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Strawberry roan, or chestnut roan, is a horse coat color consisting of a mixture of reddish-brown and white hairs in varying proportions, stable over the long term, with the head and lower limbs remaining darker than the rest of the body. Because of the wide variety of possible shades and seasonal variations, the horse coat has given rise to an abundance of poetic terminology, often inspired by the lexical field of botany, in both English and French.

Before the possibility of genetic recognition, the strawberry roan coat was described solely on the basis of the phenotype of the horses concerned. Its genetic function was hypothesized as early as the 1910s, with the identification of a Roan factor. Genetically, this coat color results from epistasis, the action of at least one copy of an allele of the Roan gene (Rn) on a chestnut base coat. The mutation responsible for all Roan coats, identified in 1999, is located on the KIT gene.

This coat color is mentioned in two horses imported to the American continent by Hernán Cortés, as well as in various works and traditional songs. It can occur in all breeds of horse likely to express Roan on a chestnut base coat, such as Dartmoor, Breton, Belgian, Quarter Horse and Criollo.

Terminology

The term "red roan" can refer to strawberry roan,^[1]^[2] but it is more often used to describe bay roan, leading to possible confusion. "Chestnut roan" can be used instead for less ambiguity. ^[1]^[3]

Depending on the shade, a strawberry roan horse may be called lilac roan or honey roan.^[4]

In French

The National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources (CNRTL by its acronym in French) defines aubère (strawberry roan) as "[referring to a horse]: Whose coat is made up of a mixture of white and chestnut hairs".^[5] The term is found in François-Antoine Pomey's Indiculus Universalis, in Georges Guillet de Saint-George's 1678 work,^[6]^[7] in Gilles Ménage's 1694 Dictionnaire Etymologique,^[8]^[9] and in most general dictionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries.^[5] Félix Lecoq and Edmond Lavalard note the existence of the incorrect spelling aubert in the second half of the 19th century.^[10]^[11]

In his book Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs, medieval historian Michel Pastoureau highlights the poetic aspect applied to the, historical description of horse coat colors, citing this lexical field as an example.^[12] There's also the adjective auberisé (English: flecked), to designate a variegated coat with a partially auberic hue.^[12]^[13] Historically, a large number of French nouns refer to the color of a horse coat resulting from a mixture of chestnut and white, depending on the different shades possible:^[14]^[15]

"The chestnut roan has been called mille-fleurs (hypericum flower), aubère (strawberry roan), pêchard, fleur de pêcher (peach blossom), etc. The various shades of chestnut, combined with white in various proportions, give rise to a thousand varieties which it is impossible to designate by precise names, but whose particular accidents are easy to describe in the reports". – Baron de Curnieu^[15]

Peach blossoms (*Prunus persica*), whose hue inspired a French name for the color of the horse

This color of the horse coat is compared, for example, to that of the Hypericum flower.^[16] The name péchard or mille-fleurs (hypericum flower) comes from the pinkish hue created by the mixture of red and white hairs.^[10]^[17]

The word aubère is now considered an old name,^[1] although it was retained as an equivalent when the 1999 French classification was published.^[18] The official term used by the Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation (IFCE by its acronym in French) is alezan granité.^[19]^[20] To allow genetic distinction, this coat is sometimes (rarely) referred to in English as alezan roan, firstly because the word aubère can be used to designate phenotypes of equine coats that correspond to several different genotypes, and secondly because in French, the word "rouan" historically and by default designates the only variant of the bay roan.^[21]

A light strawberry roan is said to be a hypericum flower when its white hairs are separated on a reddish-red background, distinct and "resembling a thousand and one isolated flowers".^[22]^[17]^[23] For Merche, it's the dark strawberry roan that's generally called peach blossom,^[22] while for Lavalard, it's the horse with a pinkish tint that gets this name.^[17] According to Pastoureau, the light-haired strawberry roan is called peach blossom and the dark-haired strawberry roan: lilac flower.^[12] In the 19th century, horse dealers indiscriminately gave the name pêchard to bay-based strawberry roan and roan horses.^[22]

In other languages

In Walloon, the strawberry roan coat is called blanc baïet,^[24] in German it is called fuschsschimmel^[12] or rotschimmel,^[25] and in Hungarian it is called fakó.^[26] In Wolof, it is called Jeñ, Jeñ bu weex when white dominates, and Jeñ bu xonq when red dominates.^[27]

History

In 1910, Alfred Sturtevant published a coat genetics study on a population of American carriage horses in The Biological Bulletin, in which he identified a genetic factor for roan, which he named "R"; he noted that the coat corresponding to roan chestnut was present in less than 10% of carriage horses on the streets of New York City, but that it was never identified separately.^[28] Two years later, in his article A critical examination of recent studies on color inheritance in horses, he states that the roan factor causes a mixture of white hairs with another basic color of the horse, and seems dominant in its transmission.^[29] In 1913, in his article The Inheritance of Coat Color in Horses, Edward N. Wentworth noted the existence of chestnut and black horses expressing the roan factor, and considered it probable that there also exists a chestnut roan.^[30]

Building on the work of the aforementioned authors, Sewall Wright noted in 1917 that a horse born chestnut and becoming white as it aged would be attached to the gray family, while a horse born chestnut roan would be attached to the roan.^[31]

In 1979, on the basis of birth statistics for horses expressing a roan phenotype, Harold F. Hintz and Lloyd Dale Van Vleck postulated that the gene responsible was lethal in utero in its homozygous form.^[32] Dr. Dan P. Sponenberg demonstrated the epistasis of the Roan gene with the chestnut in 1984, after crossing a Belgian bay roan stallion with several chestnut mares, resulting in some thirty bay roan foals and a single chestnut roan.^[25]^[33] In 1999, Stefan Marklund and colleagues located the mutation responsible for all roan coats on exon 19 of the KIT gene,^[34] but the causal mutation has yet to be identified.^[2]^[25]

Description

The strawberry roan coat is always described as a stable mixture of brown/red/orange and white hairs, in varying proportions.^[1]^[35]^[36]^[22]^[37] Some horses are virtually white, while others retain a very large number of colored hairs.^[38]

The manes can also be a mixture of these two colors, or just one of them.^[17] The head and extremities of the limbs are always darker than the rest of the body.^[39]

The color of the coat can vary from light to dark,^[22] depending on the number of white hairs and the shade of the chestnut, which can greatly vary the intensity and reflection of the coat.^[10]^[17]^[40] It is customary to speak of a "light strawberry roan" when white hairs are the most numerous, and of a "dark strawberry roan" when, on the contrary, red hairs are in the majority.^[22]^[17]^[40] The horse is called an "ordinary strawberry roan" when the mixture between the two coat colors is roughly equal.^[22]^[17]^[40]

Dark strawberry roan with few white hairs
Light strawberry roan with lots of white hairs
New Forest strawberry roan foal

Occasionally, strawberry roan horses also show corn marks, i.e. small areas where the coat remains dark, generally due to regrowth after an injury.^[41]

There is a seasonal variation in color in all horses expressing the Roan gene, but no long-term evolution as occurs with the Gray gene.^[42] Seasonal variation means that the horse is generally lighter in summer than in winter, to the point where the white may no longer be visible in the winter coat.^[43]

In foals, the presence of roaning can be verified by the color of the base of the coat, which should be white.^[44] Foals are generally born dark-colored, and only take on their definitive color around the age of two.^[43]

Visual confusion

The strawberry roan coat is often confused with other colors, especially gray on a chestnut base, bay roan and varnish roan.^[45]

Distinguishing between strawberry roan and bay roan (both due to the RN allele) can be tricky.^[46] Bay roan (formerly roan), consists of white hairs on a bay base. The total absence of black hairs in the strawberry roan coat therefore makes it possible to differentiate these two coats.^[22]^[46]

A bay roan, like this Ardennais, has black hairs.
A chestnut-based gray, like this Arabian, has a whitening head, becoming whiter and whiter over time.
A varnish roan has few manes, streaked hooves and becomes whiter and whiter over time.

