''純皇后''')
| era dates =
⚫
| house = [[Wei (surname)|Wei]], later Weigiya (魏佳氏; by birth)<br>[[Aisin-Gioro]] (by marriage)
| regnal name =
⚫
| posthumous name = '''Empress Xiaoyi''' Gongshun Kangyu Ciren Duanke Minzhe Yitian Yusheng '''Chun'''<br>('''孝儀'''恭順康裕慈仁端恪敏哲翼天毓聖'''純皇后'''<br>
'''孝仪'''恭顺康裕慈仁端恪敏哲翼天毓圣'''纯皇后''')
| temple name =
⚫
| house = [[Wei (surname)|Wei]], later Weigiya (魏佳; by birth)<br>[[Aisin Gioro]] (by marriage)
| house-type =
| father = Wei Qingtai
| father = Wei Qingtai
| mother = Lady Yanggiya
| mother = Lady Yanggiya
| religion =
| occupation =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| module =
}}
}}


{{Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 孝儀純皇后
| t = 孝儀純皇后
| s = 孝仪纯皇后
| s = 孝仪纯皇后
Line 59: Line 35:
}}
}}


'''Empress Xiaoyichun''' (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775), of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bordered Yellow Banner]] Weigiya clan, was a consort of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]. She was 16 years his junior. Her eldest surviving son became the [[Jiaqing Emperor]].
'''Empress Xiaoyichun''' (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775) of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bordered Yellow Banner]] Weigiya clan was an [[Imperial Chinese harem system#Qing|imperial consort]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]. She was the favored concubine of the [[Qianlong Emperor]], with whom she conceived seven children.


==Life==
==Life==
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Empress Xiaoyichun's personal name was not recorded in history. She was a [[Han Chinese]] [[Booi Aha]] of the Bordered Yellow Banner by birth.
Empress Xiaoyichun's personal name was not recorded in history. She was a [[Han Chinese]] [[Booi Aha]] of the Bordered Yellow Banner by birth.


* Father: Qingtai ({{lang|zh|清泰}}); served as a fifth rank literary official ({{lang|zh|內管領}}) in the [[Imperial Household Department]], and held the title of a third class duke ({{lang|zh|三等公}})
* Father: Wei Qingtai ({{lang|zh|魏清泰}}), who served as a fifth rank literary official ({{lang|zh|內管領}}) in the [[Imperial Household Department]] and held the title of a third class duke ({{lang|zh|三等公}})
** Paternal grandfather: Jiuling ({{lang|zh|九齡}})
** Paternal grandfather: Wei Jiuling ({{lang|zh|魏九齡}})
* Mother: Lady Yanggiya ({{Lang|zh|楊佳氏}})
* Mother: Lady Yanggiya ({{Lang|zh|楊佳氏}})
* One elder sister
* Two brothers

===Yongzheng era===
===Yongzheng era===
Lady Wei was born on the ninth day of the ninth [[Lunar calendar|lunar]] month in the fifth year of the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]], which translates to 23 October 1727 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].
Lady Wei was born on the 9th day of the 9th [[Lunar calendar|lunar]] month in the 5th year of the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]], which translates to 23 October 1727 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].


===Qianlong era===
===Qianlong era===
It is not known when Lady Wei entered the [[Forbidden City]] as a maid. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". She was elevated on 9 December 1745 to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" ({{Lang|zh|令}}) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749 she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children, the Qianlong Emperor adored her, describing her as gentle and beautiful. On 10 August 1756, when she was twenty-nine years old, she gave birth to the emperor's seventh daughter, [[Princess Hejing (1756–1775)|Princess Hejing]]. One year later, on 31 August 1757, she gave birth to the 14th son, Yonglu, who would die prematurely on 3 May 1760, and on 17 August 1758 to the ninth daughter, [[Princess Heke]]. On 3 February 1760, Consort Ling was elevated to "Noble Consort Ling". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to the emperor's 15th son, [[Jiaqing Emperor|Yongyan]], and on 13 January 1763 to his 16th son, who would die prematurely on 6 May 1765.
It is not known when Lady Wei entered the [[Forbidden City]]. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". On 9 December 1745, she was elevated to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" ({{Lang|zh|令}}) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749, she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children with the Qianlong Emperor, he doted on her and described her as "gentle and beautiful". On 10 August 1756, when she was almost 29 years old, she gave birth to his 7th daughter, [[Princess Hejing (born 1756)|Princess Hejing]]. Consort Ling later gave birth to his 14th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglu, on 31 August 1757 (though he would die prematurely on 3 May 1760) and to his 9th daughter, [[Princess Heke]], on 17 August 1758. On 3 February 1760, she was elevated to "Noble Consort". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to his 15th son, [[Jiaqing Emperor|Aisin-Gioro Yongyan]].


