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{{Short description|Japanese transport aircraft}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{{Infobox aircraft
|name= Ki-57
|name=Ki-57
|image= Mitsubishi Ki-57.jpg
|image=File:Mitsubishi Ki-57.jpg
|caption= MC-20-I, with a nickname '''''Asagumo''''' (morning cloud), used by [[Asahi Shimbun]].
|caption=MC-20-I, with a nickname ''Asagumo'' (morning cloud), used by [[Asahi Shimbun]]
|type=Transport aircraft<br />Paratroop transport<br />Passenger aircraft
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|manufacturer=[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|type= Transport aircraft<br> Paratroop Transport<br> Passenger aircraft
|design_group=
|manufacturer= Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Limited)
|first_flight=August [[1940 in aviation|1940]]
|designer= Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK Design Team
|first flight= August [[1940 in aviation|1940]]
|introduction=[[1942 in aviation|1942]]
|introduction= [[1942 in aviation|1942]]
|retired=
|retired=
|status=
|status=
|primary user= [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]]<br> [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]<br> [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]
|primary_user=[[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]]
|more_users=[[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]<br /> [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]
|produced=1940–1945
|more users=
|number_built=406
|produced= 1940-1945
|developed_from=[[Mitsubishi Ki-21]]
|number built= 406
|unit cost=
|variants=
|developed from= [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]]
|variants with their own articles=
}}
}}

|}
The '''Mitsubishi Ki-57''' was a [[Japan]]ese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] bomber, during the early 1940s. See below for synonyms.
The '''Mitsubishi Ki-57''' was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] bomber, during the early 1940s.


==Development==
==Development==
[[Image:Mitsubishi MC-20-II.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MC-20-II with a nickname [[Siberian Crane|'''''Hakutsuru'''''(white crane)]] of the China Airlines during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese war]].]]
In 1938, when the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] [[heavy bomber]] began to enter service with the [[Imperial Japanese Army]], its capability attracted the attention of the [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]. In consequence a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two 708&nbsp;kW (950&nbsp;hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI [[radial engine]]s, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new [[fuselage]] to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also the navy, and following the flight of a [[prototype]] in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=182–183.}}</ref>


In 1938, when the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] [[heavy bomber]] began to enter service with the [[Imperial Japanese Army]], its capability attracted the attention of the [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]. In consequence, a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two {{cvt|708|kW|-1}} Nakajima Ha-5 KAI [[radial engine]]s, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid- to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new [[fuselage]] to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also to the navy, and following the flight of a [[prototype]] in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=182–183}}</ref>
This initial production '''Ki-57-I''' had the civil and military designations of '''MC-20-I''' and '''Army Type 100 Transport Model 1''', respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated '''L4M1'''. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved '''Ki-57-II''', which introduced more powerful 805&nbsp;kW (1,080&nbsp;hp) Mitsubishi Ha-l02 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the '''MC-20-II''' and '''Army Type 100 Transport Model 2''', respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|reporting name]] "'''Topsy'''".<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=183–184.}}</ref>

This initial production ''Ki-57-I'' had the civil and military designations of ''MC-20-I'' and ''Army Type 100 Transport Model 1'', respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated ''L4M1''. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved ''Ki-57-II'', which introduced more powerful {{cvt|805|kW}} Mitsubishi Ha-102 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the ''MC-20-II'' and ''Army Type 100 Transport Model 2'', respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|reporting name]] "Topsy".<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=183–184}}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
[[File:Mitsubishi MC-20-II.jpg|thumb|MC-20-II with the nickname [[Siberian crane|''Hakutsuru'' (white crane)]] during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese war]]]]
*'''Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1''': Powered by two 708&nbsp;kW (950&nbsp;hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version.