Another very frequent confusion occurs between horses carrying the Roan mutation and those carrying the Gray mutation.^[18]^[47]^[48]^[49] During the graying process, horses with a chestnut base coat go through a phase in which they display a mixture of chestnut and white coats.^[48] The distinction is made on the basis of the color of the head (which remains dark in the case of the Roan gene, whereas it contains many white hairs in the case of the Gray gene) and the evolution of the coat color over the long term, as the color of gray evolves over the years over the very long term, but not according to the seasons.^[18]^[47] If you wait a year, you can see if the number of white hairs tends to increase.^[18]

Finally, it's not uncommon to confuse strawberry roan and varnish roan coats on a chestnut base.^[1] Differentiation is based on the presence of an inverted V on the varnish roan horse head, and the characteristics of the leopard complex, such as the abundance of manes (not abundant on a varnish roan), the striated hooves, the appearance of the eye (circled in white on a varnish roan coat), and above all the evolutionary aspect, with the varnish roan horse having more and more white hair as it ages.^[1]

Distribution

Strawberry roan coats are found in a great many breeds of horse,^[18]^[25] but the founding individuals and frequency of the coat are not precisely known.^[25]

Two strawberry roan horses are mentioned among the cavalry imported by the conquistador Hernán Cortés to the American Continent; one belonged to a certain Moron, from Vaimo, and the other to a certain Vaena, from La Trinidad.^[50]^[51] The Roan mutation, and hence the strawberry roan coat, is found in American Horse breeds such as the Quarter Horse, Criollo, Paso Fino, Peruvian Paso, Mustang, Nokota and American Miniature Horse.^[1]^[25]^[52]

The strawberry roan coat is also found in various draft horse breeds,^[25] including the Belgian Trait, but at a lower frequency than the bay roan.^[33] Brooklyn Supreme, a Belgian draft that probably holds the record for the world's heaviest horse, wears this coat.^[53] Ardennais can also express the various variants of roan.^[1] Among European ponies, this coat is found in the Welsh, Dartmoor and New Forest breeds.^[1]

Strawberry roan coat is almost non-existent in sport horse breeds, and is impossible in Arabians, where the Roan mutation does not exist.^[1]

Genetics

Genetically, the strawberry roan is a chestnut-based coat that has been modified by the Roan mutation,^[47] thanks to an epistasis relationship.^[25] All forms of Roan coat, including strawberry roan, are caused by this dominant allele (autosomal dominant transmission), the Roan allele.^[25]^[43] A single copy of this allele is all that's needed to express the strawberry roan coat.^[25]^[43] The Roan allele is denoted by the symbol RN (rn if absent).^[2]

The KIT gene, which plays a role in pigmentation cells, controls the expression of roan (RN) coats.^[25] The tan coat can be tested genetically.^[25]

Combination with other coat genes

Strawberry roan coat can be combined with gray; as with all gray horses, the coat will lighten to white in appearance.^[43]

Due to its location on the KIT gene, homozygous roan theoretically cannot co-exist with a number of pinto coats, such as tobiano, sabino^[43] and dominant white.

Health and pleiotropy

Little is known about the pleiotropic effects of RN.^[25] It has been suspected that the homozygous form of RN (RN/RN) is lethal,^[54]^[32] but this remains controversial since RN homozygous horses exist and are viable.^[25]^[43] The source of this error could lie in the existence of horses that are genetically roan, but whose phenotype is hardly visible.^[20] It is also possible that several causal mutations will be identified in the future.^[54]

Cultural references

Various references to strawberry roan horses can be found in the arts, heroic tales and traditional songs.

According to sinologist Françoise Aubin's translation, the Jesuit painter Giuseppe Castiglione (known as Lang Shining, 1688–1766) painted a "white strawberry roan horse adapted for mountain walking" (in Manchu, Kulkuri suru and in Mongolian, Riditu čayan).^[55] Fulanic epic tales from Mali mention a long-listed strawberry roan horse belonging to a Fulani from Djelgôdji (1705–1827).^[56]

The title of the traditional Mongolian song zaalxan sarga (TGS 126 A6) translates as "The little strawberry roan horse".^[57] Chor bard Vladimir Tannagašev (1932-2007) noted among his recorded epics Kyryk kulaš synnyg kara sar'attyg Kan-Mergen, or "Khan-Mergen (tr) to the dark strawberry roan horse of forty fathoms".^[58]

In the US, the most popular western ballad about bucking horses (wild horses) in the 1930s is The Strawberry Roan.^[59] It was composed by Curley Fletcher (1892–1954), originally under the title The Outlaw Broncho, in 1915.^[59]

Beliefs

There are various beliefs associated with the color of a horse's coat.

For Georges Guillet de Saint-George (1624–1705), in Les Arts de l'homme d'épée (1678), "their lack of sensitivity to the mouth and flanks is the reason why they are not held in high esteem, besides the fact that they are prone to losing their sight".^[6]^[7] Baron Charles-Louis-Adélaïde-Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811–1871), professor of equestrian science at the Haras national du Pin,^[60] considers the strawberry roan to be the least good of the horses he calls "roans", including the grullo, the chestnut, the strawberry roan, the buckskin, the bay and the sooty.^[22]

In Yakut shamanism, according to ethnologist Wenceslas Sieroszewski, it is customary to sacrifice horses with certain coat colors to specific spirits; the Dohsoun-douïah spirit is appeased by the sacrifice of a golden-strawberry roan mare with a white head; spirits in the south of the sky that harm men are appeased by the sacrifice of light-strawberry roan horses with half-white muzzles, pink nostrils and white eyes.^[61]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Marandet (2018, p. 79)
^ ^a ^b ^c Bailey & Brooks (2020, p. 104)
^ Sponenberg & Bellone (2017, p. 152)
^ Sponenberg & Bellone (2017, p. 151)
^ ^a ^b "AUBÈRE : Définition de AUBÈRE". www.cnrtl.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Académie française (1888). Dictionnaire historique de la langue française : Ascensionnel-Azyme (in French). Didot. p. 404.
^ ^a ^b Guillet de Saint-George, Georges (1678). Les arts de l'homme d'épée, ou Le dictionnaire du gentilhomme : Première partie. Contenant. L'art de monter à cheval (in French). Paris. p. 22.
^ Ménage, Gilles (1694). Dictionaire étymologique ou Origines de la langue françoise (in French). Anisson.
^ Ménage, Gilles (1750). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise (in French). Briasson.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lecoq, Félix. Traité de l'extérieur du cheval et des principaux animaux domestiques (in French) (4th ed.). P. Asselin. p. 544.
^ Lavalard (1894, p. 129)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pastoureau, Michel (2015). Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs (in French). Éditions du Seuil. p. 272. ISBN 978-2-02-103262-8.
^ Boulet, Jean-Claude (2002). Dictionnaire multilingue du cheval (in French). JC Boulet. p. 526. ISBN 978-2-9804600-6-7.
^ Tsaag Valren & Népoux (2019, p. 104)
^ ^a ^b De Curnieu (1842, p. 144)
^ Devic, Marcel (1869). "Les mots français d'origine arabe". Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: Recueil hebdomadaire politique. 20: 313. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lavalard (1894, p. 130)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chéhu (2004)
^ Lemaire, S.; Grosbois, Frédérique; Morin, V.; Grison, Anne-Claire. "Les mélanges de poils". Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Tsaag Valren & Népoux (2019, p. 103)
^ Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, pp. 99–100)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Merche (1868, p. 681)
^ Villeroy, Félix (1858). Manuel de l'éleveur de chevaux (in French). Librairie agricole de la maison rustique.
^ Vocabulaire de la faune wallonne (in French). Bulletin de la Société liégeoise de littérature wallonne. 1889. p. 249.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ COFICHEV. "Roan". www.cofichev.ch (in French). Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ Eiben, Jean (1843). Nouvelle grammaire hongroise (in French). E. Winiasz. p. 321.
^ N'Doye, Doune Pathe (1988). Le cheval de course au Sénégal (PDF) (in French). Université Cheikh Anta-Diop de Dakar. p. 92.
^ Sturtevant, Alfred (1910). "On the inheritance of color in the american harness horse". The Biological Bulletin. 19 (3): 204–216. doi:10.2307/1535965. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1535965. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Sturtevant, A. H. (1912). "A critical examination of recent studies on colour inheritance in horses". Journal of Genetics. 2 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1007/BF02981546. ISSN 0022-1333. S2CID 40604153. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Wentworth, Edward (1913). "Color Inheritance in the Horse". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 20 (1): 316–324. ISSN 0085-2236. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Wright, Sewall (1917). "Color inheritance in mammals". Journal of Heredity. 8 (12): 561–564. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111694. ISSN 1465-7333. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b Hintz, H. F.; Van Vleck, L. D. (1979). "Lethal dominant roan in horses". Journal of Heredity. 70 (2): 145–146. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109213. ISSN 0022-1503. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Harper, Henry T.; Harpar, Anne L. (1984). "Direct evidence for linkage of roan and extension loci in Belgian horses". Journal of Heredity. 75 (5): 413–414. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109968. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 6481131. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Marklund, Stefan; Moller, Maria; Sandberg, Kaj; Andersson, Leif (1999). "Close association between sequence polymorphism in the KIT gene and the roan coat color in horses". Mammalian Genome. 10 (3): 283–288. doi:10.1007/s003359900987. ISSN 1432-1777. PMID 10051325. S2CID 32790547. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ Faron, Nathalie (2002). Le Cheval (in French). Illustrated by Jean-Yves Decottignies. Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. p. 48. ISBN 978-2-87747-189-3.
^ Bernard, Isabelle; Corn, Myriam; Miriski, Pierre; Racic, Françoise (2006). Les races de chevaux et de poneys (in French). Éditions Artémis. p. 126. ISBN 978-2-84416-338-7.
^ Lavalard (1894, pp. 129–130)
^ Marandet (2018, p. 76)
^ Richard, Achille (1859). Étude du cheval de service et de guerre : haras, courses, types reproducteurs... (in French). Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie.
^ ^a ^b ^c Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot. p. 289.
^ Tsaag Valren & Népoux (2019, p. 106)
^ Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, p. 99)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Marandet (2018, p. 77)
^ Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, p. 98)
^ Marandet (2018, pp. 78–79)
^ ^a ^b Leduc, Saint-Germain (1854). "Revue agricole". L'Illustration: 366. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, p. 101)
^ ^a ^b Sponenberg & Bellone (2017, p. 143)
^ Marandet (2018, p. 75)
^ Diaz Del Castillo, Bernal (2017). La Conquête du Mexique (in French). Actes Sud Littérature. p. 811. ISBN 978-2-330-08391-5.
^ Piétrement, Charles-Alexandre (1883). Les Chevaux dans les temps préhistoriques et historiques (in French). G. Baillière. p. 621.
^ Bailey & Brooks (2020, p. 106)
^ Willoughby, David (1974). The empire of Equus. A.S. Barnes. p. 475. ISBN 0-498-01047-3.
^ ^a ^b Bailey & Brooks (2020, p. 105)
^ Aubin, Françoise (2005). "Review of Giuseppe Castiglione, dit Lang Shining (1688–1766), jésuite italien et peintre chinois, by M. Cartier". Arts Asiatiques (in French). 60: 193–196. JSTOR 43484225.
^ Seydou, Christiane (2014). Héros et personnages du Massina : récits épiques peuls du Mali (in French). Éditions Karthala. p. 289. ISBN 978-2-8111-1230-1.
^ Helffer, Mireille (1978). "Collection Tangent – Vocal Music from Mongolia; and Instrumental Music from Mongolia. Two 12" LP Records. Tangent TGS 126 & 127. Stereo. Recordings (1974), photographs and English Commentaries by Jean Jenkins. London: Tangent, n.d." Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. 10: 139–140. doi:10.2307/767369. ISSN 0316-6082. JSTOR 767369. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Stépanoff, Charles (2011). "Funk Dmitrij, Šorskij geroičeskij èpos". Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines (in French). 42 (42). doi:10.4000/emscat.1923. ISSN 0766-5075. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b White (1969, p. 359)
^ Seydou, Christiane (2014). Charles Louis Adélaïde Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811?–1871) (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782811112301. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Sieroszewski, Wenceslas (1902). "Du chamanisme d'après les croyances des Yakoutes (Suite)". Revue de l'histoire des religions (in French). 46: 299–338. JSTOR 23660996. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