In 1765, while on a tour to [[Hangzhou]], [[Empress Nara]] fell out of favor and was send back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind the empress' downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when they returned to the Forbidden City the emperor stripped the empress of her powers and on 28 July he promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to the 17th son, [[Yonglin]].
On 13 January 1763, Noble Consort Ling gave birth to Qianlong's 16th son, who died prematurely on 6 May 1765. That same year, while on a tour to [[Hangzhou]], [[Empress Nara]] fell out of favor and was sent back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind her downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when the imperial entourage returned to the Forbidden City, Qianlong stripped Empress Nara of her power and, on 28 July, promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to Qianlong's 17th son, [[Yonglin|Aisin-Gioro Yonglin]].


Empress Nara died on 19 August 1766 and the emperor did not designate a new empress. However, the Imperial Noble Consort, who held the highest rank among all of the consorts, was placed in charge of the imperial harem. Like her master, she was thrifty in managing the palace funds and guided the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] rituals. She also accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on his excursions to [[Mount Tai]], [[Rehe Province|Jehol]] and the areas south of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]].
On 19 August 1766, Empress Nara died of illness, but a new empress was not designated. However, Imperial Noble Consort Ling, who held the highest rank among all of the consorts, was placed in charge of the palace and served her role well. Her duties as the [[de facto]] empress were guiding rites at the ancestral altar, evaluating the personnel, approving budgets, supervising the education of the princes, and planning all imperial marriages. She also regularly met with [[Eunuchs in China|eunuchs]], female attendants, the emperor's other consorts, imperial princesses (including her two daughters), and her husband, whom she accompanied on his excursions to [[Mount Tai]], [[Rehe Province|Jehol]] and the areas south of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]].


In the thirty-eight year of his reign, the emperor decided to secretly select an heir. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was hardworking and humble.
In 1773, Qianlong decided to secretly select the crown prince. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was very hardworking and humble. Despite these excellent circumstances for her, Imperial Noble Consort Ling became increasingly ill as the years passed. On 9 February 1775, Princess Hejing died and the tragic news worsened Imperial Noble Consort Ling's condition.


=== Death and burial ===
As time passed, the Imperial Noble Consort became increasingly ill. On 9 February 1775 her elder daughter Princess Hejing died, and the unfortunate news worsened her condition. She succumbed to her illness on 28 February 1775 at the age of 47. On 12 March 1775, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi", and on 19 November, she was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the [[Eastern Qing tombs]] after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort. She was buried on the right side of the emperor's burial place, while his first wife, [[Empress Xiaoxianchun]], was buried on the left side. After the Yu Mausoleum grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that her remains were well-preserved during inspection.
Imperial Noble Consort Ling died at the age of 47 on 28 February of 1775, less than a month after her eldest daughter's death. On 12 March of that same year, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi". On 19 November, her corpse was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the [[Eastern Qing tombs]] after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort.


On 9 February 1796, Qianlong posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi", announced Yongyan as the [[Jiaqing Emperor]], and became a [[Taishang Huang|retired emperor]]. After Qianlong's death on 7 February 1799, Jiaqing honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun" and had her reburied at the right side of Qianlong's burial place, while his first principal wife, [[Empress Xiaoxianchun]], was buried on his left side.
===Jiaqing era===

On 9 February 1796, the Qianlong Emperor abdicated and became a [[Taishang Huang|retired emperor]]. Yongyan was enthroned as the Jiaqing Emperor. When Qianlong announced his successor he also posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi". After the Qianlong Emperor died on 7 February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun".
After the Yu Mausoleum's grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that Xiaoyichun's remains were well-preserved during inspection.


