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{{short description|Romanian-American physicist, aerospace engineer, and inventor}}
{{short description|Romanian-American physicist, aerospace engineer, and inventor}}
{{Infobox academic
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
| name = Salvatore Pais
| name = Salvatore Pais
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
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| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Salvatore Cezar Pais
| birth_name = Salvatore Cezar Pais
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|09|07}}<ref name=bio>{{Cite web |title=Hyperspace Engineer {{!}} Free information for free people |url=https://hyperspace.engineer/#about_salvatore_cezar_pais |website=hyperspace.engineer}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| birth_place = [[Romania]]
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| death_place =
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| education =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Case Western Reserve University]]
| alma_mater = [[Case Western Reserve University]]
| thesis_title = "Bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations"
| thesis_title = Bubble generation in a continuous liquid flow under reduced gravity conditions
| thesis_url =
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/7218ed59faaffdc01afe372dc3a16b41/1?cbl=18750
| thesis_year = 1999
| thesis_year = 1999
| school_tradition =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = Yasuhiro Kamotani
| doctoral_advisor = Yasuhiro Kamotani<br>[[Simon Ostrach]]
*[[Simon Ostrach]]
| academic_advisors =
| academic_advisors =
⚫
| discipline = [[Aerospace engineering]]
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->
| era =
⚫
| discipline = Engineer
| sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->
| workplaces = <!--full-time positions only, not student positions-->
| workplaces = <!--full-time positions only, not student positions-->
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
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| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->
| signature =
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| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Salvatore Cezar Pais''' is an American [[aerospace engineer]] and inventor, currently working for the [[United States Space Force]]. He formerly worked at the [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]]. His patent applications on behalf of his employers have attracted international attention for their potential military and energy-producing applications, but also doubt about their feasibility, and speculation that they may be [[disinformation]] intended to mislead the United States' adversaries or a scam.<ref name=drivejun>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances|title=Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances|author1=Brett Tingley|author2=Tyler Rogoway|work=The Drive|date=June 28, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
'''Salvatore Cezar Pais''' (born September 7, 1967)<ref name=bio></ref> is a Romanian-American [[aerospace engineer]] and inventor, currently working for the [[United States Space Force]]. He formerly worked at the [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]]. His patent applications for the US Navy attracted attention for their potential energy-producing applications, but also doubt about their feasibility, and speculation that they may be scams, [[pseudoscience]], or [[disinformation]] intended to mislead the United States' adversaries.<ref name=drivejun>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances|title=Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances|author1=Brett Tingley|author2=Tyler Rogoway|work=The Drive|date=June 28, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>


==Education and doctoral research==
==Education and doctoral research==
[[File:Zero gravity flight trajectory C9-565.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of a reduced-gravity manoeuvre known as [[parabolic flight]] of the type Pais undertook during his PhD research. Source: NASA]]
[[File:Zero gravity flight trajectory C9-565 vector.svg|thumb|right|Diagram of a reduced-gravity manoeuvre known as [[parabolic flight]] of the type Pais undertook during his PhD research. Source: NASA]]
Salvatore Pais received his advanced education at [[Case Western Reserve University]] in Ohio, graduating with an MS for a thesis titled "Design of an experiment for observation of [[Thermo-capillary convection|thermocapillary convection]] phenomena in a simulated floating zone under [[microgravity]] conditions" in 1993.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://catalog.case.edu/record=b2163345|title=Design of an experiment for observation of thermocapillary convection phenomena in a simulated floating zone under microgravity conditions / by Salvatore Cezar Pais|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|work=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|year=1993 |access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
Salvatore Pais attended [[Case Western Reserve University]] in Ohio, getting an MS in 1993 with a thesis titled "Design of an experiment for observation of [[Thermo-capillary convection|thermocapillary convection]] phenomena in a simulated floating zone under [[microgravity]] conditions".<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://catalog.case.edu/record=b2163345|title=Design of an experiment for observation of thermocapillary convection phenomena in a simulated floating zone under microgravity conditions / by Salvatore Cezar Pais|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|work=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|year=1993 |access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> He got a PhD in mechanical and [[aerospace engineering]] in 1999 with a thesis on the subject of "Bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations" for which he endured a number of [[parabolic flight]]s to produce a low-gravity environment.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|date=1999|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990064092.pdf|title=Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions|place=Cleveland|work=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|page=ii}}</ref> His doctoral advisers were [[Yasuhiro Kamotani]] and [[Simon Ostrach]], who carried out [[spacelab]] experiments in low-gravity aboard the space shuttle [[STS-50]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960035871.pdf|title=STDCE|website=Ntrs.nasa.gov|date=June 1996 |publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=December 10, 2018|last1=Ostrach |first1=S. |last2=Kamotani |first2=Y. }}</ref> Pais's research was sponsored by [[NASA]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990064092|title=Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions|work=NASA Technical Reports Server| date=July 1999 |access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>

