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{{Short description|Riparian forests in Australia}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
{{Infobox ecoregion
|name= Coastal Swamp Oak Forest of South-east Queensland and New South Wales
|name= Coastal Swamp Oak Forest of South-east Queensland and New South Wales
|map=
|map=
|image= Swamp Oak Forest.jpg
|image= Casuarina glauca thicket in open forest understory north riparian forest 7th Brigade Park Chermside IMGP2038.jpg
|image_caption= [[Prospect Creek (New South Wales)|Prospect Creek]], Smithfield, New South Wales
|image_caption=
|biogeographic_realm = [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]
|biogeographic_realm = [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]
|biome=[[Riparian forests]]
|biome=[[Riparian forests]]
Line 14: Line 15:
}}
}}


'''Coastal Swamp Oak Forests''', or '''Swamp Oak Floodplain Forests''', are scattered [[riparian forest]]s found in southeastern [[Queensland]] to southeastern [[New South Wales]], Australia that would predominantly feature [[Casuarina glauca]] (swamp oaks). They occur within the [[South Eastern Queensland]], [[NSW North Coast]], [[Sydney Basin]], or [[South East Corner]] bioregions.<ref name = environment>[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/pubs/141-conservation-advice.pdf Conservation advice (incorporating listing advice) for the Coastal Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) Forest of New South Wales and South East Queensland ecological community] [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]. Retrieved 14 September 2022. [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>
'''Coastal Swamp Oak Forests''', also known as '''Swamp Oak Floodplain Forests''' and '''Estuarine swamp oak forests''', are scattered [[riparian forest]]s found in southeastern [[Queensland]] to southeastern [[New South Wales]], Australia that would predominantly feature ''[[Casuarina glauca]]'' (swamp oaks). They occur within the [[South Eastern Queensland]], [[NSW North Coast]], [[Sydney Basin]], or [[South East Corner]] bioregions.<ref name = environment>[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/pubs/141-conservation-advice.pdf Conservation advice (incorporating listing advice) for the Coastal Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) Forest of New South Wales and South East Queensland ecological community] [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]. Retrieved 14 September 2022. [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Only about 26% of their original extent remaining, Coastal Swamp Oak Forests generally occur on light or [[alluvial]] soil on coastal flats, [[floodplain]]s, drainage lines, lake margins, [[wetland]]s and [[estuarine]] fringes where soils are at least at times saturated, marshy or overflowed. Some may occur on [[coastal dune]] swales or flats. Having a dense to sparse tree layer, the community is mostly found as disjointed residue patches along the coast between [[Curtis Island, Queensland|Curtis Island]] (south-east Queensland), north of [[Gladstone]], and [[Bermagui, New South Wales|Bermagui]] (southern New South Wales), up to 50 m above sea level (ASL) but usually less than 20 m ASL and they are usually within 30km of the coast, but in several areas, such as along tidal river catchments, the community can be present more than 100km inland.<ref name = environment/>
Only about 26% of their original extent remaining, Coastal Swamp Oak Forests generally occur on light or [[alluvial]] soil on coastal flats, [[floodplain]]s, drainage lines, lake margins, [[wetland]]s and [[estuarine]] fringes where soils are at least at times saturated, marshy or overflowed. Some may occur on [[coastal dune]] swales or flats.<ref name = environment/>


Having a dense to sparse tree layer, the community is mostly found as disjointed residue patches along the coast between [[Curtis Island, Queensland|Curtis Island]] (south-east Queensland), north of [[Gladstone, Queensland|Gladstone]], and [[Bermagui, New South Wales|Bermagui]] (southern New South Wales), up to 50 m above sea level (ASL) but usually less than 20 m ASL and they are usually within 30km of the coast, but in several areas, such as along tidal river catchments, the community can be present more than 100km inland.<ref name = environment/>