==Titles==
==Titles==
* During the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] (r. 1722–1735):
* During the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] (r. 1722–1735):
** Lady Wei ({{Lang|zh|魏氏}}; from 1727)
** Lady Wei ({{Lang|zh|魏氏}})

* During the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (r. 1735–1796):
* During the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (r. 1735–1796):
** Noble Lady ({{lang|zh|貴人}}; from 1745), sixth rank consort
** Noble Lady ({{lang|zh|貴人}}; from 1745), sixth rank imperial consort
** Imperial Concubine Ling ({{lang|zh|令嬪}}; from 9 December 1745),<ref>乾隆十年 十一月 十七日</ref> fifth rank consort
** Concubine Ling ({{lang|zh|令嬪}}; from 9 December 1745),<ref>乾隆十年 十一月 十七日</ref> fifth rank imperial consort
** Consort Ling ({{lang|zh|令妃}}; from 20 May 1749),<ref>乾隆十四年 四月 五日</ref> fourth rank consort
** Consort Ling ({{lang|zh|令妃}}; from 20 May 1749),<ref>乾隆十四年 四月 五日</ref> fourth rank imperial consort
** Noble Consort Ling ({{lang|zh|令貴妃}}; from 3 February 1760),<ref>乾隆二十四年 十二月 十七日</ref> third rank consort
** Noble Consort Ling ({{lang|zh|令貴妃}}; from 3 February 1760),<ref>乾隆二十四年 十二月 十七日</ref> third rank imperial consort
** Imperial Noble Consort<!-- DO NOT ADD "LING" --> ({{lang|zh|皇貴妃}}; from 28 July 1765),<ref>乾隆三十年 六月 十一日</ref> second rank consort
** Imperial Noble Consort<!-- DO NOT ADD "LING" --> ({{lang|zh|皇貴妃}}; from 28 July 1765),<ref>乾隆三十年 六月 十一日</ref> second rank imperial consort
** ''Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi'' ({{lang|zh|令懿皇貴妃}}; from 12 March 1775)<ref>乾隆四十年 二月 十一日</ref>
** ''Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi'' ({{lang|zh|令懿皇貴妃}}; from 12 March 1775)<ref>乾隆四十年 二月 十一日</ref>
⚫
* During the reign of the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] (r. 1796–1820):**
**''Empress Xiaoyi'' ({{lang|zh|孝儀皇后}}; from 1796)
**''Empress Xiaoyi'' ({{lang|zh|孝儀皇后}}; from 1796)
⚫
* During the reign of the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] (r. 1796–1820):
** ''Empress Xiaoyichun'' ({{lang|zh|孝儀純皇后}}; from 1799)
** ''Empress Xiaoyichun'' ({{lang|zh|孝儀純皇后}}; from 1799)


==Issue==
==Issue==
* As Consort Ling:
* As Consort Ling:
** [[Princess Hejing (1756–1775)|Princess '''Hejing''' of the First Rank]] ({{lang|zh|固倫和靜公主}}; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), the Qianlong Emperor's seventh daughter
** [[Princess Hejing (born 1756)|Princess '''Hejing''' of the First Rank]] ({{lang|zh|固倫和靜公主}}; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), the Qianlong Emperor's seventh daughter
*** Married Lhawang Dorji ({{lang|zh|拉旺多爾濟}}; 1754–1816), of the [[Borjigin#Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha Borjigit]] clan in August/September 1770
*** Married Lhawang Dorji ({{lang|zh|拉旺多爾濟}}; 1754–1816), of the Mongol [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] [[Borjigin|Borjigin clan]] in August/September 1770
** '''Yonglu''' ({{lang|zh|永璐}}; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), the Qianlong Emperor's 14th son
** '''Yonglu''' ({{lang|zh|永璐}}; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), the Qianlong Emperor's 14th son
** [[Princess Heke of the Second Rank|Princess '''Heke''' of the Second Rank]] ({{lang|zh|和碩和恪公主}}; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), the Qianlong Emperor's nith daughter
** [[Princess Heke|Princess '''Heke''' of the Second Rank]] ({{lang|zh|和碩和恪公主}}; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), the Qianlong Emperor's ninth daughter
*** Married Jalantai ({{lang|zh|札蘭泰}}; d. 1788), of the Manchu [[Uya]] clan in August/September 1772
*** Married Jalantai ({{lang|zh|札蘭泰}}; ? – 1788), of the Manchu [[Uya|Uya clan]] in August/September 1772
** ''Miscarriage at eight months'' (13 November 1759)
** ''Miscarriage at eight months'' (13 November 1759)
* As Noble Consort Ling:
* As Noble Consort Ling:
** '''Yongyan''' ({{lang|zh|顒琰}}; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son, enthroned on 9 February 1796 as the [[Jiaqing Emperor]]
** '''Yongyan''' ({{lang|zh|顒琰}}), '''Emperor Renzong of Qing''' (清仁宗; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son; enthroned on 9 February 1796 as the '''[[Jiaqing Emperor]]''' (嘉慶帝)
** ''16th son'' (13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765)
** ''Unnamed son'' (13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765), the Qianlong Emperor's 16th son
* As Imperial Noble Consort:
* As Imperial Noble Consort:
** '''[[Yonglin]]''' ({{lang|zh|永璘}}; 17 June 1766 – 25 April 1820), [[Prince Qing|Prince '''Qingxi''' of the First Rank]] ({{Lang|zh|慶僖親王}}), the Qianlong Emperor's 17th son
** '''[[Yonglin]]''' ({{lang|zh|永璘}}), [[Prince Qing|Prince '''Qingxi''' of the First Rank]] ({{Lang|zh|慶僖親王}}; 17 June 1766 – 25 April 1820), the Qianlong Emperor's 17th son