Pais received his PhD in mechanical and [[aerospace engineering]] from Case Western in 1999 on the subject of "Bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations" for which he endured a number of [[parabolic flight]]s to produce a low-gravity environment.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|date=1999|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990064092.pdf|title=Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions|place=Cleveland|work=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|page=ii}}</ref> His doctoral advisers were [[Yasuhiro Kamotani]] and [[Simon Ostrach]] who had carried out [[spacelab]] experiments in low-gravity aboard the space shuttle [[STS-50]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960035871.pdf|title=STDCE|website=Ntrs.nasa.gov|date=June 1996 |publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=December 10, 2018|url-status=live|last1=Ostrach |first1=S. |last2=Kamotani |first2=Y. }}</ref> Pais's research was sponsored by [[NASA]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pais, Salvatore Cezar|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990064092|title=Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions|work=NASA Technical Reports Server| date=July 1999 |access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
[[File:Craft using an inertial mass reduction device.png|thumb|Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "craft using an inertial mass reduction device"<ref name=craft/>]]
[[File:Craft using an inertial mass reduction device.png|thumb|Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "craft using an inertial mass reduction device"<ref name=craft/>]]
[[File:Drawing from U.S. patent US20190295733A1.jpg|thumb|Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "plasma compression fusion device"<ref name=plasma/>]]
[[File:Drawing from U.S. patent US20190295733A1.jpg|thumb|Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "plasma compression fusion device"<ref name=plasma/>]]
Pais has worked as a scientist and aerospace engineer at the United States Navy's Naval Air Station Patuxent River. His patent applications on behalf of his employers have attracted international attention for their futuristic-sounding technology and potential military and energy-producing applications, but have also led to speculation that they may be disinformation intended to mislead the United States' strategic adversaries about the direction of United States defense research.<ref name=drivejun/>
Pais worked as a scientist and aerospace engineer at the United States Navy's Naval Air Station [[Patuxent River NAS|Patuxent River]]. In June 2019 he left the [[NAWCAD]] and moved to the US Navy's Strategic Systems Programs organization. In 2021, he transferred to the U.S. Air Force.<ref name="DriveFeb21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39012/the-navy-finally-speaks-up-about-its-bizarre-ufo-patent-experiments|title=The Navy Finally Speaks Up About Its Bizarre "UFO Patent" Experiments|author1=Brett Tingley|work=The Drive|date=1 February 2021|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>


Starting in 2015, he began filing patent applications on behalf of his employers with futuristic-sounding names suggesting potential military and energy-producing applications. No working prototype of any of these concepts was ever developed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tingley |first=Brett |date=2020-01-22 |title=The Secretive Inventor Of The Navy's Bizarre 'UFO Patents' Finally Talks |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/31798/the-secretive-inventor-of-the-navys-bizarre-ufo-patents-finally-talks |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Drive |language=en}}</ref> These attracted attention, as well as speculation that they may be disinformation intended to mislead the United States' strategic adversaries about the direction of United States defense research.<ref name="drivejun" />
He left the [[NAWCAD]] in June 2019 and moved to the US Navy's Strategic Systems Programs organization. In 2021, he transferred to the U.S. Air Force.<ref name="DriveFeb21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39012/the-navy-finally-speaks-up-about-its-bizarre-ufo-patent-experiments|title=The Navy Finally Speaks Up About Its Bizarre "UFO Patent" Experiments|author1=Brett Tingley|work=The Drive|date=1 February 2021|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>


