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{{short description|Collective group of 38 individual}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
⚫
|honorific_prefix = [[Beatification|Blessed]]
|name= Martyrs of Albania
|image = Stained glass depiction of Martyrs of Albania at the Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa in Prishtina.jpg
|image = Stained glass depiction of Martyrs of Albania at the Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa in Prishtina.jpg
|imagesize =
|alt =
|alt =
|caption = Martyrs of Albania. Stain glass depiction at the [[Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa, Pristina|Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Prishtinë]]
|caption = Martyrs of Albania. [[Stained glass]] depiction at the [[Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa, Pristina|Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Prishtinë]]
⚫
|name = [[Beatification|Blessed]]<br>Martyrs of Albania
|birth_date = 1874–1935
|birth_date = 1874–1935
|birth_place = {{unbulleted list|[[Albania]]|[[Italy]]|[[Poland]]|[[Serbia]]|[[Germany]]}}
|birth_place = {{unbulleted list|[[Albania]]|[[Italy]]|[[Poland]]|[[Kosovo]]|[[Serbia]]|[[Germany]]}}
|death_date = 1945–1974
|death_date = 1945–1974
|death_place = Albania
|death_place = Albania
|titles = [[Martyr]]s
|titles = Priest; Bishop; Layperson; Seminarian; Martyrs
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|feast_day = 5 November
|feast_day = [[5 November]]
|attributes = Palm
|attributes =
|patronage =
|patronage =
|beatified_date = 5 November 2016
|beatified_date = 5 November 2016
|beatified_place = [[Shkodër Cathedral]], [[Shkodër]], Albania
|beatified_place = [[Shkodër Cathedral]], [[Shkodër]], Albania
|beatified_by = Cardinal [[Angelo Amato]]
|beatified_by = Cardinal [[Angelo Amato]] }}
}}


The [[Beatification|Blessed]] '''Martyrs of Albania''' were a collective group of 38 individuals killed during the Communist regime in [[Albania]] from 1945 until 1974 (all but five between 1945 and 1950). All were born at various times between 1874 and 1935; the group included Albanians and [[Italian people|Italians]] as well as one [[German people|German]].<ref name=OM>{{citeweb|url=http://www.ofm.org/ofm/?p=10676&lang=en|title=The Franciscan Martyrs of Albania|publisher=Ordo Fratrum Minorum|date=27 April 2016|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> Each of these individuals, apart for four, were part of the religious life as either priests or religious and served as either missionaries or educators with a great deal spending their educational formation in Italian and Austrian cities.
The '''Martyrs of Albania''' were a collective group of 38 individuals killed during the Communist regime in [[Albania]] from 1945 until 1974 (all but five between 1945 and 1950). All were born at various times between 1874 and 1935; the group included Albanians and [[Italian people|Italians]] as well as one [[German people|German]].<ref name=OM>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofm.org/ofm/?p=10676&lang=en|title=The Franciscan Martyrs of Albania|publisher=Ordo Fratrum Minorum|date=27 April 2016|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Each of these individuals, apart from four, were part of the religious life as either priests or religious and served as either missionaries or educators with a great deal spending their educational formation in Italian and Austrian cities.


The beatification cause opened in 2002 and the group were beatified on 5 November 2016.
The beatification cause opened in 2002 and the group were beatified on 5 November 2016.
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===Individual biographies===
===Individual biographies===
====Giovanni Fausti====
====Giovanni Fausti====
'''Giovanni Fausti''' was born in [[Brescia]] as the first of twelve children to Antonio Fausti and Maria Sigolini.<ref name=JF>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92209|title=Blessed Giovanni Fausti|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> At the age of ten he began his ecclesiastical studies and was a classmate of Giovanni Battista Montini – the future [[Pope Paul VI]]. He studied at the Pontifical Lombard College in [[Rome]] where he was later [[ordained]] as a [[priest]] on 9 July 1922; he entered the [[Society of Jesus]] on 30 October 1924. He was drafted into the armed forces in 1917 and in 1920 attended a course at [[Modena]] for this before being sent to service in Rome; he was discharged as a lieutenant in 1920 and resumed his studies. He graduated in theological studies at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]].<ref name=JF/> In 1923 he served as a philosophical studies educator in Brescia. From 1929 to 1932 he was a professor in Albania and wrote on ecumenism from 1931 to 1933 in the magazine "La Civilta Cattolica".
'''Giovanni Fausti''' was born in [[Brescia]] as the first of twelve children to Antonio Fausti and Maria Sigolini.<ref name=JF>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92209|title=Blessed Giovanni Fausti|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> At the age of ten he began his ecclesiastical studies and was a classmate of Giovanni Battista Montini – the future [[Pope Paul VI]]. He studied at the Pontifical Lombard College in [[Rome]] where he was later [[ordained]] as a [[priest]] on 9 July 1922; he entered the [[Society of Jesus]] on 30 October 1924. He was drafted into the armed forces in 1917 and in 1920 attended a course at [[Modena]] for this before being sent to service in Rome; he was discharged as a lieutenant in 1920 and resumed his studies. He graduated in theological studies at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]].<ref name=JF/> In 1923 he served as a philosophical studies educator in Brescia. From 1929 to 1932 he was a professor in Albania and wrote on ecumenism from 1931 to 1933 in the magazine "La Civilta Cattolica".


