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{{otheruses|Liwan District}}
{{other uses|Liwan District}}
[[Image:Liwan.PNG|thumb|right|350px|An architectural drawing of a typical Levantine house, with the liwan area in grey.<ref>Based on discussion in Victor A. Khoueiry, "Lebanese Domestic Vernacular," ''Architecture Week,'' March 6, 2002.</ref>]]
[[File:Liwan.PNG|thumb|right|350px|An architectural drawing of a typical [[Levant]]ine house, with the liwan area in grey.<ref>Based on discussion in Victor A. Khoueiry, "Lebanese Domestic Vernacular," ''Architecture Week,'' March 6, 2002.</ref>]]
'''Liwan''' ({{lang-ar|لوان}}, from the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''iwān'') is a word used since ancient times into the present to refer to a long narrow-fronted [[hall]] or [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] [[Portal (architecture)|portal]] found in [[Levant]]ine homes that is often open to the outside. <ref name=Abercrombiep266>Abercrombie, 1910, p. 266.</ref><ref name=Daveyp29>Davey, 1993, p. 29.</ref> An Arabic [[loanword]] to English, it is ultimately dervied from the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''iwān'', which preceded by the article ''al'' ("the"), came to be said as Liwan in Arabic and later, English.<ref name=Houstmap218>Houtsma et al., 1993, p. 218.</ref>
'''Liwan''' ({{langx|ar|ليوان}}, {{transliterate|ar|līwān}}, from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{transliterate|fa|eyvān}}) is a long narrow-fronted [[hall]] or [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] [[Portal (architecture)|portal]] in ancient and modern [[Levant]]ine homes that is often open to the outside.<ref name=Abercrombiep266>Abercrombie, 1910, p. 266.</ref><ref name=Daveyp29>Davey, 1993, p. 29.</ref> An Arabic [[loanword]] to English, it is ultimately derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] {{transl|fa|eyvān}}, which preceded by the article ''al'' ("the"), came to be said as {{transl|ar|līwān}} in Arabic, and later, English.<ref name=Houstmap218>Houtsma et al., 1993, p. 218.</ref>


In its simplest form, the history of the liwan dates back more than 2,000 years, when the '''liwan house''' was essentially a covered [[Terrace (building)|terrace]], supported by [[retaining wall]]s, with a [[courtyard]] in front.<ref name=Khoueiry>{{cite web|title=Lebanese Domestic Vernacular|author=Victor A. Khoueiry|date=[[6 March]] [[2002]]|accessdate=2007-12-14|url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2002/0306/culture_1-2.html }}</ref>
In its simplest form, the history of the liwan dates back more than 2,000 years, when the '''liwan house''' was essentially a covered [[Terrace (building)|terrace]], supported by [[retaining wall]]s, with a [[courtyard]] in front.<ref name=Khoueiry>{{cite web|title=Lebanese Domestic Vernacular|author=Victor A. Khoueiry|date=6 March 2002|access-date=2007-12-14|url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2002/0306/culture_1-2.html }}</ref>


In its more complex forms, the liwan house is composed of a large ceremonial entrance hall (liwan) at the front of the complex, divided into three sections, and flanked by two smaller liwans.<ref name=Daveyp29/> The back of the house opens onto a columned [[peristyle]] courtyard from which the main room and the private apartments opposite can be accessed, with [[symmetry]] on either side of the central axis.<ref name=Daveyp29/>
In its more complex forms, the liwan house is composed of a large ceremonial entrance hall (liwan) at the front of the complex, divided into three sections, and flanked by two smaller liwans.<ref name=Daveyp29/> The back of the house opens onto a columned [[peristyle]] courtyard from which the main room and the private apartments opposite can be accessed, with [[symmetry]] on either side of the central axis.<ref name=Daveyp29/>


Mats and carpets are typically spread along the length of the floor of the liwan, and the mattresses and cushions along the length of the walls make up the ''diwan'' or [[Divan (furniture)|divan]] seating area.<ref name=AbuSalihp32>Abu Salih et al, 2002, p. 32.</ref>
Mats and carpets are typically spread along the length of the floor of the liwan, and the mattresses and cushions along the length of the walls make up the ''diwan'' or [[Divan (furniture)|divan]] seating area.<ref name=AbuSalihp32>Abu Salih et al., 2002, p. 32.</ref>


