Mitsubishi Ki-57: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m Consensus at Template talk:Aviation lists#RfC: Should this navbox be removed from non-mentioned articles?, replaced: [[Image: → [[File: using AWB |
|||
| (37 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Japanese transport aircraft}} |
|||
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> |
|||
{{Infobox aircraft |
|||
|name= |
|name=Ki-57 |
||
|image= |
|image=File:Mitsubishi Ki-57.jpg |
||
|caption= |
|caption=MC-20-I, with a nickname ''Asagumo'' (morning cloud), used by [[Asahi Shimbun]] |
||
|type=Transport aircraft<br />Paratroop transport<br />Passenger aircraft |
|||
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type |
|||
|manufacturer=[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] |
|||
|type= Transport aircraft<br> Paratroop Transport<br> Passenger aircraft |
|||
|design_group= |
|||
|manufacturer= Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Limited) |
|||
|first_flight=August [[1940 in aviation|1940]] |
|||
|designer= Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK Design Team |
|||
| |
|introduction=[[1942 in aviation|1942]] |
||
|introduction= [[1942 in aviation|1942]] |
|||
|retired= |
|retired= |
||
|status= |
|status= |
||
| |
|primary_user=[[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] |
||
|more_users=[[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]<br /> [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] |
|||
|produced=1940–1945 |
|||
|more users= |
|||
|number_built=406 |
|||
|produced= 1940-1945 |
|||
|developed_from=[[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] |
|||
|number built= 406 |
|||
| |
|variants= |
||
|developed from= [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] |
|||
|variants with their own articles= |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|} |
|||
The '''Mitsubishi Ki-57''' was a |
The '''Mitsubishi Ki-57''' was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] bomber, during the early 1940s. |
||
==Development== |
==Development== |
||
[[File:Mitsubishi MC-20-II.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MC-20-II with a nickname [[Siberian Crane|'''''Hakutsuru'''''(white crane)]] of the China Airlines during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese war]].]] |
|||
In 1938, when the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] [[heavy bomber]] began to enter service with the [[Imperial Japanese Army]], its capability attracted the attention of the [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]. In consequence a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI [[radial engine]]s, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new [[fuselage]] to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also the navy, and following the flight of a [[prototype]] in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=182–183.}}</ref> |
|||
In 1938, when the [[Mitsubishi Ki-21|Ki-21]] [[heavy bomber]] began to enter service with the [[Imperial Japanese Army]], its capability attracted the attention of the [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]. In consequence, a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two {{cvt|708|kW|-1}} Nakajima Ha-5 KAI [[radial engine]]s, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid- to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new [[fuselage]] to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also to the navy, and following the flight of a [[prototype]] in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=182–183}}</ref> |
|||
This initial production '''Ki-57-I''' had the civil and military designations of '''MC-20-I''' and '''Army Type 100 Transport Model 1''', respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated '''L4M1'''. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved '''Ki-57-II''', which introduced more powerful 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-l02 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the '''MC-20-II''' and '''Army Type 100 Transport Model 2''', respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|reporting name]] "'''Topsy'''".<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=183–184.}}</ref> |
|||
This initial production ''Ki-57-I'' had the civil and military designations of ''MC-20-I'' and ''Army Type 100 Transport Model 1'', respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated ''L4M1''. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved ''Ki-57-II'', which introduced more powerful {{cvt|805|kW}} Mitsubishi Ha-102 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the ''MC-20-II'' and ''Army Type 100 Transport Model 2'', respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|reporting name]] "Topsy".<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=183–184}}</ref> |
|||
==Variants== |
==Variants== |
||
[[File:Mitsubishi MC-20-II.jpg|thumb|MC-20-II with the nickname [[Siberian crane|''Hakutsuru'' (white crane)]] during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese war]]]] |
|||
*'''Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1''': Powered by two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version. |
|||
*'''MC-20-I''': Same as above but built for civil use with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK). |
|||
* |
*''Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1'': Powered by two {{cvt|708|kW|-1}} [[Nakajima Ha-5 KAI]] radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version. |
||
* |
*''MC-20-I'': Same as above but built for civil use with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK). |