In [[Albania]] he coordinated careful dialogue with the [[Islam]] religion and was later recalled to [[Mantua]] in 1932 where he contracted [[tuberculosis]]. Fausti underwent special health treatments in [[Switzerland]] from August 1933 to 1936 as well as in northern Italian cities before making his profession on 2 February 1936. He returned to Albania to continue his work in 1942 and in [[Tirana]] in [[World War II]] suffered a broken collarbone due to a [[Nazi]] bullet that struck him. Fausti was arrested on 31 December 1945 and was held in confinement for two months where he was tortured; he was sentenced on 22 February 1946. Fausti was shot dead at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.
In [[Albania]] he coordinated careful dialogue with the [[Islam|Islamic]] religion and was later recalled to [[Mantua]] in 1932 where he contracted [[tuberculosis]]. Fausti underwent special health treatments in [[Switzerland]] from August 1933 to 1936 as well as in northern Italian cities before making his profession on 2 February 1936. He returned to Albania to continue his work in 1942 and in [[Tirana]] in [[World War II]] suffered a broken collarbone due to a [[Nazi]] bullet that struck him. Fausti was arrested on 31 December 1945 and was held in confinement for two months where he was tortured; he was sentenced on 22 February 1946. Fausti was shot dead at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.


====Daniel Dajani====
====Daniel Dajani====
'''Daniel Dajani''' was born in late 1906. In 1918 he started his studies for the priesthood and began his [[novitiate]] period with the Society of Jesus at [[Gorizia]] on 8 July 1926.<ref name=DD>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92220|title=Blessed Daniel Dajani|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He underwent his philosophical studied in [[Chieri]] from 1931 to 1933 and taught from 1934 to 1935 before returning for theological studies in Chieri from 1937 to 1939 just prior to the start of World War II. He returned to teaching in 1940 and on 2 February 1942 made his solemn profession.
'''[[Daniel Dajani]]''' was born in late 1906. In 1918 he started his studies for the priesthood and began his [[novitiate]] period with the Society of Jesus at [[Gorizia]] on 8 July 1926.<ref name=DD>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92220|title=Blessed Daniel Dajani|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He underwent his philosophical studied in [[Chieri]] from 1931 to 1933 and taught from 1934 to 1935 before returning for theological studies in Chieri from 1937 to 1939 just prior to the start of World War II. He returned to teaching in 1940 and on 2 February 1942 made his solemn profession.


He was arrested on 31 December 1945 – sent to solitary confinement for two months and tortured – and later sentenced to death on 22 February 1946; he was shot dead at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.<ref name=DD/>
He was arrested on 31 December 1945 – sent to solitary confinement for two months and tortured – and later sentenced to death on 22 February 1946; he was shot dead at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.<ref name=DD/>


====Lek Sirdani====
====Lek Sirdani====
'''Lek Sirdani''' was born on 1 March 1891; his brother Marin became a member of the [[Order of Friars Minor]]. His parents died sometime during his childhood.<ref name=LZ>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92980|title=Lek Sirdani|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> An aunt first educated him and an Albanian Muslim then took charge over his education. Sirdani was ordained in 1916 in Austria after having studied there and he soon returned to Albania.
'''Lek Sirdani''' was born on 1 March 1891; his brother Marin became a member of the [[Order of Friars Minor]]. His parents died sometime during his childhood.<ref name=LZ>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92980|title=Lek Sirdani|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> An aunt first educated him and an Albanian Muslim then took charge over his education. Sirdani was ordained in 1916 in Austria after having studied there and he soon returned to Albania.


Sirdani delivered a homily on 26 July 1948 alluding to Communist activities in Albania and was arrested on 27 July before being tortured on 29 July and thrown into a large room that was the cesspool of all inmate bathrooms; he died of suffocation there.<ref name=LZ/>
Sirdani delivered a homily on 26 July 1948 alluding to Communist activities in Albania and was arrested on 27 July before being tortured on 29 July and thrown into a large room that was the cesspool of all inmate bathrooms; he died of suffocation there.<ref name=LZ/>


====Maria Tuci====
====Maria Tuci====
'''Maria Tuci''' was born in 1928 to Nikoll Mark Tuci and Dila Fusha and attended school that the Franciscan Sisters of the Stigmata managed; she also asked to become part of their order but this never happened.<ref name=MT>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94615|title=Blessed Maria Tuci|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> She – in 1946 – began work with her friend Davida Markagjoni as a teacher and she often paid for supplies herself for the benefit of the children under her ward. She often walked six or seven kilometers to get to [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].
'''Maria Tuci''' was born in 1928 to Nikoll Mark Tuci and Dila Fusha and attended school that the Franciscan Sisters of the Stigmata managed; she also asked to become part of their order but this never happened.<ref name=MT>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94615|title=Blessed Maria Tuci|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> She – in 1946 – began work with her friend Davida Markagjoni as a teacher and she often paid for supplies herself for the benefit of the children under her ward. She often walked six or seven kilometers to get to [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].