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Bailey, Ernest; Bowling, Ann (2013). Horse genetics. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-675-4.
Bailey, Ernest; Brooks, Samantha (2020). Horse genetics (3rd ed.). CABI. ISBN 978-1-78639-258-9.
Marandet, Laure (2018). Les robes des chevaux : Approche génétique et scientifique des robes des chevaux. Cheval pratique (in French). Italy: Vigot. ISBN 978-2-7114-2497-9.
Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (1983). Horse Color. Texas A&M University Press.
Sponenberg, Dan Phillip; Bellone, Rebecca (2017). Equine Color Genetics (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-13060-4.
Tsaag Valren, Amélie; Népoux, Virginie (2019). Beauté des chevaux, le mystère de leurs robes (in French). Éditions France Agricole. ISBN 979-10-90213-98-2.
Sabbagh, Margot; Sauvegrain, Caroline (2020). Génétique des robes des équidés (in French). Le Pin-au-Haras. ISBN 978-2-915250-73-2.
White, John (1969). "The Strange Career of "The Strawberry Roan"". Journal of the Southwest. 11 (4). Arizona and the West: 359–366. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167567. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
De Curnieu, Baron (1842). "Nouvelle classification des différentes robes des chevaux". Journal des Haras (in French). 31. Journal des haras des chasses et des courses de chevaux, recueil periodique consacre a l'étude du cheval, à son éducation (etc.).
Lavalard, Edmond (1894). Le cheval dans ses rapports avec l'économie rurale et les industries de transport (in French). Librairie de Firmin-Didot.
Merche, Charles (1868). Nouveau traité des formes extérieures du cheval (in French). Librairie Militaire.
American Paint Horse Association (2007). American Paint Horse Association's Guide to Coat Colors genetics (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
Chéhu, Frédéric (2004). "Aubère". Cheval Magazine (in French). ISSN 0245-3614.

[:4-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Marandet (2018, p. 79)

[:6-2] Bailey & Brooks (2020, p. 104)

[3] Sponenberg & Bellone (2017, p. 152)

[4] Sponenberg & Bellone (2017, p. 151)

[:0-5] "AUBÈRE : Définition de AUBÈRE". www.cnrtl.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2020.

[:1-6] Académie française (1888). Dictionnaire historique de la langue française : Ascensionnel-Azyme (in French). Didot. p. 404.

[:2-7] Guillet de Saint-George, Georges (1678). Les arts de l'homme d'épée, ou Le dictionnaire du gentilhomme : Première partie. Contenant. L'art de monter à cheval (in French). Paris. p. 22.

[8] Ménage, Gilles (1694). Dictionaire étymologique ou Origines de la langue françoise (in French). Anisson.

[9] Ménage, Gilles (1750). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise (in French). Briasson.

[:3-10] Lecoq, Félix. Traité de l'extérieur du cheval et des principaux animaux domestiques (in French) (4th ed.). P. Asselin. p. 544.

[11] Lavalard (1894, p. 129)

[:7-12] Pastoureau, Michel (2015). Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs (in French). Éditions du Seuil. p. 272. ISBN 978-2-02-103262-8.

[:5-13] Boulet, Jean-Claude (2002). Dictionnaire multilingue du cheval (in French). JC Boulet. p. 526. ISBN 978-2-9804600-6-7.

[14] Tsaag Valren & Népoux (2019, p. 104)

[:8-15] De Curnieu (1842, p. 144)

[16] Devic, Marcel (1869). "Les mots français d'origine arabe". Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: Recueil hebdomadaire politique. 20: 313. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[:9-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lavalard (1894, p. 130)

[:10-18] Chéhu (2004)

[19] Lemaire, S.; Grosbois, Frédérique; Morin, V.; Grison, Anne-Claire. "Les mélanges de poils". Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2020.

[:11-20] Tsaag Valren & Népoux (2019, p. 103)

[21] Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, pp. 99–100)

[:15-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Merche (1868, p. 681)

[23] Villeroy, Félix (1858). Manuel de l'éleveur de chevaux (in French). Librairie agricole de la maison rustique.

[24] Vocabulaire de la faune wallonne (in French). Bulletin de la Société liégeoise de littérature wallonne. 1889. p. 249.

[:12-25] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ COFICHEV. "Roan". www.cofichev.ch (in French). Retrieved 7 May 2022.

[26] Eiben, Jean (1843). Nouvelle grammaire hongroise (in French). E. Winiasz. p. 321.

[27] N'Doye, Doune Pathe (1988). Le cheval de course au Sénégal (PDF) (in French). Université Cheikh Anta-Diop de Dakar. p. 92.

[28] Sturtevant, Alfred (1910). "On the inheritance of color in the american harness horse". The Biological Bulletin. 19 (3): 204–216. doi:10.2307/1535965. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1535965. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[29] Sturtevant, A. H. (1912). "A critical examination of recent studies on colour inheritance in horses". Journal of Genetics. 2 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1007/BF02981546. ISSN 0022-1333. S2CID 40604153. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[30] Wentworth, Edward (1913). "Color Inheritance in the Horse". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 20 (1): 316–324. ISSN 0085-2236. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[31] Wright, Sewall (1917). "Color inheritance in mammals". Journal of Heredity. 8 (12): 561–564. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111694. ISSN 1465-7333. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[:13-32] Hintz, H. F.; Van Vleck, L. D. (1979). "Lethal dominant roan in horses". Journal of Heredity. 70 (2): 145–146. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109213. ISSN 0022-1503. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

[:14-33] Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Harper, Henry T.; Harpar, Anne L. (1984). "Direct evidence for linkage of roan and extension loci in Belgian horses". Journal of Heredity. 75 (5): 413–414. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109968. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 6481131. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[34] Marklund, Stefan; Moller, Maria; Sandberg, Kaj; Andersson, Leif (1999). "Close association between sequence polymorphism in the KIT gene and the roan coat color in horses". Mammalian Genome. 10 (3): 283–288. doi:10.1007/s003359900987. ISSN 1432-1777. PMID 10051325. S2CID 32790547. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

[35] Faron, Nathalie (2002). Le Cheval (in French). Illustrated by Jean-Yves Decottignies. Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. p. 48. ISBN 978-2-87747-189-3.

[36] Bernard, Isabelle; Corn, Myriam; Miriski, Pierre; Racic, Françoise (2006). Les races de chevaux et de poneys (in French). Éditions Artémis. p. 126. ISBN 978-2-84416-338-7.

[37] Lavalard (1894, pp. 129–130)

[38] Marandet (2018, p. 76)

[39] Richard, Achille (1859). Étude du cheval de service et de guerre : haras, courses, types reproducteurs... (in French). Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie.

[:16-40] Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot. p. 289.

[41] Tsaag Valren & Népoux (2019, p. 106)

[42] Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, p. 99)

[:17-43] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Marandet (2018, p. 77)

[44] Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, p. 98)

[45] Marandet (2018, pp. 78–79)

[:18-46] Leduc, Saint-Germain (1854). "Revue agricole". L'Illustration: 366. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[:19-47] Sabbagh & Sauvegrain (2020, p. 101)

[:20-48] Sponenberg & Bellone (2017, p. 143)

[49] Marandet (2018, p. 75)

[50] Diaz Del Castillo, Bernal (2017). La Conquête du Mexique (in French). Actes Sud Littérature. p. 811. ISBN 978-2-330-08391-5.