||
*''Ki-57-II Army Type 100 Transport Model 2'':Powered by two {{cvt|805|kW}} [[Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei]] 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles. Minor equipment and detail refinements were also incorporated. 306 aircraft of this type were produced before the end of production in January 1945. |
|||
*'''L4M1''': A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for test by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1. |
|||
*''MC-20-II'': Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK). |
|||
*''L4M1'': A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for test by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1. |
|||
==Operators== |
==Operators== |
||
[[File:Mitsubishi Ki-57 Topsy wrecked.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Mitsubishi Ki-57 Topsy wrecked.jpg|thumb|A wrecked Ki-57 on Honshu in late 1945]] |
||
===Wartime=== |
===Wartime=== |
||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
* [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] |
* [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] |
||
* [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
* [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
||
;{{flag|Manchukuo}} |
|||
* [[Manchukuo Imperial Air Force]] |
|||
'''Civil operators''' |
'''Civil operators''' |
||
;{{flag|Japan}} |
;{{flag|Japan}} |
||
* [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (''Dai Nippon Koku KK'') |
* [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (''Dai Nippon Koku KK'') |
||
* [[Asahi Shimbun]] |
* [[Asahi Shimbun]] |
||
* [[Mainichi Shimbun|Osaka Mainichi Shimbun]] |
* [[Mainichi Shimbun|Osaka Mainichi Shimbun]] |
||
* Tyuka Koku Kaisya (in China) |
* Tyuka Koku Kaisya (in China) |
||
| Line 55: | Line 58: | ||
* [[Manchuria Aviation Company|Manchukuo National Airways]] (in Manchuria) |
* [[Manchuria Aviation Company|Manchukuo National Airways]] (in Manchuria) |
||
;[[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|23px|link=Reorganized National Government of China]] [[Reorganized National Government of China]] |
|||
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport |
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport |
||
;{{flag| |
;{{flag|Second Philippine Republic}} |
||
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport |
* One MC-20 used as presidential transport |
||
| Line 70: | Line 73: | ||
==Accidents and incidents== |
==Accidents and incidents== |
||
* On December |
* On 20 December 1940, an Imperial Japanese Airways MC-20-I (J-BGON, ''Myuko'') crashed into Tokyo Bay off Chiba during CAB's test flight, killing all 13 on board including 8 CAB inspectors.{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
||
* On June |
* On 21 June 1941, a Manchurian Air Transport MC-20 (M-604) crashed into the [[Sea of Japan]], killing all 18 on board.{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
||
==Specifications (Ki-57-II)== |
==Specifications (Ki-57-II)== |
||
[[File:Mitsubishi Ki-57 3-view line drawing.png|thumb|3-view drawing of the Mitsubishi Ki-57]] |
|||
{{aircraft specifications |
|||
{{Aircraft specs |
|||
|plane or copter?=<!-- options: plane/copter --> plane |
|||
|ref=''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War'' <ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=184–185.}}</ref> |
|||
|jet or prop?=<!-- options: jet/prop/both/neither --> prop |
|||
|prime units?=met |
|||
|ref= ''Japanese AIrcraft of the Pacific War''<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=184–185.}}</ref> |
|||
<!-- |
|||
General characteristics |
|||
--> |
|||
|crew= 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator) |
|crew= 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator) |
||
|capacity= 11 passengers |
|capacity= 11 passengers |
||
|length m=16.1 |
|||
|payload main= |
|||
| |
|length note= |
||
|span m=22.6 |
|||
|length main= 16.10 m |
|||
|span note= |
|||
|length alt= 52 ft 9⅞ in |
|||
|height m=4.86 |
|||
|span main= 22.60 m |
|||
|height note= |
|||
|span alt= 74 ft 1¾ in |
|||
|wing area sqm=70.08 |
|||
|height main= 4.86 m |
|||
|wing area note= |
|||
|height alt= 15 ft 11⅜ in |
|||
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
|||
|area main= 70.08 m² |
|||
|area alt= 754.3 ft² |
|||
|airfoil= |
|airfoil= |
||
|empty weight |
|empty weight kg=5585 |
||
|empty weight |
|empty weight note= |
||
| |
|gross weight kg=8173 |
||
| |
|gross weight note= |
||
|max takeoff weight kg=9120 |
|||
|useful load main= |
|||
|max takeoff weight note= |
|||
|useful load alt= |
|||
|fuel capacity= |
|||
|max takeoff weight main= 9,120 kg |
|||
|max takeoff weight alt= 20,106 lb |
|||
|more general= |
|more general= |
||
<!-- |
|||
|engine (prop)= [[Mitsubishi Zuisei|Mitsubishi Ha-102]] Zuisei |
|||
Powerplant |
|||
|type of prop= 14-cylinder air-cooled [[radial engine]] |
|||
--> |
|||
|number of props= 2 |
|||
|eng1 number=2 |
|||
|power main= 805 kW |
|||
|eng1 name=[[Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei]] |
|||
|power alt= 1,080 hp |
|||
|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled [[radial engine]] |
|||
|power original= (at take-off) |
|||
|eng1 kw=805 |
|||
|max speed main= 470 km/h |
|||
|eng1 note=for take-off |
|||
|max speed alt= 254 kn, 292 mph |
|||
|max speed more= at 5,800 m (19,000 ft) |
|||
|prop blade number=3 |
|||
|cruise speed main= |
|||
|prop name=variable-pitch propellers |
|||
|cruise speed alt= |
|||
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
|||
|never exceed speed main= |
|||
|prop dia note= |
|||