Tucci was arrested on 10 August 1949 and was tortured to the point where she was admitted into the civil hospital where she later succumbed to her injuries just two months later. Her last words were: "I thank God that I die free".<ref name=MT/> Her torture had intensified after she refused to answer her captors' questions.
Tucci was arrested on 10 August 1949 and was tortured to the point where she was admitted into the civil hospital where she later succumbed to her injuries just two months later. Her last words were: "I thank God that I die free".<ref name=MT/> Her torture had intensified after she refused to answer her captors' questions.


====Luigj Prendushi====
====Luigj Prendushi====
'''Luigj Prendushi''' was born in 1896 and was ordained as a priest in 1921 in Italy; he had departed for that place at age twelve.<ref name=LP>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97017|title=Blessed Luigj Prendushi|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He returned to Albania in 1921 after his ordination and the ship that carried him sank; he was known at the time for being calm in the face of this trouble. Prendushi was arrested on 5 December 1946 and shot dead in 1947.<ref name=LP/>
'''Luigj Prendushi''' was born in 1896 and was ordained as a priest in 1921 in Italy; he had departed for that place at age twelve.<ref name=LP>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97017|title=Blessed Luigj Prendushi|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He returned to Albania in 1921 after his ordination and the ship that carried him sank; he was known at the time for being calm in the face of this trouble. Prendushi was arrested on 5 December 1946 and shot dead in 1947.<ref name=LP/>


====Gjon Pantalla====
====Gjon Pantalla====
'''Gjon Pantalla''' was born on 2 June 1887 in [[Kosovo]] and entered the Jesuits as a professed religious rather than as a priest as his superiors would have liked him to have become.<ref name=GP>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglip/9221|title=Blessed Gjon Pantalla|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He spent time in Italy for his education and did his novitiate in [[Soresina]]. Pantalla was arrested and tried to escape his captors when he jumped out of a window – he broke his legs and was recaptured and later died of his injuries on 31 October 1947.
'''Gjon Pantalla''' was born on 2 June 1887 in [[Kosovo]] and entered the Jesuits as a professed religious rather than as a priest as his superiors would have liked him to have become.<ref name=GP>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglip/9221|title=Blessed Gjon Pantalla|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He spent time in Italy for his education and did his novitiate in [[Soresina]]. Pantalla was arrested and tried to escape his captors when he jumped out of a window – he broke his legs and was recaptured and later died of his injuries on 31 October 1947.


====Kolë Shllaku====
====Kolë Shllaku====
'''Kolë Shllaku''' – '''Gjon''' in religious – was born in 1907. He became part of the Franciscans and was later ordained as a priest in 1931 in [[Belgium]].<ref name=KS>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95819|title=Blessed Kolë Shllaku|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He made his solemn profession as a Franciscan at the age of fifteen and returned to Albania. He was arrested and sentenced to death by firing squad on 22 February 1946; he was shot to death at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.<ref name=KS/>
'''Kolë Shllaku''' – '''Gjon''' in religious – was born in 1907. He became part of the Franciscans and was later ordained as a priest in 1931 in [[Belgium]].<ref name=KS>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95819|title=Blessed Kolë Shllaku|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He made his solemn profession as a Franciscan at the age of fifteen and returned to Albania. He was arrested and sentenced to death by firing squad on 22 February 1946; he was shot to death at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.<ref name=KS/>


====Gjon Koda====
====Gjon Koda====
'''Gjon Koda''' – '''Serafin''' in religious – was born on 25 April 1893 in Serbia and became a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor.<ref name=SK>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95822|title=Blessed Gjon (Serafin) Koda|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He was ordained in 1925 and celebrated his first Mass on 30 July 1925. Koda was arrested by the Communist regime and tortured for two weeks.<ref name=SK/>
'''Gjon Koda''' – '''Serafin''' in religious – was born on 25 April 1893 in Serbia and became a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor.<ref name=SK>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95822|title=Blessed Gjon (Serafin) Koda|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He was ordained in 1925 and celebrated his first Mass on 30 July 1925. Koda was arrested by the Communist regime and tortured for two weeks.<ref name=SK/>


====Lazër Shantoja====
====Lazër Shantoja====
'''Lazër Shantoja''' was born on 2 September 1892.<ref name=LS>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97000|title=Blessed Lazër Shantoja|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> An uncle of his led his life to the extent that Shantoja wanted to become a priest. He spent time in [[Switzerland]] in exile during the government of [[Zog I of Albania]] and returned after a good period of fifteen years. The Jesuits oversaw his education and he continued his studies in [[Innsbruck]] in Austria where he learned German; he was ordained as a priest in 1920 and could play the piano.<ref name=LS/>
'''Lazër Shantoja''' was born on 2 September 1892.<ref name=LS>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97000|title=Blessed Lazër Shantoja|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> An uncle of his led his life to the extent that Shantoja wanted to become a priest. He spent time in [[Switzerland]] in exile during the government of [[Zog I of Albania]] and returned after a good period of fifteen years. The Jesuits oversaw his education and he continued his studies in [[Innsbruck]] in Austria where he learned German; he was ordained as a priest in 1920 and could play the piano.<ref name=LS/>


The authorities broke his arms and legs during his torture and he had to drag himself on his elbows and knees in order to move since the damage was too great; he was killed in 1945 with a gunshot to the neck.
The authorities broke his arms and legs during his torture and he had to drag himself on his elbows and knees in order to move since the damage was too great; he was killed in 1945 with a gunshot to the neck.