===Extent===
Major presence include: around 350 ha on the [[Tweed]] lowlands; to a lesser degree than 650 ha on the lower [[Clarence, New South Wales|Clarence]] floodplain; less than 400 ha on the lower [[Macleay River|Macleay]] floodplain; less than 3,200 ha in the [[Hunter Valley]]; less than 5,200 ha in the [[Sydney]] and [[South Coast (New South Wales)|South Coast]] region and less than 1,000 ha in the [[Eden, New South Wales|Eden]] region. The community's composition may alter from open forests to low woodlands, scrubs or reed lands with scattered trees.<ref name = office>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10945 Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions - profile] [[Office of Environment & Heritage]]. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</ref>
Major presence include: around 350 ha on the [[Tweed]] lowlands; to a lesser degree than 650 ha on the lower [[Clarence, New South Wales|Clarence]] floodplain; less than 400 ha on the lower [[Macleay River|Macleay]] floodplain; less than 3,200 ha in the [[Hunter Valley]]; less than 5,200 ha in the [[Sydney]] and [[South Coast (New South Wales)|South Coast]] region and less than 1,000 ha in the [[Eden, New South Wales|Eden]] region. The community's composition may alter from open forests to low woodlands, scrubs or reed lands with scattered trees.<ref name = office>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10945 Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions - profile] [[Office of Environment & Heritage]]. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
[[File:Lichen and algae on Casuarina glauca trunks, Boondall Wetland 01.jpg|thumb|[[Lichen]] and [[algae]] on ''Casuarina glauca'' trunks in [[Boondall Wetlands]], southeastern Queensland]]
⚫
Although swamp oaks are the principal trees that occur in the canopy, there also exist many other species such as, [[Acmena smithii]], [[Alphitonia excelsa]], [[Melaleuca salicina]], [[Cupaniopsis anacardioides]], [[Glochidion ferdinandi]], [[Parsonsia straminea]] and at times [[Melaleuca]] spp., where they shape a sub-canopy layer. The [[Saline water|saline]] understorey consists of [[Baumea juncea]], [[Alexfloydia repens]], [[Baumea juncea]], [[Juncus kraussii]], [[Phragmites australis]], [[Selliera radicans]], [[Cynodon dactylon]], [[Phragmites australis]], [[Parsonsia straminea]], [[Geitonoplesium cymosum]], [[Stephania japonica]] and [[Suaeda australis]], with freshwater species being [[Blechnum indicum]], [[Carex appressa]], [[Gahnia clarkei]], [[Centella asiatica]], [[Oplismenus imbecillis]], [[Commelina cyanea]], [[Hypolepis muelleri]], [[Persicaria decipiens]], [[Lomandra longifolia]], [[Microlaena stipoides]] and [[Viola banksii]]. The total canopy cover is least 10%.<ref name = environment/>
Although swamp oaks are the principal trees that occur in the canopy, there also exist many other species such as, ''[[Acmena smithii]]'', ''[[Alphitonia excelsa]]'', ''[[Melaleuca salicina]]'', ''[[Cupaniopsis anacardioides]]'', ''[[Glochidion ferdinandi]]'', ''[[Parsonsia straminea]]'' and at times ''[[Melaleuca]]'' spp., where they shape a sub-canopy layer.<ref name = environment/>

⚫
The [[Saline water|saline]] understorey consists of [[Baumea juncea]], [[Alexfloydia repens]], [[Baumea juncea]], [[Juncus kraussii]], [[Phragmites australis]], [[Selliera radicans]], [[Cynodon dactylon]], [[Phragmites australis]], [[Parsonsia straminea]], [[Geitonoplesium cymosum]], [[Stephania japonica]] and [[Suaeda australis]], with freshwater species being [[Blechnum indicum]], [[Carex appressa]], [[Gahnia clarkei]], [[Centella asiatica]], [[Oplismenus imbecillis]], [[Commelina cyanea]], [[Hypolepis muelleri]], [[Persicaria decipiens]], [[Lomandra longifolia]], [[Microlaena stipoides]] and [[Viola banksii]]. The total canopy cover is least 10%.<ref name = environment/>


==Biodiversity==
==Biodiversity==
The animals that occupy the community also dwell in conterminous wetlands, grasslands, woodlands and forests. The animals include bats, [[possums]], [[bandicoots]], birds, frogs, turtles and other reptiles.<ref name = office/> Mammals include [[Cercartetus nanus]], [[Myotis macropus]], [[Phascogale tapoatafa]], [[Pteropus poliocephalus]], [[Syconycteris australis]], [[Phascolarctos cinereus]], [[Antechinus stuartii]], [[Perameles nasuta]], [[Potorous tridactylus]], [[Pseudomys novaehollandiae]] and [[Rattus lutreolus]]. Reptiles present are, [[Cyclodomorphus michaeli]], [[Egernia mcpheei]], [[Boiga irregularis]], [[Hemiaspis signata]], [[Hoplocephalus bitorquatus]], [[Pseudechis porphyriacus]], [[Tropidechis carinatus]], [[Chelodina longicollis]], [[Emydura macquarii]], [[Elseya albagula]], [[Elusor macrurus]] and [[Wollumbinia georgesi]].<ref name = environment/>
The animals that occupy the community also dwell in conterminous wetlands, grasslands, woodlands and forests. The animals include bats, [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], [[bandicoots]], birds, frogs, turtles and other reptiles.<ref name = office/> Mammals include [[Cercartetus nanus]], [[Myotis macropus]], [[Phascogale tapoatafa]], [[Pteropus poliocephalus]], [[Syconycteris australis]], [[Phascolarctos cinereus]], [[Antechinus stuartii]], [[Perameles nasuta]], [[Potorous tridactylus]], [[Pseudomys novaehollandiae]] and [[Rattus lutreolus]].<ref name = environment/>
Reptiles present are, [[Cyclodomorphus michaeli]], [[Egernia mcpheei]], [[Boiga irregularis]], [[Hemiaspis signata]], [[Hoplocephalus bitorquatus]], [[Pseudechis porphyriacus]], [[Tropidechis carinatus]], [[Chelodina longicollis]], [[Emydura macquarii]], [[Elseya albagula]], [[Elusor macrurus]] and [[Wollumbinia georgesi]].<ref name = environment/>