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 135: Line 111:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Imperial Chinese harem system#Qing]]
* [[Imperial Chinese harem system]]
* [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]]
* [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]]


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[[Category:18th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:18th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:Consorts of the Qianlong Emperor]]
[[Category:Consorts of the Qianlong Emperor]]
[[Category:Mothers of Chinese emperors]]

Latest revision as of 16:41, 17 December 2024

For other people with similar names, see Empress Xiao.
Empress Xiaoyichun
Empress of Qing (posthumously)
Born(1727-10-23)23 October 1727
(雍正五年 九月 九日)
Died28 February 1775(1775-02-28) (aged 47)
(乾隆四十年 正月 二十九日)
Forbidden City, Beijing
Burial
Yu Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
Spouse
​
(m. 1745)​
Issue
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaoyi Gongshun Kangyu Ciren Duanke Minzhe Yitian Yusheng Chun (孝儀恭順康裕慈仁端恪敏哲翼天毓聖純皇后)
HouseWei, later Weigiya (魏佳氏; by birth)
Aisin-Gioro (by marriage)
FatherWei Qingtai
MotherLady Yanggiya
Empress Xiaoyichun
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese孝儀純皇后
Simplified Chinese孝仪纯皇后
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiàoyíchún Huánghòu
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠶᠣᠩᠰᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
Romanizationhiyoošungga yongsonggo yongkiyaha hūwangheo

Empress Xiaoyichun (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775) of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Weigiya clan was an imperial consort of the Qing dynasty. She was the favored concubine of the Qianlong Emperor, with whom she conceived seven children.

Life

[edit]

Family background

[edit]

Empress Xiaoyichun's personal name was not recorded in history. She was a Han Chinese Booi Aha of the Bordered Yellow Banner by birth.

  • Father: Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), who served as a fifth rank literary official (內管領) in the Imperial Household Department and held the title of a third class duke (三等公)
    • Paternal grandfather: Wei Jiuling (魏九齡)
  • Mother: Lady Yanggiya (楊佳氏)
  • One elder sister

Yongzheng era

[edit]

Lady Wei was born on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month in the 5th year of the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, which translates to 23 October 1727 in the Gregorian calendar.

Qianlong era

[edit]

It is not known when Lady Wei entered the Forbidden City. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". On 9 December 1745, she was elevated to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" (令) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749, she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children with the Qianlong Emperor, he doted on her and described her as "gentle and beautiful". On 10 August 1756, when she was almost 29 years old, she gave birth to his 7th daughter, Princess Hejing. Consort Ling later gave birth to his 14th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglu, on 31 August 1757 (though he would die prematurely on 3 May 1760) and to his 9th daughter, Princess Heke, on 17 August 1758. On 3 February 1760, she was elevated to "Noble Consort". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to his 15th son, Aisin-Gioro Yongyan.