====Josif Mihali====
====Josif Mihali====
'''Josif Mihali''' was born on 23 September 1912 as part of the [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church]] and he was dispatched to [[Grottaferrata]] and [[Rome]].<ref name=JM>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97024|title=Blessed Josif Mihali|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He studied for the priesthood in Rome and celebrated the Divine Liturgy – or first Mass – on 1 December 1935 at the [[Sant'Atanasio|church of Saint Athanasius]] in Rome. Mihali returned to Albania in 1936.
'''Josif Mihali''' was born on 23 September 1912 as part of the [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church]] and he was dispatched to [[Grottaferrata]] and [[Rome]].<ref name=JM>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97024|title=Blessed Josif Mihali|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He studied for the priesthood in Rome and celebrated the Divine Liturgy – or first Mass – on 1 December 1935 at the [[Sant'Atanasio|church of Saint Athanasius]] in Rome. Mihali returned to Albania in 1936.


Mihali was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to a decade of hard labor in the marshes. On 26 October 1948 – while working – he collapsed from tiredness and the guards forced other workers to bury him alive; he died of suffocation.<ref name=JM/>
Mihali was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to a decade of hard labor in the marshes. On 26 October 1948 – while working – he collapsed from tiredness and the guards forced other workers to bury him alive; he died of suffocation.<ref name=JM/>


====Dedë Nikacj====
====Dedë Nikacj====
'''Dedë Nikacj''' – '''Ciprian''' in religious – was born in 1900 and became part of the Order of Friars Minor. Nikacj was orphaned by age five and educated by the Franciscans; he was sent to study theology in Austria before being ordained as a priest in Rome in 1924. He was arrested on the charge of concealing a weapons cache behind a church altar and was tortured until being shot to death on 11 March 1948.<ref name=DN>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95816|title=Blessed Ciprian (Dedë) Nikacj|publisher=Santi e Beati|date=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref>
'''Dedë Nikacj''' – '''Ciprian''' in religious – was born in 1900 and became part of the Order of Friars Minor. Nikacj was orphaned by age five and educated by the Franciscans; he was sent to study theology in Austria before being ordained as a priest in Rome in 1924. He was arrested on the charge of concealing a weapons cache behind a church altar and was tortured until being shot to death on 11 March 1948.<ref name=DN>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95816|title=Blessed Ciprian (Dedë) Nikacj|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>


====Pal Prennushi====
====Pal Prennushi====
'''Pal Prennushi''' – '''Mati''' in religious – was born on 2 October 1881 and received his education from the Franciscans; he served as their provincial father – since becoming one – from 1943 until 1946.<ref name=PP>{{citeweb|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95821|title=Blessed Mati (Pal) Prennushi|date=|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He studied in Austria where he was later ordained as a priest in 1904 before the Serbs arrested him in 1911 for political activism – an Albanian Franciscan secured his release even though he had been sentenced to death. Communist authorities arrested him in September 1946 and tortured him for six months.
'''Pal Prennushi''' – '''Mati''' in religious – was born on 2 October 1881 and received his education from the Franciscans; he served as their provincial father – since becoming one – from 1943 until 1946.<ref name=PP>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95821|title=Blessed Mati (Pal) Prennushi|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> He studied in Austria where he was later ordained as a priest in 1904 before the Serbs arrested him in 1911 for political activism – an Albanian Franciscan secured his release even though he had been sentenced to death. Communist authorities arrested him in September 1946 and tortured him for six months.