[51] Piétrement, Charles-Alexandre (1883). Les Chevaux dans les temps préhistoriques et historiques (in French). G. Baillière. p. 621.

[52] Bailey & Brooks (2020, p. 106)

[53] Willoughby, David (1974). The empire of Equus. A.S. Barnes. p. 475. ISBN 0-498-01047-3.

[:21-54] Bailey & Brooks (2020, p. 105)

[55] Aubin, Françoise (2005). "Review of Giuseppe Castiglione, dit Lang Shining (1688–1766), jésuite italien et peintre chinois, by M. Cartier". Arts Asiatiques (in French). 60: 193–196. JSTOR 43484225.

[56] Seydou, Christiane (2014). Héros et personnages du Massina : récits épiques peuls du Mali (in French). Éditions Karthala. p. 289. ISBN 978-2-8111-1230-1.

[57] Helffer, Mireille (1978). "Collection Tangent – Vocal Music from Mongolia; and Instrumental Music from Mongolia. Two 12" LP Records. Tangent TGS 126 & 127. Stereo. Recordings (1974), photographs and English Commentaries by Jean Jenkins. London: Tangent, n.d." Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. 10: 139–140. doi:10.2307/767369. ISSN 0316-6082. JSTOR 767369. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[58] Stépanoff, Charles (2011). "Funk Dmitrij, Šorskij geroičeskij èpos". Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines (in French). 42 (42). doi:10.4000/emscat.1923. ISSN 0766-5075. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[:22-59] White (1969, p. 359)

[60] Seydou, Christiane (2014). Charles Louis Adélaïde Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811?–1871) (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782811112301. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