==Plant communities==
Various state vegetation mapping units contain the Coastal Swamp Oak Forest, and patches of it are likely to correspond with the Plant Community Types (PCT) listed in the table below:<ref>[https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/2abc558f-cf9b-497b-873b-5521a820adb5/files/consultation-guide-coastal-swamp-oak-forest.pdf Coastal Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) Forest of South-east Queensland and New South Wales: Proposal to list as a nationally protected ecological community] [[Department of the Environment and Energy]]. Retrieved August 14, 2024{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! data-sort-type=number |[[Vegetation|Common name]] !! data-sort-type= number |[[Natural resource management|NRM]] Regions
|-
| Swamp oak swamp forest of the coastal lowlands NSW North Coast Bioregion|| [[Northern Rivers]]
|-
|Swamp Oak forested wetland of saline areas of coastal estuaries || [[New South Wales North Coast|North Coast]]
|-
| Milky [[mangrove]] woodland of tidal estuaries || North Coast
|-
| Swamp oak – [[Melaleuca quinquenervia|broad-leaved paperbark]], [[Melaleuca salicina|willow bottlebrush]] floodplain forested wetland || North Coast
|-
| Broad-leaved paperbark, swamp oak, tall sedge swamp forest on alluvial soils|| North Coast
|-
| Swamp oak open forest on riverflats of the Cumberland Plain and Hunter Valley ||[[Sydney]] Metro/[[Hawkesbury River|Hawkesbury-Nepean]]
|-
|Swamp-oak, [[Machaerina juncea|sea rush]] swamp forest|| [[Hunter Valley]] and [[Mid North Coast|Central Rivers]]
|-
| Swamp oak-[[prickly paperbark]] tall sedge forest Central Coast and Lower North Coast|| Hunter/Central Rivers
|-
| Coastal freshwater swamp forest||Sydney Metro
|-
| Swamp oak swamp forest fringing estuaries of the Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregion|| Hunter/Central Rivers; Hawksbury Nepean; Sydney Metro; [[Illawarra|Southern Rivers]]
|-
| [[Melaleuca ericifolia|Swamp paperbark]]-swamp oak || Sydney Metro and Southern Rivers
|-
| Coastal freshwater lagoons of the Sydney Basin Bioregion and South East Corner Bioregion|| Sydney Metro and Southern Rivers
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 35: Line 77:
{{Sydneybushland}}
{{Sydneybushland}}


[[Category:Biogeography of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Endangered ecological communities]]
[[Category:Endangered ecological communities]]
[[Category:Geography of Sydney]]
[[Category:Geography of Sydney]]

Latest revision as of 05:29, 18 December 2024

Coastal Swamp Oak Forest of South-east Queensland and New South Wales
Prospect Creek, Smithfield, New South Wales
Ecology
RealmAustralasia
BiomeRiparian forests
Geography
CountryAustralia
Elevation20–50 metres (66–164 ft)
Climate typeHumid subtropical climate (Cfa)
Oceanic climate (Cfb)
Soil typesAlluvium, clay loam, sandy loam, peat

Coastal Swamp Oak Forests, also known as Swamp Oak Floodplain Forests and Estuarine swamp oak forests, are scattered riparian forests found in southeastern Queensland to southeastern New South Wales, Australia that would predominantly feature Casuarina glauca (swamp oaks). They occur within the South Eastern Queensland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, or South East Corner bioregions.[1]

Geography

[edit]

Only about 26% of their original extent remaining, Coastal Swamp Oak Forests generally occur on light or alluvial soil on coastal flats, floodplains, drainage lines, lake margins, wetlands and estuarine fringes where soils are at least at times saturated, marshy or overflowed. Some may occur on coastal dune swales or flats.[1]