His patent applications include:
His patent applications include:
* A "[[piezoelectricity]]-induced [[room temperature superconductor]]" with the function of enabling "the transmission of electrical power with no losses."(2017).<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20190058105A1|pubdate=2019-02-21|fdate=2017-08-16|pridate=2017-08-16|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190058105A1/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-02-navy-patent-room-temperature-superconductor.html|title=Navy files for patent on room-temperature superconductor|author=Troy Carter|work=[[phys.org]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> The [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] commented that no evidence was presented to show that the device worked and that the highest temperature superconductors so far created worked at around -70&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/02/us-navy-patent-makes-room-temperature-superconductor-claim/|title=US Navy scientist files 'revolutionary' superconductor patent claim|magazine=[[Engineering & Technology]]|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref>
* A "[[piezoelectricity]]-induced [[room temperature superconductor]]" with the function of enabling "the transmission of electrical power with no losses."(2017).<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20190058105A1|pubdate=2019-02-21|fdate=2017-08-16|pridate=2017-08-16|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190058105A1/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-02-navy-patent-room-temperature-superconductor.html|title=Navy files for patent on room-temperature superconductor|author=Troy Carter|work=[[phys.org]]|date=February 22, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> The [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] commented that no evidence was presented to show that the device worked, and that the highest temperature superconductors so far created worked at around -70&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/02/us-navy-patent-makes-room-temperature-superconductor-claim/|title=US Navy scientist files 'revolutionary' superconductor patent claim|magazine=[[Engineering & Technology]]|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref>
* A "[[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] compression fusion device" (2018),<ref name=plasma>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20190295733A1|pubdate=2019-09-26|fdate=2018-03-22|gdate=|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190295733A1/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Plasma Compression Fusion Device}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/30256/scientist-behind-the-navys-ufo-patents-has-now-filed-one-for-a-compact-fusion-reactor|title=Scientist Behind The Navy's "UFO Patents" Has Now Filed One For A Compact Fusion Reactor|author1=Brett Tingley|author2=Tyler Rogoway|work=The Drive|date=October 9, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/5064-player-two-has-entered-the-game-us-navy-files-fusion-reactor-patent|title=Player two has entered the game: US Navy files fusion reactor patent|author=Stephen Kuper|work=Defence Connect|date=November 1, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> described by ''Popular Mechanics'' as a "compact [[nuclear fusion reactor]]" that "seemingly stretch<nowiki>[es]</nowiki> the limits of science."<ref name=pop>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a29427713/navy-compact-fusion-reactor/|title=The Navy's Patent for a Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Is Wild|author=Jennifer Leman|magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]]|date=October 10, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
* A "[[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] compression fusion device" (2018),<ref name=plasma>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20190295733A1|pubdate=2019-09-26|fdate=2018-03-22|gdate=|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190295733A1/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Plasma Compression Fusion Device}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/30256/scientist-behind-the-navys-ufo-patents-has-now-filed-one-for-a-compact-fusion-reactor|title=Scientist Behind The Navy's "UFO Patents" Has Now Filed One For A Compact Fusion Reactor|author1=Brett Tingley|author2=Tyler Rogoway|work=The Drive|date=October 9, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/5064-player-two-has-entered-the-game-us-navy-files-fusion-reactor-patent|title=Player two has entered the game: US Navy files fusion reactor patent|author=Stephen Kuper|work=Defence Connect|date=November 1, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref> described by ''Popular Mechanics'' as a "compact [[nuclear fusion reactor]]" that "stretch<nowiki>[es]</nowiki> the limits of science."<ref name=pop>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a29427713/navy-compact-fusion-reactor/|title=The Navy's Patent for a Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Is Wild|author=Jennifer Leman|magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]]|date=October 10, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019}}</ref>
* An "[[electromagnetic field]] generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field" (2015), the principal stated application of which is to deflect asteroids that may hit the Earth. The patent is assigned to the [[United States Secretary of the Navy|US Secretary of the Navy]].<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10135366B2|pubdate=2018-11-20|fdate=2015-07-24|pridate=2015-07-24|gdate=2018-11-20|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10135366B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field}}</ref>
* An "[[electromagnetic field]] generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field" (2015), the principal stated application of which is to deflect asteroids that may hit the Earth. The patent is assigned to the [[United States Secretary of the Navy|US Secretary of the Navy]].<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10135366B2|pubdate=2018-11-20|fdate=2015-07-24|pridate=2015-07-24|gdate=2018-11-20|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10135366B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field}}</ref>
* A "craft using an [[inertial mass]] reduction device" (2016), one embodiment of which could be a high speed "hybrid aerospace/undersea craft" able to "engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level",<ref name=craft>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10144532B2|pubdate=2018-12-04|fdate=2016-04-28|gdate=2018-12-04|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en|title=Craft using an inertial mass reduction device}}</ref> the patent application for which was supported by the Naval Aviation Enterprise's chief technical officer on the grounds that the Chinese military were already developing similar technology.<ref name=drivejun/>
* A "craft using an [[inertial mass]] reduction device" (2016), one embodiment of which could be a high speed "hybrid aerospace/undersea craft" able to "engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level",<ref name=craft>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10144532B2|pubdate=2018-12-04|fdate=2016-04-28|gdate=2018-12-04|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en|title=Craft using an inertial mass reduction device}}</ref> the patent application for which was supported by the Naval Aviation Enterprise's chief technical officer on the grounds that the Chinese military were already developing similar technology.<ref name=drivejun/> This patent was subsequently approved and published on December 4th, 2018, and is currently assigned to the U.S Navy, expiring in 2036
* A "high frequency [[gravitational wave]] generator" that may be used "for advanced propulsion, asteroid disruption and/or deflection, and communications through solid objects."(2017).<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10322827B2|pubdate=2019-06-18|fdate=2017-02-14|pridate=2017-02-14|gdate=2019-06-18|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10322827B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=High frequency gravitational wave generator}}</ref>
* A "high frequency [[gravitational wave]] generator" that may be used "for advanced propulsion, asteroid disruption and/or deflection, and communications through solid objects."(2017).<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=10322827B2|pubdate=2019-06-18|fdate=2017-02-14|pridate=2017-02-14|gdate=2019-06-18|inventor=Salvatore Cezar Pais|assign=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10322827B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)|title=High frequency gravitational wave generator}}</ref>