|never exceed speed alt= |
|||
<!-- |
|||
|stall speed main= |
|||
Performance |
|||
|stall speed alt= |
|||
--> |
|||
|range main= 3,000 km |
|||
|max speed kmh=470 |
|||
|range alt= 1,622 nmi, 1,865 mi |
|||
|max speed note=at {{cvt|5800|m}} |
|||
|ceiling main= 8,000 m |
|||
|cruise speed kmh= |
|||
|ceiling alt= 26,250 ft |
|||
| |
|cruise speed note= |
||
| |
|stall speed kmh= |
||
|stall speed note= |
|||
|loading main= 116.6 kg/m² |
|||
|never exceed speed kmh= |
|||
|loading alt= 23.9 lb/ft² |
|||
|never exceed speed note= |
|||
|power/mass main= |
|||
|minimum control speed kmh= |
|||
|power/mass alt= |
|||
|minimum control speed note= |
|||
|more performance= * '''Climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft):''' 15 min 45 s |
|||
|range km=3000 |
|||
|range note= |
|||
|combat range km= |
|||
|combat range note= |
|||
|ferry range km= |
|||
|ferry range note= |
|||
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
|||
|ceiling m=8000 |
|||
|ceiling note= |
|||
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
|||
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
|||
|climb rate ms= |
|||
|climb rate note= |
|||
|time to altitude={{cvt|5000|m}} 15 minutes 45 seconds |
|||
|wing loading kg/m2=116.6 |
|||
|wing loading note= |
|||
|fuel consumption kg/km= |
|||
|power/mass= |
|||
|more performance=<!--</br> |
|||
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||m|0}} |
|||
*'''Take-off run to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}} |
|||
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||m|0}} |
|||
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}--> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{aircontent |
{{aircontent |
||
|related= |
|related= |
||
* [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] |
* [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] |
||
|similar aircraft= |
|similar aircraft= |
||
|lists= |
|lists= |
||
* [[List of aircraft of Japan during World War II]] |
|||
* [[List of aircraft of the Japanese Navy]] |
|||
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]] |
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]] |
||
* [[List of military aircraft of Japan]] |
* [[List of military aircraft of Japan]] |
||
* [[List of aircraft of Japan, World War II]] |
|||
* [[List of aircraft of the Japanese Navy]] |
|||
|see also= |
|see also= |
||
}} |
}} |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
;Notes |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
;Bibliography |
;Bibliography |
||
{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
||
* Francillon, Ph.D., René J. ''The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172)''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. |
* Francillon, Ph.D., René J. ''The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172)''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. |
||
* Francillon |
* {{Cite book|last=Francillon|first=René J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6124909|title=Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War|date=1979|publisher=Putnam|isbn=0-370-30251-6|location=London|oclc=6124909}} (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, {{ISBN|0-85177-801-1}}); 3rd edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1987. {{ISBN|0-85177-801-1}}). |
||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
| Line 154: | Line 179: | ||
{{commons category|Mitsubishi Ki-57}} |
{{commons category|Mitsubishi Ki-57}} |
||
* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/airplane/museum/cl-pln8/MC-20.html Classic Airplane Museum MC-20] Japanese |
* [http://www.ne.jp/asahi/airplane/museum/cl-pln8/MC-20.html Classic Airplane Museum MC-20] Japanese |
||
* [http://homepage3.nifty.com/airhistory-nippon/mc20page.html JCAL MC-20] Japanese |
* [http://homepage3.nifty.com/airhistory-nippon/mc20page.html JCAL MC-20] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214144834/http://homepage3.nifty.com/airhistory-nippon/mc20page.html |date=2015-02-14 }} Japanese |
||
{{Mitsubishi aircraft}} |
{{Mitsubishi aircraft}} |
||
{{Japanese Army Aircraft Designation System}} |
{{Japanese Army Aircraft Designation System}} |
||
{{Japanese Navy short aircraft designations}} |
|||
{{Allied reporting names}} |
{{Allied reporting names}} |
||
[[Category:Mitsubishi aircraft|Ki-057]] |
[[Category:Mitsubishi aircraft|Ki-057]] |
||
[[Category:Japanese military transport aircraft |
[[Category:1940s Japanese military transport aircraft]] |
||
[[Category:Twin-engined tractor aircraft]] |
|||
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] |
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] |
||
[[Category:World War II Japanese transport aircraft|Ki-57, Mitsubishi]] |
[[Category:World War II Japanese transport aircraft|Ki-57, Mitsubishi]] |
||
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1940]] |
|||
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]] |
|||
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 00:34, 18 December 2024
| Ki-57 | |
|---|---|
 MC-20-I, with a nickname Asagumo (morning cloud), used by Asahi Shimbun | |
| General information | |
| Type | Transport aircraft Paratroop transport Passenger aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |
| Primary users | Imperial Japanese Army Air Force |
| Number built | 406 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1940–1945 |
| Introduction date | 1942 |
| First flight | August 1940 |
| Developed from | Mitsubishi Ki-21 |
The Mitsubishi Ki-57 was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the Ki-21 bomber, during the early 1940s.