Having a dense to sparse tree layer, the community is mostly found as disjointed residue patches along the coast between Curtis Island (south-east Queensland), north of Gladstone, and Bermagui (southern New South Wales), up to 50 m above sea level (ASL) but usually less than 20 m ASL and they are usually within 30km of the coast, but in several areas, such as along tidal river catchments, the community can be present more than 100km inland.[1]

Extent

[edit]

Major presence include: around 350 ha on the Tweed lowlands; to a lesser degree than 650 ha on the lower Clarence floodplain; less than 400 ha on the lower Macleay floodplain; less than 3,200 ha in the Hunter Valley; less than 5,200 ha in the Sydney and South Coast region and less than 1,000 ha in the Eden region. The community's composition may alter from open forests to low woodlands, scrubs or reed lands with scattered trees.[2]

Ecology

[edit]
Lichen and algae on Casuarina glauca trunks in Boondall Wetlands, southeastern Queensland

Although swamp oaks are the principal trees that occur in the canopy, there also exist many other species such as, Acmena smithii, Alphitonia excelsa, Melaleuca salicina, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Glochidion ferdinandi, Parsonsia straminea and at times Melaleuca spp., where they shape a sub-canopy layer.[1]

The saline understorey consists of Baumea juncea, Alexfloydia repens, Baumea juncea, Juncus kraussii, Phragmites australis, Selliera radicans, Cynodon dactylon, Phragmites australis, Parsonsia straminea, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Stephania japonica and Suaeda australis, with freshwater species being Blechnum indicum, Carex appressa, Gahnia clarkei, Centella asiatica, Oplismenus imbecillis, Commelina cyanea, Hypolepis muelleri, Persicaria decipiens, Lomandra longifolia, Microlaena stipoides and Viola banksii. The total canopy cover is least 10%.[1]

Biodiversity

[edit]

The animals that occupy the community also dwell in conterminous wetlands, grasslands, woodlands and forests. The animals include bats, possums, bandicoots, birds, frogs, turtles and other reptiles.[2] Mammals include Cercartetus nanus, Myotis macropus, Phascogale tapoatafa, Pteropus poliocephalus, Syconycteris australis, Phascolarctos cinereus, Antechinus stuartii, Perameles nasuta, Potorous tridactylus, Pseudomys novaehollandiae and Rattus lutreolus.[1]

Reptiles present are, Cyclodomorphus michaeli, Egernia mcpheei, Boiga irregularis, Hemiaspis signata, Hoplocephalus bitorquatus, Pseudechis porphyriacus, Tropidechis carinatus, Chelodina longicollis, Emydura macquarii, Elseya albagula, Elusor macrurus and Wollumbinia georgesi.[1]

Plant communities

[edit]

Various state vegetation mapping units contain the Coastal Swamp Oak Forest, and patches of it are likely to correspond with the Plant Community Types (PCT) listed in the table below:[3]

Common name NRM Regions
Swamp oak swamp forest of the coastal lowlands NSW North Coast Bioregion Northern Rivers
Swamp Oak forested wetland of saline areas of coastal estuaries North Coast
Milky mangrove woodland of tidal estuaries North Coast
Swamp oak – broad-leaved paperbark, willow bottlebrush floodplain forested wetland North Coast
Broad-leaved paperbark, swamp oak, tall sedge swamp forest on alluvial soils North Coast
Swamp oak open forest on riverflats of the Cumberland Plain and Hunter Valley Sydney Metro/Hawkesbury-Nepean
Swamp-oak, sea rush swamp forest Hunter Valley and Central Rivers
Swamp oak-prickly paperbark tall sedge forest Central Coast and Lower North Coast Hunter/Central Rivers
Coastal freshwater swamp forest Sydney Metro
Swamp oak swamp forest fringing estuaries of the Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregion Hunter/Central Rivers; Hawksbury Nepean; Sydney Metro; Southern Rivers
Swamp paperbark-swamp oak Sydney Metro and Southern Rivers
Coastal freshwater lagoons of the Sydney Basin Bioregion and South East Corner Bioregion Sydney Metro and Southern Rivers

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Conservation advice (incorporating listing advice) for the Coastal Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) Forest of New South Wales and South East Queensland ecological community Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Retrieved 14 September 2022. Text was copied from this source, which is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  2. ^ a b Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions - profile Office of Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  3. ^ Coastal Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca) Forest of South-east Queensland and New South Wales: Proposal to list as a nationally protected ecological community Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved August 14, 2024 This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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