Testing on the feasibility of a High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG) occurred from October 2016 to September 2019; at a total cost of $508,000 over three years. The vast majority of expenditure was on salaries. The "Pais Effect" could not be proven and no further research was conducted.<ref name="DriveFeb21"/> Brett Tingley wrote for ''The Drive'' that "Despite every physicist we have spoken to over the better part of two years asserting that the "Pais Effect" has no scientific basis in reality and the patents related to it were filled with [[Pseudoscience|pseudo-scientific]] jargon, NAWCAD confirmed they were interested enough in the patents to spend more than a half-million dollars over three years developing experiments and equipment to test Pais' theories".<ref name="DriveFeb21"/> Pais remained defiant regarding the veracity of his theories, in an email to ''The Drive'' he wrote that his work "culminates in the enablement of the Pais Effect...as far as the doubting SMEs ([[Subject-matter expert|Subject Matter Experts]]) are concerned, my work shall be proven correct one fine day...".<ref name="DriveFeb21"/>
Testing on the feasibility of a High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG) occurred from October 2016 to September 2019; at a total cost of $508,000 over three years. The vast majority of expenditure was on salaries. The "Pais Effect" could not be proven and officially no further research was conducted.<ref name="DriveFeb21"/> Brett Tingley wrote for ''The Drive'' that "Despite every physicist we have spoken to over the better part of two years asserting that the "Pais Effect" has no scientific basis in reality and the patents related to it were filled with [[Pseudoscience|pseudo-scientific]] jargon, NAWCAD confirmed they were interested enough in the patents to spend more than a half-million dollars over three years developing experiments and equipment to test Pais' theories".<ref name="DriveFeb21"/> Pais remained defiant regarding the veracity of his theories, in an email to ''The Drive'' he wrote that his work "culminates in the enablement of the Pais Effect...as far as the doubting SMEs ([[Subject-matter expert|Subject Matter Experts]]) are concerned, my work shall be proven correct one fine day...".<ref name="DriveFeb21"/>