[61] Sieroszewski, Wenceslas (1902). "Du chamanisme d'après les croyances des Yakoutes (Suite)". Revue de l'histoire des religions (in French). 46: 299–338. JSTOR 23660996. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Equine coat color}}
 {{other uses|Strawberry Roan (disambiguation)}}
+{{Overly detailed|date=December 2024}}
 [[image:Jument bretonne attelage Hennebont 01.jpg|thumb|Strawberry roan horse]]
-'''Strawberry roan''', or chestnut roan, are [[Hippology|hippological]] terms referring to a rare color of the horse '''[[Equine coat color|coat]]'''. The strawberry roan coat consists of a mixture of reddish-brown and white hairs in varying proportions, stable over the long term, with the [[head]] and [[Equine conformation|lower limbs]] remaining darker than the rest of the body. Because of the wide variety of possible shades and seasonal variations, the [[Equine coat color|horse coat]] has given rise to an abundance of poetic [[terminology]], often inspired by the [[lexical field]] of [[botany]], in both [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]].
+'''Strawberry roan''', or chestnut roan, is a [[Equine coat color|horse coat color]] consisting of a mixture of reddish-brown and white hairs in varying proportions, stable over the long term, with the head and [[Equine conformation|lower limbs]] remaining darker than the rest of the body. Because of the wide variety of possible shades and seasonal variations, the [[Equine coat color|horse coat]] has given rise to an abundance of poetic [[terminology]], often inspired by the [[lexical field]] of [[botany]], in both English and French.
 Before the possibility of [[Genetics|genetic]] recognition, the strawberry roan coat was described solely on the basis of the [[phenotype]] of the horses concerned. Its genetic function was hypothesized as early as the 1910s, with the identification of a Roan factor. Genetically, this coat color results from [[epistasis]], the action of at least one copy of an [[allele]] of the [[Roan (horse)|Roan gene]] (Rn) on a [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut base coat]]. The mutation responsible for all [[Roan (horse)|Roan coats]], identified in 1999, is located on the [[KIT (gene)|KIT gene]].
@@ Line 9: / Line 10: @@
 This coat color is mentioned in two horses imported to the American continent by [[Hernán Cortés]], as well as in various works and traditional songs. It can occur in all breeds of horse likely to express [[Roan (horse)|Roan]] on a [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut base coat]], such as [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]], [[Breton horse|Breton]], [[Belgian Draught|Belgian]], [[American Quarter Horse|Quarter Horse]] and [[Criollo horse|Criollo]].
-== Denominations ==
+== Terminology ==
 [[File:Bend-Or Spots.jpg|thumb|Strawberry roan horse]]
+The term "red roan" can refer to strawberry roan,<ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Marandet|2018|p=79}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Harvtxt|Bailey|Brooks|2020|p=104}}</ref> but it is more often used to describe bay roan, leading to possible confusion. "[[Roan (horse)|Chestnut roan]]" can be used instead for less ambiguity. <ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Sponenberg|Bellone|2017|p=152}}</ref>
-The [[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales|National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources]] (CNRTL by its acronym in French) defines ''aubère'' (strawberry roan) as "[referring to a horse]: Whose coat is made up of a mixture of [[White horse|white]] and [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]] hairs".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AUBÈRE : Définition de AUBÈRE |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/aubère |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=www.cnrtl.fr |language=fr}}</ref> The term is found in François-Antoine Pomey's ''Indiculus Universalis'', in [[Georges Guillet de Saint-George|Georges Guillet de Saint-George's]] 1678 work,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Académie française |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WYhAQAAMAAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA404 |title=Dictionnaire historique de la langue française : Ascensionnel-Azyme | date=1888 |publisher=Didot |pages=404 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Guillet de Saint-George |first=Georges |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64065r/f40.item.zoom |title=Les arts de l'homme d'épée, ou Le dictionnaire du gentilhomme : Première partie. Contenant. L'art de monter à cheval |date=1678 |location=Paris |pages=22 |language=fr}}</ref> in [[Gilles Ménage|Gilles Ménage's]] 1694 ''Dictionnaire Etymologique'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ménage |first=Gilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTBHAAAAcAAJ&q=cheval+aubère |title=Dictionaire étymologique ou Origines de la langue françoise |date=1694 |publisher=Anisson |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ménage |first=Gilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYM-AAAAcAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA110 |title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise |date=1750 |publisher=Briasson |language=fr}}</ref> and in most general dictionaries of the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]].<ref name=":0" /> Félix Lecoq and Edmond Lavalard note the existence of the incorrect spelling ''aubert'' in the second half of the [[19th century]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lecoq |first=Félix |title=Traité de l'extérieur du cheval et des principaux animaux domestiques |publisher=P. Asselin |edition=4th |pages=544 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Lavalard|1894|p=129}}</ref>
+Depending on the shade, a strawberry roan horse may be called lilac roan or honey roan.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Sponenberg|Bellone|2017|p=151}}</ref>
-=== Terminology ===
-==== In English ====
+=== In French ===
+The [[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales|National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources]] (CNRTL by its acronym in French) defines ''aubère'' (strawberry roan) as "[referring to a horse]: Whose coat is made up of a mixture of [[White horse|white]] and [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]] hairs".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AUBÈRE : Définition de AUBÈRE |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/aubère |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=www.cnrtl.fr |language=fr}}</ref> The term is found in François-Antoine Pomey's ''Indiculus Universalis'', in [[Georges Guillet de Saint-George]]'s 1678 work,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Académie française |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WYhAQAAMAAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA404 |title=Dictionnaire historique de la langue française : Ascensionnel-Azyme | date=1888 |publisher=Didot |pages=404 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Guillet de Saint-George |first=Georges |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64065r/f40.item.zoom |title=Les arts de l'homme d'épée, ou Le dictionnaire du gentilhomme : Première partie. Contenant. L'art de monter à cheval |date=1678 |location=Paris |pages=22 |language=fr}}</ref> in [[Gilles Ménage]]'s 1694 ''Dictionnaire Etymologique'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ménage |first=Gilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTBHAAAAcAAJ&q=cheval+aubère |title=Dictionaire étymologique ou Origines de la langue françoise |date=1694 |publisher=Anisson |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ménage |first=Gilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYM-AAAAcAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA110 |title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise |date=1750 |publisher=Briasson |language=fr}}</ref> and in most general dictionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name=":0" /> Félix Lecoq and Edmond Lavalard note the existence of the incorrect spelling ''aubert'' in the second half of the 19th century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lecoq |first=Félix |title=Traité de l'extérieur du cheval et des principaux animaux domestiques |publisher=P. Asselin |edition=4th |pages=544 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Lavalard|1894|p=129}}</ref>
-There's also an abundance of terminology in [[English language|English]], where depending on its hue, can be called a chestnut roan, strawberry roan,<ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Marandet|2018|p=79}}</ref> lilac roan, lavender roan, honey roan, peach-coloured chestnut roan, or even flea-bitten chestnut.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Boulet |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uY2uV21Lv4wC&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA222 |title=Dictionnaire multilingue du cheval |publisher=JC Boulet |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-9804600-6-7 |pages=526 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Sponenberg|Bellone|2017|p=151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sponenberg |first1=Dan Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydwqAQAAMAAJ |title=Horse Color |last2=Beaver |first2=Bonnie |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-89096-155-1 |pages=124}}</ref> The English term red roan<ref name=":4" /> may be used to designate [[Roan (horse)|chestnut roan]],<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Harvtxt|Bailey|Brooks|2020|p=104}}</ref> but it is generally used to describe bay roan, leading to possible confusion.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Sponenberg|Bellone|2017|p=152}}</ref>
+In his book ''Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs'', medieval historian [[Michel Pastoureau]] highlights the poetic aspect applied to the, historical description of [[Equine coat color|horse coat colors]], citing this [[lexical field]] as an example.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Pastoureau |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDYzCwAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PT124 |title=Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=2015 |isbn=978-2-02-103262-8 |pages=272 |language=fr}}</ref> There's also the adjective ''auberisé'' (English: flecked), to designate a variegated coat with a partially auberic hue.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Boulet |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uY2uV21Lv4wC&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA222 |title=Dictionnaire multilingue du cheval |publisher=JC Boulet |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-9804600-6-7 |pages=526 |language=fr}}</ref> Historically, a large number of French nouns refer to the color of a horse coat resulting from a mixture of chestnut and white, depending on the different shades possible:<ref>{{Harvtxt|Tsaag Valren|Népoux|2019|p=104}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|De Curnieu|1842|p=144}}</ref> <blockquote>"The chestnut roan has been called ''mille-fleurs'' (hypericum flower), ''aubère'' (strawberry roan), ''pêchard'', ''fleur de pêcher'' (peach blossom), etc. The various shades of chestnut, combined with white in various proportions, give rise to a thousand varieties which it is impossible to designate by precise names, but whose particular accidents are easy to describe in the reports".
-==== In French ====
-In his book ''Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs'', medieval historian [[Michel Pastoureau]] highlights the [[Poetry|poetic]] aspect applied to the, historical description of [[Equine coat color|horse coat colors]], citing this [[lexical field]] as an example.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Pastoureau |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDYzCwAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PT124 |title=Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=2015 |isbn=978-2-02-103262-8 |pages=272 |language=fr}}</ref> There's also the adjective ''auberisé'' (English: flecked), to designate a variegated coat with a partially auberic hue.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> Historically, a large number of French nouns refer to the color of a horse coat resulting from a mixture of chestnut and white, depending on the different shades possible:<ref>{{Harvtxt|Tsaag Valren|Népoux|2019|p=104}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|De Curnieu|p=144}}</ref> <blockquote>"The chestnut roan has been called ''mille-fleurs'' (hypericum flower), ''aubère'' (strawberry roan), ''pêchard'', ''fleur de pêcher'' (peach blossom), etc. The various shades of chestnut, combined with white in various proportions, give rise to a thousand varieties which it is impossible to designate by precise names, but whose particular accidents are easy to describe in the reports".
-- Baron de Curnieu<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>
+– Baron de Curnieu<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>
 [[File:Fleurpecher.jpg|thumb|[[Peach|Peach blossoms]] ([[Peach|''Prunus persica'']]), whose hue inspired a French name for the color of the horse]]
-This color of the horse coat is compared, for example, to that of the [[Hypericum|Hypericum flower]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devic |first=Marcel |title=Les mots français d'origine arabe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kq8hfj8lZzcC&pg=PA313 |journal=Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: Recueil hebdomadaire politique |date=1869 |volume=20 |pages=313 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> The name ''péchard'' or ''mille-fleurs'' (hypericum flower) comes from the pinkish hue created by the mixture of red and white hairs.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9">{{Harvtxt|Lavalard|p=130}}</ref>