*'''MC-20-I''': Same as above but built for civil use with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
*'''Ki-57-II Army Type 100 Transport Model 2''':Powered by two 805&nbsp;kW (1,080&nbsp;hp) Mitsubishi Ha-l02 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles. Minor equipment and detail refinements were also incorporated. 306 aircraft of this type were produced before the end of production in January 1945.
*''Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1'': Powered by two {{cvt|708|kW|-1}} [[Nakajima Ha-5 KAI]] radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version.
*'''MC-20-II''': Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
*''MC-20-I'': Same as above but built for civil use with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
*''Ki-57-II Army Type 100 Transport Model 2'':Powered by two {{cvt|805|kW}} [[Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei]] 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles. Minor equipment and detail refinements were also incorporated. 306 aircraft of this type were produced before the end of production in January 1945.
*'''L4M1 Navy Type 0 Transport''': A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for use by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1.
*''MC-20-II'': Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
*''L4M1'': A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for test by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1.


==Operators==
==Operators==
[[File:Mitsubishi Ki-57 Topsy wrecked.jpg|thumb|200px|A wrecked Ki-57 on Honshu in late 1945]]
[[File:Mitsubishi Ki-57 Topsy wrecked.jpg|thumb|A wrecked Ki-57 on Honshu in late 1945]]


===Wartime===
===Wartime===
Line 44: Line 44:
* [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]]
* [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]]
* [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]
* [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]

;{{flag|Manchukuo}}
* [[Manchukuo Imperial Air Force]]


'''Civil operators'''
'''Civil operators'''
;{{flag|Japan}}
;{{flag|Japan}}
* [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (''Dai Nippon Koku KK'')
* [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (''Dai Nippon Koku KK'')
* [[Asahi Shimbun]]
* [[Asahi Shimbun]]
* [[Mainichi Shimbun|Osaka Mainichi Shimbun]]
* [[Mainichi Shimbun|Osaka Mainichi Shimbun]]
* Tyuka Koku Kaisya (in China)
* Tyuka Koku Kaisya (in China)
Line 55: Line 58:
* [[Manchuria Aviation Company|Manchukuo National Airways]] (in Manchuria)
* [[Manchuria Aviation Company|Manchukuo National Airways]] (in Manchuria)


'''[[Reorganized National Government of China]]'''
;[[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|23px|link=Reorganized National Government of China]] [[Reorganized National Government of China]]
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport


;{{flag|Philippines|aguinaldo|name=Second Philippine Republic}}
;{{flag|Second Philippine Republic}}
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport


Line 70: Line 73:


==Accidents and incidents==
==Accidents and incidents==
* On December 20, 1940, a DAI NIPPON KOKU's MC-20, registration J-BGON "MYO-KO", crashed into the Tokyo bay during CAB's test flight, killing all 13 on board including 8 CAB inspectors.
* On 20 December 1940, an Imperial Japanese Airways MC-20-I (J-BGON, ''Myuko'') crashed into Tokyo Bay off Chiba during CAB's test flight, killing all 13 on board including 8 CAB inspectors.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
* On June 21, 1941, a Manchurian Air Transport MC-20, registration M-604, crashed into the [[Sea of Japan]], killing all 18 on board.
* On 21 June 1941, a Manchurian Air Transport MC-20 (M-604) crashed into the [[Sea of Japan]], killing all 18 on board.{{cn|date=March 2024}}