Development
[edit]In 1938, when the Ki-21 heavy bomber began to enter service with the Imperial Japanese Army, its capability attracted the attention of the Imperial Japanese Airways. In consequence, a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid- to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new fuselage to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also to the navy, and following the flight of a prototype in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.[1]
This initial production Ki-57-I had the civil and military designations of MC-20-I and Army Type 100 Transport Model 1, respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated L4M1. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved Ki-57-II, which introduced more powerful 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the MC-20-II and Army Type 100 Transport Model 2, respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied reporting name "Topsy".[2]
Variants
[edit]
- Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1: Powered by two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version.
- MC-20-I: Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
- Ki-57-II Army Type 100 Transport Model 2:Powered by two 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles. Minor equipment and detail refinements were also incorporated. 306 aircraft of this type were produced before the end of production in January 1945.
- MC-20-II: Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
- L4M1: A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for test by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1.
Operators
[edit]
Wartime
[edit]Military operators
Civil operators
- Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK)
- Asahi Shimbun
- Osaka Mainichi Shimbun
- Tyuka Koku Kaisya (in China)
- Manchukuo National Airways (in Manchuria)
- One MC-20 used as presidential transport
- One MC-20 used as presidential transport
Post-war
[edit]
- The last Ki-57 was used as a trainer and retired in 1952.
- Imperial Japanese Airways (till October 1945)[3]
- Captured aircraft, used by the KNIL.
Accidents and incidents
[edit]- On 20 December 1940, an Imperial Japanese Airways MC-20-I (J-BGON, Myuko) crashed into Tokyo Bay off Chiba during CAB's test flight, killing all 13 on board including 8 CAB inspectors.[citation needed]
- On 21 June 1941, a Manchurian Air Transport MC-20 (M-604) crashed into the Sea of Japan, killing all 18 on board.[citation needed]
Specifications (Ki-57-II)
[edit]
Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War [4]
General characteristics
- Crew: 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator)
- Capacity: 11 passengers
- Length: 16.1 m (52 ft 10 in)
- Wingspan: 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in)
- Height: 4.86 m (15 ft 11 in)
- Wing area: 70.08 m2 (754.3 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 5,585 kg (12,313 lb)
- Gross weight: 8,173 kg (18,018 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 9,120 kg (20,106 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, 805 kW (1,080 hp) each for take-off
- Propellers: 3-bladed variable-pitch propellers
Performance
- Maximum speed: 470 km/h (290 mph, 250 kn) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
- Range: 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 8,000 m (26,000 ft)
- Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) 15 minutes 45 seconds
- Wing loading: 116.6 kg/m2 (23.9 lb/sq ft)
See also
[edit]Related development
Related lists
- List of aircraft of Japan during World War II
- List of aircraft of the Japanese Navy
- List of aircraft of World War II
- List of military aircraft of Japan
References
[edit]- ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 182–183
- ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 183–184
- ^ Francillon 1979, p. 184.
- ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 184–185.
- Bibliography
- Francillon, Ph.D., René J. The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
- Francillon, René J. (1979). Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-30251-6. OCLC 6124909. (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, ISBN 0-85177-801-1); 3rd edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-801-1).
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitsubishi Ki-57.
- Classic Airplane Museum MC-20 Japanese
- JCAL MC-20 Archived 2015-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Japanese