+This color of the horse coat is compared, for example, to that of the [[Hypericum|Hypericum flower]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devic |first=Marcel |title=Les mots français d'origine arabe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kq8hfj8lZzcC&pg=PA313 |journal=Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: Recueil hebdomadaire politique |date=1869 |volume=20 |pages=313 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> The name ''péchard'' or ''mille-fleurs'' (hypericum flower) comes from the pinkish hue created by the mixture of red and white hairs.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9">{{Harvtxt|Lavalard|1894|p=130}}</ref>
-The word ''aubère'' is now considered an old name,<ref name=":4" /> although it was retained as an equivalent when the 1999 French classification was published.<ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Chéhu|2004}}</ref> The official term used by the ''Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation'' (IFCE by its acronym in French) is ''alezan granité''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lemaire |first1=S. |last2=Grosbois |first2=Frédérique |last3=Morin |first3=V. |last4=Grison |first4=Anne-Claire |title=Les mélanges de poils |url=https://equipedia.ifce.fr/elevage-et-entretien/race-et-robe/robes-des-chevaux/les-melanges-de-poils |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Harvtxt|Tsaag Valren|Népoux|2019|p=103}}</ref> To allow genetic distinction, this coat is sometimes (rarely) referred to in English as alezan roan, firstly because the word ''aubère'' can be used to designate phenotypes of [[Equine coat color|equine coats]] that correspond to several different genotypes, and secondly because in [[French language|French]], the word "[[Roan (horse)|rouan]]" historically and by default designates the only variant of the bay roan.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Sabbagh|Sauvegrain|2020|pp=99–100}}</ref>
+The word ''aubère'' is now considered an old name,<ref name=":4" /> although it was retained as an equivalent when the 1999 French classification was published.<ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Chéhu|2004}}</ref> The official term used by the ''Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation'' (IFCE by its acronym in French) is ''alezan granité''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lemaire |first1=S. |last2=Grosbois |first2=Frédérique |last3=Morin |first3=V. |last4=Grison |first4=Anne-Claire |title=Les mélanges de poils |url=https://equipedia.ifce.fr/elevage-et-entretien/race-et-robe/robes-des-chevaux/les-melanges-de-poils |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Harvtxt|Tsaag Valren|Népoux|2019|p=103}}</ref> To allow genetic distinction, this coat is sometimes (rarely) referred to in English as alezan roan, firstly because the word ''aubère'' can be used to designate phenotypes of [[Equine coat color|equine coats]] that correspond to several different genotypes, and secondly because in French, the word "[[Roan (horse)|rouan]]" historically and by default designates the only variant of the bay roan.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Sabbagh|Sauvegrain|2020|pp=99–100}}</ref>
+A light strawberry roan is said to be a [[Hypericum|hypericum flower]] when its [[White horse|white hairs]] are separated on a reddish-red background, distinct and "resembling a thousand and one isolated flowers".<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Villeroy |first=Félix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s21vmoYxfLAC&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA165 |title=Manuel de l'éleveur de chevaux |date=1858 |publisher=Librairie agricole de la maison rustique |language=fr}}</ref> For Merche, it's the dark strawberry roan that's generally called [[Peach|peach blossom]],<ref name=":15" /> while for Lavalard, it's the horse with a pinkish tint that gets this name.<ref name=":9" /> According to Pastoureau, the light-haired strawberry roan is called [[Peach|peach blossom]]  and the dark-haired strawberry roan: [[Lilac|lilac flower]].<ref name=":7" /> In the 19th century, horse dealers indiscriminately gave the name ''pêchard'' to bay-based strawberry roan and roan horses.<ref name=":15" />
-==== In other languages ====
-In [[Walloon language|Walloon]], the strawberry roan coat is called ''blanc baïet'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ_YAAAAMAAJ&dq=BAILLET+cheval+aubère&pg=PA249 |title=Vocabulaire de la faune wallonne |date=1889 |publisher=Bulletin de la Société liégeoise de littérature wallonne |pages=249 |language=fr}}</ref> in [[German language|German]] it is called ''fuschsschimmel''<ref name=":7" /> or ''rotschimmel'',<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=COFICHEV |title=Roan |url=https://www.cofichev.ch/fr/Connaissances/Genetique-genomique/Maladies-hereditaires/Maladies-monogeniques-locus-lie-a-la-pigmentation/Roan-homozygote-lethal.html |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=www.cofichev.ch |language=fr}}</ref> and in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] it is called ''fakó''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eiben |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMoDAAAAQAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA321 |title=Nouvelle grammaire hongroise |date=1843 |publisher=E. Winiasz |pages=321 |language=fr}}</ref> In [[Wolof language|Wolof]], it is called ''Jeñ'', ''Jeñ bu weex'' when white dominates, and ''Jeñ bu xonq'' when red dominates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N'Doye |first=Doune Pathe |url=https://beep.ird.fr/collect/eismv/index/assoc/TD88-29.dir/TD88-29.pdf |title=Le cheval de course au Sénégal |publisher=Université Cheikh Anta-Diop de Dakar |year=1988 |pages=92 |language=fr}}</ref>
+=== In other languages ===
+In [[Walloon language|Walloon]], the strawberry roan coat is called ''blanc baïet'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ_YAAAAMAAJ&dq=BAILLET+cheval+aubère&pg=PA249 |title=Vocabulaire de la faune wallonne |date=1889 |publisher=Bulletin de la Société liégeoise de littérature wallonne |pages=249 |language=fr}}</ref> in German it is called ''fuschsschimmel''<ref name=":7" /> or ''rotschimmel'',<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=COFICHEV |title=Roan |url=https://www.cofichev.ch/fr/Connaissances/Genetique-genomique/Maladies-hereditaires/Maladies-monogeniques-locus-lie-a-la-pigmentation/Roan-homozygote-lethal.html |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=www.cofichev.ch |language=fr}}</ref> and in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] it is called ''fakó''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eiben |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMoDAAAAQAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA321 |title=Nouvelle grammaire hongroise |date=1843 |publisher=E. Winiasz |pages=321 |language=fr}}</ref> In [[Wolof language|Wolof]], it is called ''Jeñ'', ''Jeñ bu weex'' when white dominates, and ''Jeñ bu xonq'' when red dominates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N'Doye |first=Doune Pathe |url=https://beep.ird.fr/collect/eismv/index/assoc/TD88-29.dir/TD88-29.pdf |title=Le cheval de course au Sénégal |publisher=Université Cheikh Anta-Diop de Dakar |year=1988 |pages=92 |language=fr}}</ref>
 == History ==
 [[File:Angel Face....Or not.jpg|left|thumb|Head of an American strawberry roan horse]]
-In 1910, [[Alfred Sturtevant]] published a coat genetics study on a population of American carriage horses in ''The Biological Bulletin'', in which he identified a genetic factor for roan, which he named "R"; he noted that the coat corresponding to roan chestnut was present in less than 10% of carriage horses on the streets of [[New York City|New York]], but that it was never identified separately.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sturtevant |first=Alfred |date=1910 |title=On the inheritance of color in the american harness horse |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1535965 |journal=The Biological Bulletin |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.2307/1535965 |jstor=1535965 |issn=0006-3185 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Two years later, in his article ''A critical examination of recent studies on color inheritance in horses'', he states that the roan factor causes a mixture of white hairs with another basic color of the horse, and seems dominant in its transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sturtevant |first=A. H. |date=1912 |title=A critical examination of recent studies on colour inheritance in horses |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02981546 |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.1007/BF02981546 |s2cid=40604153 |issn=0022-1333 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> In 1913, in his article ''The Inheritance of Coat Color in Horses'', Edward N. Wentworth noted the existence of chestnut and black horses expressing the roan factor, and considered it probable that there also exists a chestnut roan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wentworth |first=Edward |date=1913 |title=Color Inheritance in the Horse |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol20/iss1/40/ |journal=Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=316–324 |issn=0085-2236 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
+In 1910, [[Alfred Sturtevant]] published a coat genetics study on a population of American carriage horses in ''The Biological Bulletin'', in which he identified a genetic factor for roan, which he named "R"; he noted that the coat corresponding to roan chestnut was present in less than 10% of carriage horses on the streets of New York City, but that it was never identified separately.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sturtevant |first=Alfred |date=1910 |title=On the inheritance of color in the american harness horse |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1535965 |journal=The Biological Bulletin |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.2307/1535965 |jstor=1535965 |issn=0006-3185 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Two years later, in his article ''A critical examination of recent studies on color inheritance in horses'', he states that the roan factor causes a mixture of white hairs with another basic color of the horse, and seems dominant in its transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sturtevant |first=A. H. |date=1912 |title=A critical examination of recent studies on colour inheritance in horses |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02981546 |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.1007/BF02981546 |s2cid=40604153 |issn=0022-1333 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> In 1913, in his article ''The Inheritance of Coat Color in Horses'', Edward N. Wentworth noted the existence of chestnut and black horses expressing the roan factor, and considered it probable that there also exists a chestnut roan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wentworth |first=Edward |date=1913 |title=Color Inheritance in the Horse |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol20/iss1/40/ |journal=Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=316–324 |issn=0085-2236 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
 Building on the work of the aforementioned authors, [[Sewall Wright]] noted in 1917 that a horse born chestnut and becoming white as it aged would be attached to the [[Gray horse|gray]] family, while a horse born chestnut roan would be attached to the roan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Sewall |date=1917 |title=Color inheritance in mammals |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/8/12/561/902176?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=561–564 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111694 |issn=1465-7333 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
-In 1979, on the basis of birth [[statistics]] for horses expressing a roan phenotype, Harold F. Hintz and Lloyd Dale Van Vleck postulated that the gene responsible was lethal ''in utero'' in its [[homozygous]] form.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Hintz |first1=H. F. |last2=Van Vleck |first2=L. D. |date=1979 |title=Lethal dominant roan in horses |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/70/2/145/832860?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=145–146 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109213 |issn=0022-1503 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> Dr. Dan P. Sponenberg demonstrated the [[epistasis]] of the Roan gene with the chestnut in 1984, after crossing a [[Belgian Draught|Belgian]] bay roan stallion with several chestnut mares, resulting in some thirty bay roan foals and a single chestnut roan.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Sponenberg |first1=D. Phillip |last2=Harper |first2=Henry T. |last3=Harpar |first3=Anne L. |date=1984 |title=Direct evidence for linkage of roan and extension loci in Belgian horses |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/75/5/413/767404 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=413–414 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109968 |pmid=6481131 |issn=0022-1503 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> In 1999, Stefan Marklund and colleagues located the mutation responsible for all roan coats on [[exon]] 19 of the [[KIT (gene)|KIT gene]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marklund |first1=Stefan |last2=Moller |first2=Maria |last3=Sandberg |first3=Kaj |last4=Andersson |first4=Leif |date=1999 |title=Close association between sequence polymorphism in the KIT gene and the roan coat color in horses |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003359900987 |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=283–288 |doi=10.1007/s003359900987 |pmid=10051325 |s2cid=32790547 |issn=1432-1777 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> but the causal [[mutation]] has yet to be identified.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" />