==Selected publications==
==Selected publications==
===Scientific literature===
===Scientific literature===
* {{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/912234/|chapter=The Induced Thrust Effect; A Propulsion Method|publisher=[[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers]]|department=Aerospace sector|type=SAE Technical Paper|number=912234|date=September 1, 1991|issn=0148-7191|doi=10.4271/912234|title=SAE Technical Paper Series|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|journal=SAE Technical Papers|volume=1}}
* {{Cite journal|url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/912234/|title=The Induced Thrust Effect; A Propulsion Method|publisher=[[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers]]|department=Aerospace sector|type=SAE Technical Paper|number=912234|date=September 1, 1991|issn=0148-7191|doi=10.4271/912234|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|journal=SAE Technical Papers|series=SAE Technical Paper Series |volume=1}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Conditional possibility of spacecraft propulsion at superluminal speeds|journal=International Journal of Space Science and Engineering|volume=3|number=1|pages=89–92|year=2015|publication-date=May 12, 2015|doi=10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.069339|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|bibcode=2015IJSSE...3...89P }}
* {{Cite journal|title=Conditional possibility of spacecraft propulsion at superluminal speeds|journal=International Journal of Space Science and Engineering|volume=3|number=1|pages=89–92|year=2015|publication-date=May 12, 2015|doi=10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.069339|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|bibcode=2015IJSSE...3...89P }}
* {{Cite journal|title=The high energy electromagnetic field generator|journal=International Journal of Space Science and Engineering|volume=3|number=4|pages=312–317|year=2015|publication-date=April 12, 2016|doi=10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.075910|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|bibcode=2015IJSSE...3..312P }}
* {{Cite journal|title=The high energy electromagnetic field generator|journal=International Journal of Space Science and Engineering|volume=3|number=4|pages=312–317|year=2015|publication-date=April 12, 2016|doi=10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.075910|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|bibcode=2015IJSSE...3..312P }}
* {{Cite book|chapter-url=https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2017-01-2040/|chapter=High Frequency Gravitational Waves - Induced Propulsion|publisher=[[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers]]|department=Aerospace sector|type=SAE Technical Paper|number=2017–01–2040|date=September 19, 2017|issn=0148-7191|doi=10.4271/2017-01-2040|title=SAE Technical Paper Series|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|journal=SAE Technical Papers|volume=1}}
* {{Cite journal|url=https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2017-01-2040/|title=High Frequency Gravitational Waves - Induced Propulsion|publisher=[[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers]]|department=Aerospace sector|type=SAE Technical Paper|number=2017–01–2040|date=September 19, 2017|issn=0148-7191|doi=10.4271/2017-01-2040|last1=Pais|first1=Salvatore Cezar|journal=SAE Technical Papers|series=SAE Technical Paper Series |volume=1}}
* {{Cite conference|title=A Hybrid craft using an inertial mass modification device|conference=[[AIAA]] Space Forum 2017-5343|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA)|year=2017|publication-date=September 15, 2017|doi=10.2514/6.2017-5343}}
* {{Cite conference|title=A Hybrid craft using an inertial mass modification device|conference=[[AIAA]] Space Forum 2017-5343|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA)|year=2017|publication-date=September 15, 2017|doi=10.2514/6.2017-5343}}
* {{Cite conference|title=Room Temperature Superconducting System for use on a Hybrid Aerospace-Undersea Craft|conference=AIAA Scitech Forum 2019-0869|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA)|year=2019|publication-date=January 6, 2019|doi=10.2514/6.2019-0869}}
* {{Cite conference|title=Room Temperature Superconducting System for use on a Hybrid Aerospace-Undersea Craft|conference=AIAA Scitech Forum 2019-0869|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] (AIAA)|year=2019|publication-date=January 6, 2019|doi=10.2514/6.2019-0869}}

===Patent literature===
===Patent literature===
* {{cite journal |title=Craft using an inertial mass reduction device |journal=USPTO |date=4 December 2018 |issue=10144532}}
* {{cite journal |title=Craft using an inertial mass reduction device |journal=USPTO |date=4 December 2018 |issue=10144532}}
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* {{cite journal |title=Laser augmented turbojet propulsion system |journal=USPTO |date=25 July 2006 |issue=20170313446}}
* {{cite journal |title=Laser augmented turbojet propulsion system |journal=USPTO |date=25 July 2006 |issue=20170313446}}


== References ==
==See also==
* [[LK-99]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pais, Salvatore}}
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[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:American people of Romanian descent]]

Latest revision as of 21:16, 17 December 2024

Salvatore Pais
Born
Salvatore Cezar Pais

(1967-09-07) September 7, 1967 (age 57)[1]
Romania
Occupation(s)Aerospace engineer, inventor
Academic background
Alma materCase Western Reserve University
ThesisBubble generation in a continuous liquid flow under reduced gravity conditions (1999)
Doctoral advisorYasuhiro Kamotani
Simon Ostrach
Academic work
DisciplineAerospace engineering
Main interestsPhysics of low gravity