He was shot to death on 11 March 1948.<ref name=PP/>
He was shot to death on 11 March 1948.<ref name=PP/>
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[[File:Dom-Anton-Muzaj.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Anton Muzaj]]
[[File:Dom-Anton-Muzaj.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Anton Muzaj]]
The individuals are:
The individuals are:
⚫
* Lazër Shantoja (2 September 1892 – 5 March 1945) – priest
⚫
* Ndre Zadeja (3 November 1891 – 25 March 1945) – priest
* Giovanni Fausti (19 October 1899 – 4 March 1946) – Italian Jesuit priest
⚫
* Kolë Shllaku (27 July 1907 – 4 March 1946) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Gjon" in religious)
⚫
* Daniel Dajani (2 December 1906 – 4 March 1946) – Jesuit priest
* [[Qerim Sadiku]] (18 February 1919 – 4 March 1946) – layman
* Mark Çuni (30 September 1919 – 4 March 1946) – Seminarian
* Gjelosh Lulashi (2 September 1925 – 4 March 1946) – layman
* Fran Mirakaj (1917 – September 1946) – married layman
* [[Alfons Tracki]] (2 December 1896 – 18 July 1946) – priest
* [[Alfons Tracki]] (2 December 1896 – 18 July 1946) – priest
* Anton Muzaj (12 May 1921 – 4 March 1948) – priest<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rance|first=Didier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjYoEAAAQBAJ&dq=Anton+Muzaj&pg=PT66|title=El beato Mark Çuni y los mártires de Albania|date=2021-04-09|publisher=Encuentro|isbn=978-84-9055-788-4|language=es}}</ref>
* Anton Zogaj (26 July 1908 – 31 December 1946) – priest
* Anton Zogaj (26 July 1908 – 31 December 1946) – priest
* Luigj Prendushi (24 January 1896 – 24 January 1947) – priest
* [[Bernardin Palaj|Bernardin (Zef) Palaj]] (2 October 1894 – 2 December 1947) – priest of the [[Order of Friars Minor]]
* Dedë Maçaj (5 February 1920 – 28 March 1947) – priest
* [[Çiprian Nika|Çiprian (Dedë) Nika]] (19 July 1900 – 11 March 1948) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
* Mark Gjani (10 July 1914 – 1947) – priest ("Xhani" in religious)
* Daniel Dajani (2 December 1906 – 4 March 1946) – Jesuit priest
* Gjon Koda (25 April 1893 – 11 May 1947) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Serafin" in religious)
* Dedë Malaj (16 November 1917 – 12 May 1959) – priest
* Gjon Pantalla (2 June 1887 – 31 October 1947) – Jesuit religious
⚫
* Zef Palaj (2 October 1894 – 2 December 1947) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Bernardin" in religious)
* Frano Gjini (20 February 1886 – 11 March 1948) – bishop
⚫
* Pal Prennushi (2 October 1881 – 11 March 1948) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Mati" in religious)
⚫
* Dedë Nikaj (19 July 1900 – 11 March 1948) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Ciprian" in religious)
* Dedë Plani (21 January 1891 – 30 April 1948) – priest
* Dedë Plani (21 January 1891 – 30 April 1948) – priest
⚫
* Dedë Maçaj (5 February 1920 – 28 March 1947) – priest
* Ejëll Deda (22 February 1917 – 12 May 1948) – priest
* Ejëll Deda (22 February 1917 – 12 May 1948) – priest
* Anton Muzaj (12 May 1921 – 1948) – priest
* Fran Mirakaj (1917 – September 1946) – married layman
* Pjetër Çuni (9 July 1914 – 29 July 1948) – priest
* Frano Gjini (20 February 1886 – 11 March 1948) – bishop
* Lek Sirdani (1 March 1891 – 29 July 1948) – priest
* Gaspër Suma (23 March 1897 – 16 April 1950) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
* Josif Mihali (23 September 1912 – 26 October 1948) – priest
* Giovanni Fausti (19 October 1899 – 4 March 1946) – Italian Jesuit priest
* [[Nikollë Prennushi]] (4 September 1885 – 20 March 1949) – archbishop of the Order of Friars Minor ("Vinçenc" in religious)
* Gjelosh Lulashi (2 September 1925 – 4 March 1946) – layman
* Zef Marksen (5 August 1906 – 16 November 1946) – German priest ("Josef Marxen" in religious)
* Gjon Pantalla (2 June 1887 – 31 October 1947) – Jesuit religious
⚫
* Gjon Shllaku (27 July 1907 – 4 March 1946) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
* Jak Bushati (8 August 1890 – 12 February 1949) – priest
* Jak Bushati (8 August 1890 – 12 February 1949) – priest
* Mikel Suma (23 March 1897 – 16 April 1950) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Gaspër" in religious)
* Josef Marxen (5 August 1906 – 16 November 1946) – German priest
* Maria Tuci (12 April 1928 – 24 October 1950) – laywoman
* Josif Mihali (23 September 1912 – 26 October 1948) – priest
* Jul Bonati (24 May 1874 – 5 November 1951) – priest
* Jul Bonati (24 May 1874 – 5 November 1951) – priest
* Ndue Serreqi (26 February 1911 – 4 April 1954) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor ("Karl" in religious)
* Karl Serreqi (26 February 1911 – 4 April 1954) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
* Ndoc Suma (31 July 1887 – 22 April 1958) – priest
* [[Lazër Shantoja]] (2 September 1892 – 5 March 1945) – priest
* Dedë Malaj (16 November 1917 – 12 May 1959) – priest
* Lek Sirdani (1 March 1891 – 29 July 1948) – priest
* Luigj Prendushi (24 January 1896 – 24 January 1947) – priest
* Marin Shkurti (1 October 1933 – April 1969) – priest
* Marin Shkurti (1 October 1933 – April 1969) – priest
* [[Shtjefën Kurti]] (24 December 1898 – 20 October 1971) – Kosovo Albanian priest
* Mark Çuni (30 September 1919 – 4 March 1946) – Seminarian
* Mark Xhani (10 July 1914 – 1947) – priest
⚫
* Mati (Pal) Prennushi (2 October 1881 – 11 March 1948) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
* Mikel Beltoja (9 May 1935 – 10 February 1974) – priest
* Mikel Beltoja (9 May 1935 – 10 February 1974) – priest
* [[Maria Tuci]] (12 April 1928 – 24 October 1950) – laywoman
* Ndoc Suma (31 July 1887 – 22 April 1958) – priest
⚫
* Ndre Zadeja (3 November 1891 – 25 March 1945) – priest
* Pjetër Çuni (9 July 1914 – 29 July 1948) – priest
⚫
* [[Qerim Sadiku]] (18 February 1919 – 4 March 1946) – layman
⚫
* Serafin Koda (25 April 1893 – 11 May 1947) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
* [[Shtjefën Kurti]] (24 December 1898 – 20 October 1971) – Kosovo Albanian priest
⚫
* [[Vinçenc Prennushi]] (4 September 1885 – 20 March 1949) – archbishop of the Order of Friars Minor