+In 1979, on the basis of birth statistics for horses expressing a roan phenotype, Harold F. Hintz and Lloyd Dale Van Vleck postulated that the gene responsible was lethal ''in utero'' in its [[homozygous]] form.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Hintz |first1=H. F. |last2=Van Vleck |first2=L. D. |date=1979 |title=Lethal dominant roan in horses |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/70/2/145/832860?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=145–146 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109213 |issn=0022-1503 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> Dr. Dan P. Sponenberg demonstrated the [[epistasis]] of the Roan gene with the chestnut in 1984, after crossing a [[Belgian Draught|Belgian]] bay roan stallion with several chestnut mares, resulting in some thirty bay roan foals and a single chestnut roan.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Sponenberg |first1=D. Phillip |last2=Harper |first2=Henry T. |last3=Harpar |first3=Anne L. |date=1984 |title=Direct evidence for linkage of roan and extension loci in Belgian horses |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/75/5/413/767404 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=413–414 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109968 |pmid=6481131 |issn=0022-1503 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> In 1999, Stefan Marklund and colleagues located the mutation responsible for all roan coats on [[exon]] 19 of the [[KIT (gene)|KIT gene]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marklund |first1=Stefan |last2=Moller |first2=Maria |last3=Sandberg |first3=Kaj |last4=Andersson |first4=Leif |date=1999 |title=Close association between sequence polymorphism in the KIT gene and the roan coat color in horses |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003359900987 |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=283–288 |doi=10.1007/s003359900987 |pmid=10051325 |s2cid=32790547 |issn=1432-1777 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> but the causal [[mutation]] has yet to be identified.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" />
 == Description ==
-[[File:Poney français aubère, Guillac.jpg|thumb|Strawberry roan [[Pony|pony's]] head, darker than its body, in [[Brittany]].]]
+[[File:Poney français aubère, Guillac.jpg|thumb|Strawberry roan [[pony]]'s head, darker than its body, in [[Brittany]].]]
-The strawberry roan coat is always described as a stable mixture of brown/red/orange and white [[hair]]s, in varying proportions.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |others=Illustrated by Jean-Yves Decottignies|last=Faron |first=Nathalie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNhgq04hLQC&q=cheval+aub%C3%A8re |title=Le Cheval |publisher=Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-87747-189-3 |pages=48 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bernard |first1=Isabelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvlTSufpZE8C&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA126 |title=Les races de chevaux et de poneys |last2=Corn |first2=Myriam |last3=Miriski |first3=Pierre |last4=Racic |first4=Françoise |publisher=Éditions Artémis |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-84416-338-7 |pages=126 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Harvtxt|Merche|p=681}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Lavalard|pp=129–130}}</ref> Some horses are virtually white, while others retain a very large number of colored hairs.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Marandet|2018|p=76}}</ref>
+The strawberry roan coat is always described as a stable mixture of brown/red/orange and white hairs, in varying proportions.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |others=Illustrated by Jean-Yves Decottignies|last=Faron |first=Nathalie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNhgq04hLQC&q=cheval+aub%C3%A8re |title=Le Cheval |publisher=Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-87747-189-3 |pages=48 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bernard |first1=Isabelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvlTSufpZE8C&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA126 |title=Les races de chevaux et de poneys |last2=Corn |first2=Myriam |last3=Miriski |first3=Pierre |last4=Racic |first4=Françoise |publisher=Éditions Artémis |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-84416-338-7 |pages=126 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Harvtxt|Merche|1868|p=681}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Lavalard|1894|pp=129–130}}</ref> Some horses are virtually white, while others retain a very large number of colored hairs.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Marandet|2018|p=76}}</ref>
-The [[manes]] can also be a mixture of these two colors, or just one of them.<ref name=":9" /> The [[head]] and extremities of the limbs are always darker than the rest of the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard |first=Achille |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLWEvpaPwUQC&pg=PA295 |title=Étude du cheval de service et de guerre : haras, courses, types reproducteurs... |date=1859 |publisher=Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie. |language=fr}}</ref>
+The [[manes]] can also be a mixture of these two colors, or just one of them.<ref name=":9" /> The head and extremities of the limbs are always darker than the rest of the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard |first=Achille |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLWEvpaPwUQC&pg=PA295 |title=Étude du cheval de service et de guerre : haras, courses, types reproducteurs... |date=1859 |publisher=Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie. |language=fr}}</ref>
 The color of the coat can vary from light to dark,<ref name=":15" /> depending on the number of white hairs and the shade of the chestnut, which can greatly vary the intensity and reflection of the coat.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last1=Moll |first1=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmACAAAAYAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA289 |title=La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures |last2=Gayot |first2=Eugène |date=1861 |publisher=Didot |pages=289 |language=fr}}</ref> It is customary to speak of a "light strawberry roan" when white hairs are the most numerous, and of a "dark strawberry roan" when, on the contrary, red hairs are in the majority.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":16" /> The horse is called an "ordinary strawberry roan" when the mixture between the two coat colors is roughly equal.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":16" /><gallery>
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 File:Cabalo, Vilarromarís, Oroso.jpg|Light strawberry roan with lots of [[White horse|white hairs]]
 File:Recently-branded foal in Denny Wood, New Forest - geograph.org.uk - 256420.jpg|[[New Forest pony|New Forest]] strawberry roan [[foal]]
+</gallery>
-</gallery>A light strawberry roan is said to be a [[Hypericum|hypericum flower]] when its [[White horse|white hairs]] are separated on a reddish-red background, distinct and "resembling a thousand and one isolated flowers".<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Villeroy |first=Félix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s21vmoYxfLAC&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA165 |title=Manuel de l'éleveur de chevaux |date=1858 |publisher=Librairie agricole de la maison rustique |language=fr}}</ref> For Merche, it's the dark strawberry roan that's generally called [[Peach|peach blossom]],<ref name=":15" /> while for Lavalard, it's the horse with a pinkish tint that gets this name.<ref name=":9" /> According to Pastoureau, the light-haired strawberry roan is called [[Peach|peach blossom]]  and the dark-haired strawberry roan: [[Lilac|lilac flower]].<ref name=":7" /> In the [[19th century]], horse dealers indiscriminately gave the name ''pêchard'' to bay-based strawberry roan and roan horses.<ref name=":15" /> Occasionally, strawberry roan horses also show corn marks, i.e. small areas where the coat remains dark, generally due to regrowth after an injury.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Tsaag Valren|Népoux|2019|p=106}}</ref><gallery>
+Occasionally, strawberry roan horses also show corn marks, i.e. small areas where the coat remains dark, generally due to regrowth after an injury.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Tsaag Valren|Népoux|2019|p=106}}</ref><gallery>
 File:Poils d'un aubère 01.jpg|alt=
 File:Poils d'un aubère 02.jpg|alt=
@@ Line 70: / Line 74: @@
 Finally, it's not uncommon to confuse strawberry roan and [[Varnish roan|varnish roan coats]] on a chestnut base.<ref name=":4" /> Differentiation is based on the presence of an inverted V on the varnish roan horse head, and the characteristics of the [[leopard complex]], such as the abundance of [[manes]] (not abundant on a [[varnish roan]]), the striated [[Hoof|hooves]], the appearance of the eye (circled in white on a [[Varnish roan|varnish roan coat]]), and above all the evolutionary aspect, with the varnish roan horse having more and more white hair as it ages.<ref name=":4" />
-== Spreading ==
+== Distribution ==
 [[File:Krabbenfang mit Pferd (c), Belgium.jpg|thumb|Strawberry roan [[Belgian Draught|Belgian horse]]]]
 Strawberry roan coats are found in a great many [[List of horse breeds|breeds of horse]],<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" /> but the founding individuals and frequency of the coat are not precisely known.<ref name=":12" />
-Two strawberry roan horses are mentioned among the cavalry imported by the conquistador [[Hernán Cortés]] to the [[American Continent|American continent]]; one belonged to a certain Moron, from Vaimo, and the other to a certain Vaena, from [[Trinidad, Cuba|La Trinidad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diaz Del Castillo |first=Bernal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NUkDwAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PT48 |title=La Conquête du Mexique |publisher=Actes Sud Littérature |year=2017 |isbn=978-2-330-08391-5 |pages=811 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Piétrement |first=Charles-Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V78rAAAAYAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA621 |title=Les Chevaux dans les temps préhistoriques et historiques |date=1883 |publisher=G. Baillière |pages=621 |language=fr}}</ref> The Roan mutation, and hence the strawberry roan coat, is found in [[American Horse|American horse]] breeds such as the [[American Quarter Horse|Quarter Horse]], [[Criollo horse|Criollo]], [[Paso Fino]], [[Peruvian Paso]], [[Mustang]], [[Nokota horse|Nokota]] and [[American Miniature Horse]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Bailey|Brooks|2002|p=106}}</ref>
+Two strawberry roan horses are mentioned among the cavalry imported by the conquistador [[Hernán Cortés]] to the [[American Continent]]; one belonged to a certain Moron, from Vaimo, and the other to a certain Vaena, from [[Trinidad, Cuba|La Trinidad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diaz Del Castillo |first=Bernal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NUkDwAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PT48 |title=La Conquête du Mexique |publisher=Actes Sud Littérature |year=2017 |isbn=978-2-330-08391-5 |pages=811 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Piétrement |first=Charles-Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V78rAAAAYAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA621 |title=Les Chevaux dans les temps préhistoriques et historiques |date=1883 |publisher=G. Baillière |pages=621 |language=fr}}</ref> The Roan mutation, and hence the strawberry roan coat, is found in [[American Horse]] breeds such as the [[American Quarter Horse|Quarter Horse]], [[Criollo horse|Criollo]], [[Paso Fino]], [[Peruvian Paso]], [[Mustang]], [[Nokota horse|Nokota]] and [[American Miniature Horse]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Bailey|Brooks|2020|p=106}}</ref>
 The strawberry roan coat is also found in various draft horse breeds,<ref name=":12" /> including the Belgian Trait, but at a lower frequency than the bay roan.<ref name=":14" /> [[Brooklyn Supreme]], a [[Belgian Draught|Belgian draft]] that probably holds the record for the world's heaviest horse, wears this coat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willoughby |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/es/title/666686 |title=The empire of Equus |publisher=A.S. Barnes |year=1974 |isbn=0-498-01047-3 |pages=475}}</ref> [[Ardennais]] can also express the various variants of roan.<ref name=":4" /> Among European ponies, this coat is found in the [[Welsh Pony and Cob|Welsh]], [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]] and [[New Forest pony|New Forest]] breeds.<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 98: / Line 102: @@
 Various references to strawberry roan horses can be found in the arts, heroic tales and traditional songs.