Salvatore Cezar Pais (born September 7, 1967)[1] is a Romanian-American aerospace engineer and inventor, currently working for the United States Space Force. He formerly worked at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River. His patent applications for the US Navy attracted attention for their potential energy-producing applications, but also doubt about their feasibility, and speculation that they may be scams, pseudoscience, or disinformation intended to mislead the United States' adversaries.[2]

Education and doctoral research

[edit]
Diagram of a reduced-gravity manoeuvre known as parabolic flight of the type Pais undertook during his PhD research. Source: NASA

Salvatore Pais attended Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, getting an MS in 1993 with a thesis titled "Design of an experiment for observation of thermocapillary convection phenomena in a simulated floating zone under microgravity conditions".[3] He got a PhD in mechanical and aerospace engineering in 1999 with a thesis on the subject of "Bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations" for which he endured a number of parabolic flights to produce a low-gravity environment.[4] His doctoral advisers were Yasuhiro Kamotani and Simon Ostrach, who carried out spacelab experiments in low-gravity aboard the space shuttle STS-50 in 1992.[5] Pais's research was sponsored by NASA.[6]

Career

[edit]
Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "craft using an inertial mass reduction device"[7]
Drawing from Pais's patent application for a "plasma compression fusion device"[8]

Pais worked as a scientist and aerospace engineer at the United States Navy's Naval Air Station Patuxent River. In June 2019 he left the NAWCAD and moved to the US Navy's Strategic Systems Programs organization. In 2021, he transferred to the U.S. Air Force.[9]

Starting in 2015, he began filing patent applications on behalf of his employers with futuristic-sounding names suggesting potential military and energy-producing applications. No working prototype of any of these concepts was ever developed.[10] These attracted attention, as well as speculation that they may be disinformation intended to mislead the United States' strategic adversaries about the direction of United States defense research.[2]

His patent applications include:

  • A "piezoelectricity-induced room temperature superconductor" with the function of enabling "the transmission of electrical power with no losses."(2017).[11][12] The Institution of Engineering and Technology commented that no evidence was presented to show that the device worked, and that the highest temperature superconductors so far created worked at around -70 °C.[13]
  • A "plasma compression fusion device" (2018),[8][14][15] described by Popular Mechanics as a "compact nuclear fusion reactor" that "stretch[es] the limits of science."[16]
  • An "electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field" (2015), the principal stated application of which is to deflect asteroids that may hit the Earth. The patent is assigned to the US Secretary of the Navy.[17]
  • A "craft using an inertial mass reduction device" (2016), one embodiment of which could be a high speed "hybrid aerospace/undersea craft" able to "engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level",[7] the patent application for which was supported by the Naval Aviation Enterprise's chief technical officer on the grounds that the Chinese military were already developing similar technology.[2] This patent was subsequently approved and published on December 4th, 2018, and is currently assigned to the U.S Navy, expiring in 2036
  • A "high frequency gravitational wave generator" that may be used "for advanced propulsion, asteroid disruption and/or deflection, and communications through solid objects."(2017).[18]

Testing on the feasibility of a High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG) occurred from October 2016 to September 2019; at a total cost of $508,000 over three years. The vast majority of expenditure was on salaries. The "Pais Effect" could not be proven and officially no further research was conducted.[9] Brett Tingley wrote for The Drive that "Despite every physicist we have spoken to over the better part of two years asserting that the "Pais Effect" has no scientific basis in reality and the patents related to it were filled with pseudo-scientific jargon, NAWCAD confirmed they were interested enough in the patents to spend more than a half-million dollars over three years developing experiments and equipment to test Pais' theories".[9] Pais remained defiant regarding the veracity of his theories, in an email to The Drive he wrote that his work "culminates in the enablement of the Pais Effect...as far as the doubting SMEs (Subject Matter Experts) are concerned, my work shall be proven correct one fine day...".[9]

Selected publications

[edit]