==Beatification==
==Beatification==
Line 128: Line 128:
Theologians approved the cause on 17 December 2015 as did the C.C.S. on 19 April 2016. [[Pope Francis]] confirmed the beatification on 26 April 2016 and Cardinal [[Angelo Amato]] presided over the beatification on 5 November 2016 in Albania on the pope's behalf. 10 000 people attended as did five cardinals and the [[Archbishop of Potenza]]. The cardinal-designate [[Ernest Simoni]] was also present.<ref name="Flocchini">{{Cite news|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96474|title=Beati Martiri Albanesi (Vincenzo Prennushi e 37 compagni)|last=Flocchini|first=Emilia|access-date=6 October 2017|agency=Santiebeati}}</ref>
Theologians approved the cause on 17 December 2015 as did the C.C.S. on 19 April 2016. [[Pope Francis]] confirmed the beatification on 26 April 2016 and Cardinal [[Angelo Amato]] presided over the beatification on 5 November 2016 in Albania on the pope's behalf. 10 000 people attended as did five cardinals and the [[Archbishop of Potenza]]. The cardinal-designate [[Ernest Simoni]] was also present.<ref name="Flocchini">{{Cite news|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96474|title=Beati Martiri Albanesi (Vincenzo Prennushi e 37 compagni)|last=Flocchini|first=Emilia|access-date=6 October 2017|agency=Santiebeati}}</ref>


The current [[postulator]] for this cause is Fra Giovangiuseppe Califano.
The current [[postulator]] for this cause is Giovangiuseppe Califano.


==References==
==References==
Line 134: Line 134:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/East3.htm Hagiography Circle]
*[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/East3.htm Hagiography Circle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106170029/http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/East3.htm |date=2019-11-06 }}
*[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96474 Santi e Beati]
*[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96474 Santi e Beati]
*[http://catholicsaints.info/time-line-2016/ Saints SQPN – list of the martyrs]
*[http://catholicsaints.info/time-line-2016/ Saints SQPN – list of the martyrs]


⚫
{{Canonization|state=collapsed}}
{{Catholic saints}}
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{{Portal bar|Saints|Catholicism|Biography}}
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{{Canonization}}
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{{Portal bar|Saints|Catholicism|Biography|Albania}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martyrs of Albania}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martyrs of Albania}}
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Albanian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century German people]]
[[Category:20th-century German people]]
[[Category:20th-century Jesuits]]
[[Category:20th-century Jesuits]]
[[Category:Albanian beatified people]]
[[Category:Albanian beatified people]]
[[Category:Albanian people]]
[[Category:Executed Albanian people]]
[[Category:Albanian bishops]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Beatified people]]
[[Category:Beatified Jesuits]]
[[Category:Beatified Jesuits]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Francis]]
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[[Category:Italian beatified people]]
[[Category:Italian beatified people]]
[[Category:Italian venerated Catholics]]
[[Category:Italian venerated Catholics]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Groups of Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:People from Brescia]]
[[Category:People from Brescia]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholic saints]]

Latest revision as of 17:25, 17 December 2024

Blessed

Martyrs of Albania
Martyrs of Albania. Stained glass depiction at the Catholic Cathedral in Prishtinë
Martyrs
Born1874–1935
Died1945–1974
Albania
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified5 November 2016, Shkodër Cathedral, Shkodër, Albania by Cardinal Angelo Amato
Feast5 November

The Martyrs of Albania were a collective group of 38 individuals killed during the Communist regime in Albania from 1945 until 1974 (all but five between 1945 and 1950). All were born at various times between 1874 and 1935; the group included Albanians and Italians as well as one German.[1] Each of these individuals, apart from four, were part of the religious life as either priests or religious and served as either missionaries or educators with a great deal spending their educational formation in Italian and Austrian cities.

The beatification cause opened in 2002 and the group were beatified on 5 November 2016.

Life

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The 38 individuals were all murdered during the Communist regime between the end of World War II in 1945 until 1974 (mostly between 1945 and 1950. They included 2 bishops as well as 21 diocesan priests and 7 from the Order of Friars Minor. There were also 3 Jesuits and 1 seminarian killed in addition to 4 of the general faithful.[1]

There was one single woman killed – she was an aspirant (though no member) to the religious life of the Franciscan Sisters of the Stigmata.

Individual biographies

[edit]

Giovanni Fausti

[edit]

Giovanni Fausti was born in Brescia as the first of twelve children to Antonio Fausti and Maria Sigolini.[2] At the age of ten he began his ecclesiastical studies and was a classmate of Giovanni Battista Montini – the future Pope Paul VI. He studied at the Pontifical Lombard College in Rome where he was later ordained as a priest on 9 July 1922; he entered the Society of Jesus on 30 October 1924. He was drafted into the armed forces in 1917 and in 1920 attended a course at Modena for this before being sent to service in Rome; he was discharged as a lieutenant in 1920 and resumed his studies. He graduated in theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University.[2] In 1923 he served as a philosophical studies educator in Brescia. From 1929 to 1932 he was a professor in Albania and wrote on ecumenism from 1931 to 1933 in the magazine "La Civilta Cattolica".