On 13 January 1763, Noble Consort Ling gave birth to Qianlong's 16th son, who died prematurely on 6 May 1765. That same year, while on a tour to Hangzhou, Empress Nara fell out of favor and was sent back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind her downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when the imperial entourage returned to the Forbidden City, Qianlong stripped Empress Nara of her power and, on 28 July, promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to Qianlong's 17th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglin.

On 19 August 1766, Empress Nara died of illness, but a new empress was not designated. However, Imperial Noble Consort Ling, who held the highest rank among all of the consorts, was placed in charge of the palace and served her role well. Her duties as the de facto empress were guiding rites at the ancestral altar, evaluating the personnel, approving budgets, supervising the education of the princes, and planning all imperial marriages. She also regularly met with eunuchs, female attendants, the emperor's other consorts, imperial princesses (including her two daughters), and her husband, whom she accompanied on his excursions to Mount Tai, Jehol and the areas south of the Yangtze River.

In 1773, Qianlong decided to secretly select the crown prince. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was very hardworking and humble. Despite these excellent circumstances for her, Imperial Noble Consort Ling became increasingly ill as the years passed. On 9 February 1775, Princess Hejing died and the tragic news worsened Imperial Noble Consort Ling's condition.

Death and burial

[edit]

Imperial Noble Consort Ling died at the age of 47 on 28 February of 1775, less than a month after her eldest daughter's death. On 12 March of that same year, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi". On 19 November, her corpse was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort.

On 9 February 1796, Qianlong posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi", announced Yongyan as the Jiaqing Emperor, and became a retired emperor. After Qianlong's death on 7 February 1799, Jiaqing honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun" and had her reburied at the right side of Qianlong's burial place, while his first principal wife, Empress Xiaoxianchun, was buried on his left side.

After the Yu Mausoleum's grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that Xiaoyichun's remains were well-preserved during inspection.

Titles

[edit]
  • During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
    • Lady Wei (魏氏)
  • During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):
    • Noble Lady (貴人; from 1745), sixth rank imperial consort
    • Concubine Ling (令嬪; from 9 December 1745),[1] fifth rank imperial consort
    • Consort Ling (令妃; from 20 May 1749),[2] fourth rank imperial consort
    • Noble Consort Ling (令貴妃; from 3 February 1760),[3] third rank imperial consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; from 28 July 1765),[4] second rank imperial consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi (令懿皇貴妃; from 12 March 1775)[5]
    • Empress Xiaoyi (孝儀皇后; from 1796)
  • During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):
    • Empress Xiaoyichun (孝儀純皇后; from 1799)

Issue

[edit]
  • As Consort Ling:
    • Princess Hejing of the First Rank (固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), the Qianlong Emperor's seventh daughter
      • Married Lhawang Dorji (拉旺多爾濟; 1754–1816), of the Mongol Khalkha Borjigin clan in August/September 1770
    • Yonglu (永璐; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), the Qianlong Emperor's 14th son
    • Princess Heke of the Second Rank (和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), the Qianlong Emperor's ninth daughter
      • Married Jalantai (札蘭泰; ? – 1788), of the Manchu Uya clan in August/September 1772
    • Miscarriage at eight months (13 November 1759)
  • As Noble Consort Ling:
    • Yongyan (顒琰), Emperor Renzong of Qing (清仁宗; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son; enthroned on 9 February 1796 as the Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
    • Unnamed son (13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765), the Qianlong Emperor's 16th son
  • As Imperial Noble Consort:
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  • In ceremonial dress
    In ceremonial dress
  • In ceremonial dress
    In ceremonial dress
  • In court dress
    In court dress
  • In court dress
    In court dress
  • In daily dress, with the young Jiaqing Emperor. Debates about the identity of the lady are still ongoing and it has been suggested that she might be Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, one of the Qianlong Emperor's childless concubines who raised Yongyan.
    In daily dress, with the young Jiaqing Emperor. Debates about the identity of the lady are still ongoing and it has been suggested that she might be Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, one of the Qianlong Emperor's childless concubines who raised Yongyan.
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 乾隆十年 十一月 十七日
  2. ^ 乾隆十四年 四月 五日
  3. ^ 乾隆二十四年 十二月 十七日
  4. ^ 乾隆三十年 六月 十一日
  5. ^ 乾隆四十年 二月 十一日

References

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  • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions (Reprint ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 052092679X.
  • Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
  • Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
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