-According to [[Sinology|sinologist]] [[Françoise-Albine Benoist|Françoise Aubin's]] translation, the Jesuit painter [[Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)|Giuseppe Castiglione]] (known as [[Lang Shining]], 1688–1766) painted a "white strawberry roan horse adapted for mountain walking" (in [[Manchu language|Manchu]], ''Kulkuri suru'' and in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], ''Riditu čayan'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubin |first=Françoise |date=2005 |title=Review of Giuseppe Castiglione, dit Lang Shining (1688-1766), jésuite italien et peintre chinois, by M. Cartier |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43484225 |journal=Art Asiatiques |language=fr |volume=60 |pages=193–196|jstor=43484225 }}</ref> [[Fula people|Fulanic]] epic tales from [[Mali]] mention a long-listed strawberry roan horse belonging to a Fulani from Djelgôdji (1705-1827).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seydou |first=Christiane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxeTBQAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA251 |title=Héros et personnages du Massina : récits épiques peuls du Mali |publisher=Éditions Karthala |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-8111-1230-1 |pages=289 |language=fr}}</ref>
+According to [[Sinology|sinologist]] [[Françoise-Albine Benoist|Françoise Aubin's]] translation, the Jesuit painter [[Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)|Giuseppe Castiglione]] (known as [[Lang Shining]], 1688–1766) painted a "white strawberry roan horse adapted for mountain walking" (in [[Manchu language|Manchu]], ''Kulkuri suru'' and in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], ''Riditu čayan'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubin |first=Françoise |date=2005 |title=Review of Giuseppe Castiglione, dit Lang Shining (1688–1766), jésuite italien et peintre chinois, by M. Cartier |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43484225 |journal=Arts Asiatiques |language=fr |volume=60 |pages=193–196|jstor=43484225 }}</ref> [[Fula people|Fulanic]] epic tales from [[Mali]] mention a long-listed strawberry roan horse belonging to a Fulani from Djelgôdji (1705–1827).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seydou |first=Christiane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxeTBQAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA251 |title=Héros et personnages du Massina : récits épiques peuls du Mali |publisher=Éditions Karthala |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-8111-1230-1 |pages=289 |language=fr}}</ref>
-The title of the [[Music of Mongolia|traditional Mongolian song]] ''zaalxan sarga'' (TGS 126 A6) translates as "The little strawberry roan horse".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helffer |first=Mireille |date=1978 |title=Collection Tangent - Vocal Music from Mongolia; and Instrumental Music from Mongolia. Two 12" LP Records. Tangent TGS 126 & 127. Stereo. Recordings (1974), photographs and English Commentaries by Jean Jenkins. London: Tangent, n.d. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-the-international-folk-music-council/article/abs/collection-tangent-vocal-music-from-mongolia-and-instrumental-music-from-mongolia-two-12-lp-records-tangent-tgs-126-127-stereo-recordings-1974-photographs-and-english-commentaries-by-jean-jenkins-london-tangent-nd/8CBAFCCFEF199842502B3BBC88464AB0 |journal=Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council |volume=10 |pages=139–140 |doi=10.2307/767369 |jstor=767369 |issn=0316-6082 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Chor bard Vladimir Tannagašev (1932-2007) noted among his recorded epics ''Kyryk kulaš synnyg kara sar'attyg Kan-Mergen'', or "''Khan-Mergen'' (tr) to the dark strawberry roan horse of forty fathoms".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stépanoff |first=Charles |date=2011 |title=Funk Dmitrij, Šorskij geroičeskij èpos |url=https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/1923 |journal=Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines |language=fr |issue=42 |doi=10.4000/emscat.1923 |issn=0766-5075 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
+The title of the [[Music of Mongolia|traditional Mongolian song]] ''zaalxan sarga'' (TGS 126 A6) translates as "The little strawberry roan horse".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helffer |first=Mireille |date=1978 |title=Collection Tangent – Vocal Music from Mongolia; and Instrumental Music from Mongolia. Two 12" LP Records. Tangent TGS 126 & 127. Stereo. Recordings (1974), photographs and English Commentaries by Jean Jenkins. London: Tangent, n.d. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-the-international-folk-music-council/article/abs/collection-tangent-vocal-music-from-mongolia-and-instrumental-music-from-mongolia-two-12-lp-records-tangent-tgs-126-127-stereo-recordings-1974-photographs-and-english-commentaries-by-jean-jenkins-london-tangent-nd/8CBAFCCFEF199842502B3BBC88464AB0 |journal=Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council |volume=10 |pages=139–140 |doi=10.2307/767369 |jstor=767369 |issn=0316-6082 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Chor bard Vladimir Tannagašev (1932-2007) noted among his recorded epics ''Kyryk kulaš synnyg kara sar'attyg Kan-Mergen'', or "''Khan-Mergen'' (tr) to the dark strawberry roan horse of forty fathoms".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stépanoff |first=Charles |date=2011 |title=Funk Dmitrij, Šorskij geroičeskij èpos |url=https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/1923 |journal=Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines |volume=42 |language=fr |issue=42 |doi=10.4000/emscat.1923 |issn=0766-5075 |access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-In the US, the most popular [[Western Ballads|western ballad]] about [[bucking horse]]s (wild horses) in the 1930s is ''The Strawberry Roan''.<ref name=":22">{{Harvtxt|White|1969|p=359}}</ref> It was composed by [[Curley Fletcher]] (1892-1954), originally under the title ''The Outlaw Broncho'', in 1915.<ref name=":22" />
+In the US, the most popular [[Western music (North America)|western ballad]] about [[bucking horse]]s (wild horses) in the 1930s is ''The Strawberry Roan''.<ref name=":22">{{Harvtxt|White|1969|p=359}}</ref> It was composed by [[Curley Fletcher]] (1892–1954), originally under the title ''The Outlaw Broncho'', in 1915.<ref name=":22" />
 === Beliefs ===
 There are various beliefs associated with the color of a horse's coat.
-For [[Georges Guillet de Saint-George]] (1624-1705), in ''Les Arts de l'homme d'épée'' (1678), "their lack of sensitivity to the mouth and flanks is the reason why they are not held in high esteem, besides the fact that they are prone to losing their sight".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Baron Charles-Louis-Adélaïde-Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811-1871), professor of equestrian science at the [[Haras national du Pin]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Charles Louis Adélaïde Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811?-1871) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxeTBQAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA251 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=data.bnf.fr | isbn=9782811112301 |language=fr | last1=Seydou | first1=Christiane | date=2014 | publisher=KARTHALA Editions }}</ref> considers the strawberry roan to be the least good of the horses he calls "roans", including the [[grullo]], the [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]], the strawberry roan, the [[Buckskin (horse)|buckskin]], the [[Bay (horse)|bay]] and the [[Sooty (gene)|sooty]].<ref name=":15" />
+For [[Georges Guillet de Saint-George]] (1624–1705), in ''Les Arts de l'homme d'épée'' (1678), "their lack of sensitivity to the mouth and flanks is the reason why they are not held in high esteem, besides the fact that they are prone to losing their sight".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Baron Charles-Louis-Adélaïde-Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811–1871), professor of equestrian science at the [[Haras national du Pin]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Charles Louis Adélaïde Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811?–1871) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxeTBQAAQBAJ |access-date=24 April 2022 |isbn=9782811112301 |language=fr | last1=Seydou | first1=Christiane | date=2014 | publisher=KARTHALA Editions }}</ref> considers the strawberry roan to be the least good of the horses he calls "roans", including the [[grullo]], the [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]], the strawberry roan, the [[Buckskin (horse)|buckskin]], the [[Bay (horse)|bay]] and the [[Sooty (gene)|sooty]].<ref name=":15" />
 In [[Yakuts|Yakut]] [[shamanism]], according to [[ethnologist]] Wenceslas Sieroszewski, it is customary to [[Horse sacrifice|sacrifice horses]] with certain [[Equine coat color|coat colors]] to specific spirits; the ''Dohsoun-douïah'' spirit is appeased by the sacrifice of a golden-strawberry roan mare with a white head; spirits in the south of the sky that harm men are appeased by the sacrifice of light-strawberry roan horses with half-white muzzles, pink nostrils and white eyes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sieroszewski |first=Wenceslas |date=1902 |title=Du chamanisme d'après les croyances des Yakoutes (Suite) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23660996 |journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions |language=fr |volume=46 |pages=299–338 |jstor=23660996 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
@@ Line 124: / Line 128: @@
 * {{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Ernest |url=https://www.worldcat.org/es/title/824532429 |title=Horse genetics |last2=Bowling |first2=Ann |publisher=CABI |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84593-675-4}}
-* {{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Ernest |url=https://www.worldcat.org/es/title/1126351188 |title=Horse genetics |last2=Brooks |first2=Samantha |publisher=CABI |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78639-258-9}}
+* {{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Ernest |url=https://www.worldcat.org/es/title/1126351188 |title=Horse genetics |last2=Brooks |first2=Samantha |publisher=CABI |year=2020 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-1-78639-258-9}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Marandet |first=Laure |title=Les robes des chevaux : Approche génétique et scientifique des robes des chevaux |publisher=Vigot |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-7114-2497-9 |series=Cheval pratique |location=Italy |language=fr}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Sponenberg |first=Dan Phillip |title=Horse Color |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=1983}}
@@ Line 130: / Line 134: @@
 * {{Cite book |last1=Tsaag Valren |first1=Amélie |title=Beauté des chevaux, le mystère de leurs robes |last2=Népoux |first2=Virginie |publisher=Éditions France Agricole |year=2019 |isbn=979-10-90213-98-2 |language=fr}}
 * {{Cite book |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Margot |url=https://www.worldcat.org/es/title/1181814157 |title=Génétique des robes des équidés |last2=Sauvegrain |first2=Caroline |publisher=Le Pin-au-Haras |year=2020 |isbn=978-2-915250-73-2 |language=fr}}
-* {{Cite magazine |last=White |first=John |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167567 |title=The Strange Career of "The Strawberry Roan |publisher=Arizona and the West |year=1969 |volume=11 |issn=0004-1408 |access-date=24 April 2022 |issue=4|jstor=40167567 }}
+* {{Cite journal |last=White |first=John |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167567 |title=The Strange Career of "The Strawberry Roan" |publisher=Arizona and the West |journal=Journal of the Southwest |year=1969 |volume=11 |issn=0004-1408 |access-date=24 April 2022 |issue=4 |pages=359–366 |jstor=40167567 }}
-* {{Cite magazine |last=De Curnieu |first=Baron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpfAAAAcAAJ |title=Nouvelle classification des différentes robes des chevaux |date=1842 |publisher=Journal des haras des chasses et des courses de chevaux, recueil periodique consacre a l'étude du cheval, à son éducation (etc.) |volume=31 |language=fr}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=De Curnieu |first=Baron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpfAAAAcAAJ |title=Nouvelle classification des différentes robes des chevaux |date=1842 |journal=Journal des Haras |publisher=Journal des haras des chasses et des courses de chevaux, recueil periodique consacre a l'étude du cheval, à son éducation (etc.) |volume=31 |language=fr}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Lavalard |first=Edmond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLBQAAAAYAAJ |title=Le cheval dans ses rapports avec l'économie rurale et les industries de transport |date=1894 |publisher=Librairie de Firmin-Didot |language=fr}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Merche |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCRCAAAAcAAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA681 |title=Nouveau traité des formes extérieures du cheval |date=1868 |publisher=Librairie Militaire |language=fr}}
-* {{Cite book |last=American Paint Horse Association |url=http://press.apha.com/pdfs/guidebooks/ColorGenGuide.pdf |title=American Paint Horse Association's Guide to Coat Colors genetics |year=2007}}
+* {{Cite book |last=American Paint Horse Association |url=http://press.apha.com/pdfs/guidebooks/ColorGenGuide.pdf |title=American Paint Horse Association's Guide to Coat Colors genetics |year=2007 |access-date=2023-08-17 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327005051/http://press.apha.com/pdfs/guidebooks/ColorGenGuide.pdf |url-status=dead }}
 * {{Cite magazine |last=Chéhu |first=Frédéric |title=Aubère |magazine=Cheval Magazine |year=2004 |language=fr |issn=0245-3614}}