In Albania he coordinated careful dialogue with the Islamic religion and was later recalled to Mantua in 1932 where he contracted tuberculosis. Fausti underwent special health treatments in Switzerland from August 1933 to 1936 as well as in northern Italian cities before making his profession on 2 February 1936. He returned to Albania to continue his work in 1942 and in Tirana in World War II suffered a broken collarbone due to a Nazi bullet that struck him. Fausti was arrested on 31 December 1945 and was held in confinement for two months where he was tortured; he was sentenced on 22 February 1946. Fausti was shot dead at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.

Daniel Dajani

[edit]

Daniel Dajani was born in late 1906. In 1918 he started his studies for the priesthood and began his novitiate period with the Society of Jesus at Gorizia on 8 July 1926.[3] He underwent his philosophical studied in Chieri from 1931 to 1933 and taught from 1934 to 1935 before returning for theological studies in Chieri from 1937 to 1939 just prior to the start of World War II. He returned to teaching in 1940 and on 2 February 1942 made his solemn profession.

He was arrested on 31 December 1945 – sent to solitary confinement for two months and tortured – and later sentenced to death on 22 February 1946; he was shot dead at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.[3]

Lek Sirdani

[edit]

Lek Sirdani was born on 1 March 1891; his brother Marin became a member of the Order of Friars Minor. His parents died sometime during his childhood.[4] An aunt first educated him and an Albanian Muslim then took charge over his education. Sirdani was ordained in 1916 in Austria after having studied there and he soon returned to Albania.

Sirdani delivered a homily on 26 July 1948 alluding to Communist activities in Albania and was arrested on 27 July before being tortured on 29 July and thrown into a large room that was the cesspool of all inmate bathrooms; he died of suffocation there.[4]

Maria Tuci

[edit]

Maria Tuci was born in 1928 to Nikoll Mark Tuci and Dila Fusha and attended school that the Franciscan Sisters of the Stigmata managed; she also asked to become part of their order but this never happened.[5] She – in 1946 – began work with her friend Davida Markagjoni as a teacher and she often paid for supplies herself for the benefit of the children under her ward. She often walked six or seven kilometers to get to Mass.

Tucci was arrested on 10 August 1949 and was tortured to the point where she was admitted into the civil hospital where she later succumbed to her injuries just two months later. Her last words were: "I thank God that I die free".[5] Her torture had intensified after she refused to answer her captors' questions.

Luigj Prendushi

[edit]

Luigj Prendushi was born in 1896 and was ordained as a priest in 1921 in Italy; he had departed for that place at age twelve.[6] He returned to Albania in 1921 after his ordination and the ship that carried him sank; he was known at the time for being calm in the face of this trouble. Prendushi was arrested on 5 December 1946 and shot dead in 1947.[6]

Gjon Pantalla

[edit]

Gjon Pantalla was born on 2 June 1887 in Kosovo and entered the Jesuits as a professed religious rather than as a priest as his superiors would have liked him to have become.[7] He spent time in Italy for his education and did his novitiate in Soresina. Pantalla was arrested and tried to escape his captors when he jumped out of a window – he broke his legs and was recaptured and later died of his injuries on 31 October 1947.

Kolë Shllaku

[edit]

Kolë Shllaku – Gjon in religious – was born in 1907. He became part of the Franciscans and was later ordained as a priest in 1931 in Belgium.[8] He made his solemn profession as a Franciscan at the age of fifteen and returned to Albania. He was arrested and sentenced to death by firing squad on 22 February 1946; he was shot to death at 6:00am on 4 March 1946.[8]

Gjon Koda

[edit]

Gjon Koda – Serafin in religious – was born on 25 April 1893 in Serbia and became a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor.[9] He was ordained in 1925 and celebrated his first Mass on 30 July 1925. Koda was arrested by the Communist regime and tortured for two weeks.[9]

Lazër Shantoja

[edit]

Lazër Shantoja was born on 2 September 1892.[10] An uncle of his led his life to the extent that Shantoja wanted to become a priest. He spent time in Switzerland in exile during the government of Zog I of Albania and returned after a good period of fifteen years. The Jesuits oversaw his education and he continued his studies in Innsbruck in Austria where he learned German; he was ordained as a priest in 1920 and could play the piano.[10]

The authorities broke his arms and legs during his torture and he had to drag himself on his elbows and knees in order to move since the damage was too great; he was killed in 1945 with a gunshot to the neck.

Josif Mihali

[edit]

Josif Mihali was born on 23 September 1912 as part of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church and he was dispatched to Grottaferrata and Rome.[11] He studied for the priesthood in Rome and celebrated the Divine Liturgy – or first Mass – on 1 December 1935 at the church of Saint Athanasius in Rome. Mihali returned to Albania in 1936.

Mihali was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to a decade of hard labor in the marshes. On 26 October 1948 – while working – he collapsed from tiredness and the guards forced other workers to bury him alive; he died of suffocation.[11]

Dedë Nikacj

[edit]

Dedë Nikacj – Ciprian in religious – was born in 1900 and became part of the Order of Friars Minor. Nikacj was orphaned by age five and educated by the Franciscans; he was sent to study theology in Austria before being ordained as a priest in Rome in 1924. He was arrested on the charge of concealing a weapons cache behind a church altar and was tortured until being shot to death on 11 March 1948.[12]

Pal Prennushi

[edit]

Pal Prennushi – Mati in religious – was born on 2 October 1881 and received his education from the Franciscans; he served as their provincial father – since becoming one – from 1943 until 1946.[13] He studied in Austria where he was later ordained as a priest in 1904 before the Serbs arrested him in 1911 for political activism – an Albanian Franciscan secured his release even though he had been sentenced to death. Communist authorities arrested him in September 1946 and tortured him for six months.