==Specifications (Ki-57-II)==
==Specifications (Ki-57-II)==
[[File:Mitsubishi Ki-57 3-view line drawing.png|thumb|3-view drawing of the Mitsubishi Ki-57]]
{{aircraft specifications
{{Aircraft specs
|plane or copter?=<!-- options: plane/copter --> plane
|ref=''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War'' <ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=184–185.}}</ref>
|jet or prop?=<!-- options: jet/prop/both/neither --> prop
|prime units?=met
|ref= ''Japanese AIrcraft of the Pacific War''<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=184–185.}}</ref>
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew= 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator)
|crew= 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator)
|capacity= 11 passengers
|capacity= 11 passengers
|length m=16.1
|payload main=
|payload alt=
|length note=
|span m=22.6
|length main= 16.10 m
|span note=
|length alt= 52 ft 9⅞ in
|height m=4.86
|span main= 22.60 m
|height note=
|span alt= 74 ft 1¾ in
|wing area sqm=70.08
|height main= 4.86 m
|wing area note=
|height alt= 15 ft 11⅜ in
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|area main= 70.08 m²
|area alt= 754.3 ft²
|airfoil=
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 5,585 kg
|empty weight kg=5585
|empty weight alt= 12,313 lb
|empty weight note=
|loaded weight main= 8,173 kg
|gross weight kg=8173
|loaded weight alt= 18,018 lb
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=9120
|useful load main=
|max takeoff weight note=
|useful load alt=
|fuel capacity=
|max takeoff weight main= 9,120 kg
|max takeoff weight alt= 20,106 lb
|more general=
|more general=
<!--
|engine (prop)= [[Mitsubishi Zuisei|Mitsubishi Ha-102]] Zuisei
Powerplant
|type of prop= 14-cylinder air-cooled [[radial engine]]
-->
|number of props= 2
|eng1 number=2
|power main= 805 kW
|eng1 name=[[Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei]]
|power alt= 1,080 hp
|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled [[radial engine]]
|power original= (at take-off)
|eng1 kw=805
|max speed main= 470 km/h
|eng1 note=for take-off
|max speed alt= 254 kn, 292 mph

|max speed more= at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
|prop blade number=3
|cruise speed main=
|prop name=variable-pitch propellers
|cruise speed alt=
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|never exceed speed main=
|prop dia note=
|never exceed speed alt=
<!--
|stall speed main=
Performance
|stall speed alt=
-->
|range main= 3,000 km
|max speed kmh=470
|range alt= 1,622 nmi, 1,865 mi
|max speed note=at {{cvt|5800|m}}
|ceiling main= 8,000 m
|cruise speed kmh=
|ceiling alt= 26,250 ft
|climb rate main=
|cruise speed note=
|climb rate alt=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|loading main= 116.6 kg/m²
|never exceed speed kmh=
|loading alt= 23.9 lb/ft²
|never exceed speed note=
|power/mass main=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|power/mass alt=
|minimum control speed note=
|more performance= * '''Climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft):''' 15 min 45 s
|range km=3000
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=8000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude={{cvt|5000|m}} 15 minutes 45 seconds
|wing loading kg/m2=116.6
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|more performance=<!--</br>
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Take-off run to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}-->
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{aircontent|
{{aircontent
|related=
|related=
* [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]]
* [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]]
|similar aircraft=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of Japan during World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Japanese Navy]]
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of military aircraft of Japan]]
* [[List of military aircraft of Japan]]
* [[List of aircraft of Japan, World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Japanese Navy]]
|see also=
|see also=
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{commons category|Mitsubishi Ki-57}}
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Francillon, Ph.D., René J. ''The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172)''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
* Francillon, Ph.D., René J. ''The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172)''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
* Francillon, Ph.D., René J. ''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War''. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970. ISBN 0-370-00033-1 (2nd edition 1979, ISBN 0-370-30251-6; 3rd edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-801-1).
* {{Cite book|last=Francillon|first=René J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6124909|title=Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War|date=1979|publisher=Putnam|isbn=0-370-30251-6|location=London|oclc=6124909}} (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, {{ISBN|0-85177-801-1}}); 3rd edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1987. {{ISBN|0-85177-801-1}}).
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Mitsubishi Ki-57}}
{{commons category|Mitsubishi Ki-57}}
* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/airplane/museum/cl-pln8/MC-20.html Classic Airplane Museum MC-20] Japanese
* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/airplane/museum/cl-pln8/MC-20.html Classic Airplane Museum MC-20] Japanese
* [http://homepage3.nifty.com/airhistory-nippon/mc20page.html JCAL MC-20] Japanese
* [http://homepage3.nifty.com/airhistory-nippon/mc20page.html JCAL MC-20] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214144834/http://homepage3.nifty.com/airhistory-nippon/mc20page.html |date=2015-02-14 }} Japanese


{{Mitsubishi aircraft}}
{{Mitsubishi aircraft}}
{{Japanese Army Aircraft Designation System}}
{{Japanese Army Aircraft Designation System}}
{{Japanese Navy short aircraft designations}}
{{Allied reporting names}}
{{Allied reporting names}}
{{aviation lists}}