Scientific literature

[edit]
  • Pais, Salvatore Cezar (September 1, 1991). "The Induced Thrust Effect; A Propulsion Method". Aerospace sector. SAE Technical Papers (SAE Technical Paper). SAE Technical Paper Series. 1 (912234). Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers. doi:10.4271/912234. ISSN 0148-7191.
  • Pais, Salvatore Cezar (2015). "Conditional possibility of spacecraft propulsion at superluminal speeds". International Journal of Space Science and Engineering. 3 (1) (published May 12, 2015): 89–92. Bibcode:2015IJSSE...3...89P. doi:10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.069339.
  • Pais, Salvatore Cezar (2015). "The high energy electromagnetic field generator". International Journal of Space Science and Engineering. 3 (4) (published April 12, 2016): 312–317. Bibcode:2015IJSSE...3..312P. doi:10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.075910.
  • Pais, Salvatore Cezar (September 19, 2017). "High Frequency Gravitational Waves - Induced Propulsion". Aerospace sector. SAE Technical Papers (SAE Technical Paper). SAE Technical Paper Series. 1 (2017–01–2040). Society of Automobile Engineers Technical International Papers. doi:10.4271/2017-01-2040. ISSN 0148-7191.
  • A Hybrid craft using an inertial mass modification device. AIAA Space Forum 2017-5343. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) (published September 15, 2017). 2017. doi:10.2514/6.2017-5343.
  • Room Temperature Superconducting System for use on a Hybrid Aerospace-Undersea Craft. AIAA Scitech Forum 2019-0869. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) (published January 6, 2019). 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-0869.

Patent literature

[edit]
  • "Craft using an inertial mass reduction device". USPTO (10144532). December 4, 2018.
  • "High frequency gravitational wave generator". USPTO (10322827). June 18, 2019.
  • "Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field". USPTO (10135366). November 20, 2018.
  • "Plasma Compression Fusion Device". USPTO (20190295733). September 26, 2019.
  • "Laser augmented turbojet propulsion system". USPTO (20170313446). July 25, 2006.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Hyperspace Engineer | Free information for free people". hyperspace.engineer.
  2. ^ a b c Brett Tingley; Tyler Rogoway (June 28, 2019). "Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances". The Drive. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  3. ^ Pais, Salvatore Cezar (1993). Design of an experiment for observation of thermocapillary convection phenomena in a simulated floating zone under microgravity conditions / by Salvatore Cezar Pais. Case Western Reserve University (Thesis). Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  4. ^ Pais, Salvatore Cezar (1999). "Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions" (PDF). Case Western Reserve University. Cleveland. p. ii.
  5. ^ Ostrach, S.; Kamotani, Y. (June 1996). "STDCE" (PDF). Ntrs.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  6. ^ Pais, Salvatore Cezar (July 1999). "Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions". NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  7. ^ a b US 10144532B2, Salvatore Cezar Pais, "Craft using an inertial mass reduction device", published 2018-12-04, issued 2018-12-04, assigned to United States Secretary of the Navy 
  8. ^ a b US 20190295733A1, Salvatore Cezar Pais, "Plasma Compression Fusion Device", published 2019-09-26, assigned to United States Secretary of the Navy 
  9. ^ a b c d Brett Tingley (February 1, 2021). "The Navy Finally Speaks Up About Its Bizarre "UFO Patent" Experiments". The Drive. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  10. ^ Tingley, Brett (January 22, 2020). "The Secretive Inventor Of The Navy's Bizarre 'UFO Patents' Finally Talks". The Drive. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  11. ^ US 20190058105A1, Salvatore Cezar Pais, "Piezoelectricity-induced Room Temperature Superconductor", published 2019-02-21, assigned to United States Secretary of the Navy 
  12. ^ Troy Carter (February 22, 2019). "Navy files for patent on room-temperature superconductor". phys.org. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  13. ^ "US Navy scientist files 'revolutionary' superconductor patent claim". Engineering & Technology. February 25, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  14. ^ Brett Tingley; Tyler Rogoway (October 9, 2019). "Scientist Behind The Navy's "UFO Patents" Has Now Filed One For A Compact Fusion Reactor". The Drive. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  15. ^ Stephen Kuper (November 1, 2019). "Player two has entered the game: US Navy files fusion reactor patent". Defence Connect. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  16. ^ Jennifer Leman (October 10, 2019). "The Navy's Patent for a Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Is Wild". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  17. ^ US 10135366B2, Salvatore Cezar Pais, "Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field", published 2018-11-20, issued 2018-11-20, assigned to United States Secretary of the Navy 
  18. ^ US 10322827B2, Salvatore Cezar Pais, "High frequency gravitational wave generator", published 2019-06-18, issued 2019-06-18, assigned to United States Secretary of the Navy 
[edit]
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