He was shot to death on 11 March 1948.[13]

Individuals

[edit]
Alfons Tracki c. 1930
Anton Muzaj

The individuals are:

  • Alfons Tracki (2 December 1896 – 18 July 1946) – priest
  • Anton Muzaj (12 May 1921 – 4 March 1948) – priest[14]
  • Anton Zogaj (26 July 1908 – 31 December 1946) – priest
  • Bernardin (Zef) Palaj (2 October 1894 – 2 December 1947) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Çiprian (Dedë) Nika (19 July 1900 – 11 March 1948) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Daniel Dajani (2 December 1906 – 4 March 1946) – Jesuit priest
  • Dedë Malaj (16 November 1917 – 12 May 1959) – priest
  • Dedë Plani (21 January 1891 – 30 April 1948) – priest
  • Dedë Maçaj (5 February 1920 – 28 March 1947) – priest
  • Ejëll Deda (22 February 1917 – 12 May 1948) – priest
  • Fran Mirakaj (1917 – September 1946) – married layman
  • Frano Gjini (20 February 1886 – 11 March 1948) – bishop
  • Gaspër Suma (23 March 1897 – 16 April 1950) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Giovanni Fausti (19 October 1899 – 4 March 1946) – Italian Jesuit priest
  • Gjelosh Lulashi (2 September 1925 – 4 March 1946) – layman
  • Gjon Pantalla (2 June 1887 – 31 October 1947) – Jesuit religious
  • Gjon Shllaku (27 July 1907 – 4 March 1946) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Jak Bushati (8 August 1890 – 12 February 1949) – priest
  • Josef Marxen (5 August 1906 – 16 November 1946) – German priest
  • Josif Mihali (23 September 1912 – 26 October 1948) – priest
  • Jul Bonati (24 May 1874 – 5 November 1951) – priest
  • Karl Serreqi (26 February 1911 – 4 April 1954) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Lazër Shantoja (2 September 1892 – 5 March 1945) – priest
  • Lek Sirdani (1 March 1891 – 29 July 1948) – priest
  • Luigj Prendushi (24 January 1896 – 24 January 1947) – priest
  • Marin Shkurti (1 October 1933 – April 1969) – priest
  • Mark Çuni (30 September 1919 – 4 March 1946) – Seminarian
  • Mark Xhani (10 July 1914 – 1947) – priest
  • Mati (Pal) Prennushi (2 October 1881 – 11 March 1948) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Mikel Beltoja (9 May 1935 – 10 February 1974) – priest
  • Maria Tuci (12 April 1928 – 24 October 1950) – laywoman
  • Ndoc Suma (31 July 1887 – 22 April 1958) – priest
  • Ndre Zadeja (3 November 1891 – 25 March 1945) – priest
  • Pjetër Çuni (9 July 1914 – 29 July 1948) – priest
  • Qerim Sadiku (18 February 1919 – 4 March 1946) – layman
  • Serafin Koda (25 April 1893 – 11 May 1947) – priest of the Order of Friars Minor
  • Shtjefën Kurti (24 December 1898 – 20 October 1971) – Kosovo Albanian priest
  • Vinçenc Prennushi (4 September 1885 – 20 March 1949) – archbishop of the Order of Friars Minor

Beatification

[edit]

The beatification cause started with the transfer of competent forum to one Albanian diocese on 7 June 2002 before the formal introduction under Pope John Paul II in which the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" and titled them all as Servants of God; the diocesan process opened on 10 November 2002 and Cardinal Claudio Hummes closed it on 8 December 2010. The C.C.S validated the process on 9 March 2012 before receiving two volumes that was the Positio in 2015 from the postulation.

Theologians approved the cause on 17 December 2015 as did the C.C.S. on 19 April 2016. Pope Francis confirmed the beatification on 26 April 2016 and Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the beatification on 5 November 2016 in Albania on the pope's behalf. 10 000 people attended as did five cardinals and the Archbishop of Potenza. The cardinal-designate Ernest Simoni was also present.[15]

The current postulator for this cause is Giovangiuseppe Califano.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "The Franciscan Martyrs of Albania". Ordo Fratrum Minorum. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Blessed Giovanni Fausti". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Blessed Daniel Dajani". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Lek Sirdani". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Blessed Maria Tuci". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Blessed Luigj Prendushi". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  7. ^ "Blessed Gjon Pantalla". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Blessed Kolë Shllaku". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Blessed Gjon (Serafin) Koda". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Blessed Lazër Shantoja". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Blessed Josif Mihali". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  12. ^ "Blessed Ciprian (Dedë) Nikacj". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Blessed Mati (Pal) Prennushi". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  14. ^ Rance, Didier (2021-04-09). El beato Mark Çuni y los mártires de Albania (in Spanish). Encuentro. ISBN 978-84-9055-788-4.
  15. ^ Flocchini, Emilia. "Beati Martiri Albanesi (Vincenzo Prennushi e 37 compagni)". Santiebeati. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
[edit]
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