[[Category:Mitsubishi aircraft|Ki-057]]
[[Category:Mitsubishi aircraft|Ki-057]]
[[Category:Japanese military transport aircraft 1940–1949]]
[[Category:1940s Japanese military transport aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II Japanese transport aircraft|Ki-57, Mitsubishi]]
[[Category:World War II Japanese transport aircraft|Ki-57, Mitsubishi]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1940]]
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]

Latest revision as of 00:34, 18 December 2024

Ki-57
MC-20-I, with a nickname Asagumo (morning cloud), used by Asahi Shimbun
General information
TypeTransport aircraft
Paratroop transport
Passenger aircraft
ManufacturerMitsubishi Heavy Industries
Primary usersImperial Japanese Army Air Force
Number built406
History
Manufactured1940–1945
Introduction date1942
First flightAugust 1940
Developed fromMitsubishi Ki-21

The Mitsubishi Ki-57 was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the Ki-21 bomber, during the early 1940s.

Development

[edit]

In 1938, when the Ki-21 heavy bomber began to enter service with the Imperial Japanese Army, its capability attracted the attention of the Imperial Japanese Airways. In consequence, a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid- to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new fuselage to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also to the navy, and following the flight of a prototype in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.[1]

This initial production Ki-57-I had the civil and military designations of MC-20-I and Army Type 100 Transport Model 1, respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated L4M1. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved Ki-57-II, which introduced more powerful 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the MC-20-II and Army Type 100 Transport Model 2, respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied reporting name "Topsy".[2]

Variants

[edit]
MC-20-II with the nickname Hakutsuru (white crane) during the Sino-Japanese war
  • Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1: Powered by two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version.
  • MC-20-I: Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
  • Ki-57-II Army Type 100 Transport Model 2:Powered by two 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles. Minor equipment and detail refinements were also incorporated. 306 aircraft of this type were produced before the end of production in January 1945.
  • MC-20-II: Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
  • L4M1: A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for test by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1.

Operators

[edit]
A wrecked Ki-57 on Honshu in late 1945

Wartime

[edit]

Military operators

 Japan
 Manchukuo

Civil operators

 Japan
 Manchukuo
Reorganized National Government of China
  • One MC-20 used as presidential transport
 Second Philippine Republic
  • One MC-20 used as presidential transport

Post-war

[edit]
 China
  • The last Ki-57 was used as a trainer and retired in 1952.
 Japan
 Netherlands
  • Captured aircraft, used by the KNIL.

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • On 20 December 1940, an Imperial Japanese Airways MC-20-I (J-BGON, Myuko) crashed into Tokyo Bay off Chiba during CAB's test flight, killing all 13 on board including 8 CAB inspectors.[citation needed]
  • On 21 June 1941, a Manchurian Air Transport MC-20 (M-604) crashed into the Sea of Japan, killing all 18 on board.[citation needed]

Specifications (Ki-57-II)

[edit]
3-view drawing of the Mitsubishi Ki-57

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War [4]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator)
  • Capacity: 11 passengers
  • Length: 16.1 m (52 ft 10 in)
  • Wingspan: 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in)
  • Height: 4.86 m (15 ft 11 in)
  • Wing area: 70.08 m2 (754.3 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 5,585 kg (12,313 lb)
  • Gross weight: 8,173 kg (18,018 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 9,120 kg (20,106 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, 805 kW (1,080 hp) each for take-off
  • Propellers: 3-bladed variable-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 470 km/h (290 mph, 250 kn) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
  • Range: 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 8,000 m (26,000 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) 15 minutes 45 seconds
  • Wing loading: 116.6 kg/m2 (23.9 lb/sq ft)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Related lists

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 182–183
  2. ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 183–184
  3. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 184.
  4. ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 184–185.
Bibliography
  • Francillon, Ph.D., René J. The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
  • Francillon, René J. (1979). Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-30251-6. OCLC 6124909. (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, ISBN 0-85177-801-1); 3rd edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-801-1).
[edit]
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