==Types of liwan houses==
==Types of liwan houses==

===Three-arched house or Central Hall House===
===Three-arched house or Central Hall House===
One type of liwan house is the three-arched house or "Central Hall House", as coined by Friedrich Ragette in 1974.<ref name=GRAL>{{cite web|title=Research Group on the Architecture of the Levant|author=Groupe de recherche sur l'architecture au Levant (GRAL)|publisher=European Association for Middle Eastern Studies (EURAMES)|date=1998-199|accessdate=2007-12-14|url=http://www.smi.uib.no/eurames/gral.html}}</ref> It is also known as the "traditional house" or "Late-[[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] [[Arab]] House" in [[Haifa]] or the "[[Beirut]]i House" in [[Mersin]].<ref name=GRAL/>
One type of liwan house is the three-arched house or "Central Hall House", as coined by Friedrich Ragette in 1974.<ref name=GRAL>{{cite web|title=Research Group on the Architecture of the Levant|author=Groupe de recherche sur l'architecture au Levant (GRAL)|publisher=European Association for Middle Eastern Studies (EURAMES)|date=1998-09-19|access-date=2007-12-14|url=http://www.smi.uib.no/eurames/gral.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930153031/http://www.smi.uib.no/eurames/gral.html|archive-date=2011-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also known as the "traditional house" or "Late-[[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] [[Arab]] House" in [[Haifa]] or the "[[Beirut]]i House" in [[Mersin]].<ref name=GRAL/>


The 19th century Levantine model of the three-arched house with many regional variations is found in the coastal regions of [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Palestine]]/[[Israel]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name=GRAL/> A representative example of the liwan house commonly found in towns throughout the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] is the Al Imam house in [[Hebron]].<ref name=Hadid>{{cite web|title=Establishing, Adoption, and Implementation of Energy Codes for Building: Architectural Styles Survey in Palestinian Territories|author=Mouhannad Hadid, Architect|date=August 2002|accessdate=2007-12-14|url=http://www.molg.gov.ps/ecb/studies/architecture/arch.pdf}}</ref>
The 19th-century Levantine model of the three-arched house with many regional variations is found in the coastal regions of [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and [[Turkey]].<ref name=GRAL/> A representative example of the liwan house commonly found in towns throughout the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] is the Al Imam house in [[Hebron]].<ref name=Hadid>{{cite web|title=Establishing, Adoption, and Implementation of Energy Codes for Building: Architectural Styles Survey in Palestinian Territories|author=Mouhannad Hadid, Architect|date=August 2002|access-date=2007-12-14|url=http://www.molg.gov.ps/ecb/studies/architecture/arch.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509043538/http://www.molg.gov.ps/ecb/studies/architecture/arch.pdf|archive-date=2006-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|Lebanon}}
*[[Iwan]]
*[[Iwan]]
*[[Hosh (architecture)]]


==References==
==References==
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|title=The Churches and Monastaries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries|last1=Abu Salih the Armenian|first2=B.T.A|last2=Evetts|first3=Alfred Joshua|last3=Butler|first4=Ahmad|last4=bn Alī Magrīzī|year=2002|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=0971598673}}
*{{citation|title=The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries|last1=Abu Salih the Armenian|first2=B.T.A|last2=Evetts|first3=Alfred Joshua|last3=Butler|first4=Ahmad|last4=bn Alī Magrīzī|year=2002|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=0-9715986-7-3 |author1-link=Abu Salih the Armenian }}
*{{citation|title=The Town Planning Review|first1=Sir Patrick|last1=Abercrombie|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|year=1910}}
*{{citation|title=The Town Planning Review|first1=Sir Patrick|last1=Abercrombie|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|year=1910}}
*{{citation|title=Northern Cyprus: A Traveler's Guide|first=Eileen|last=Davey|year=1993|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=1850437475}}
*{{citation|title=Northern Cyprus: A Traveler's Guide|first=Eileen|last=Davey|year=1993|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=1-85043-747-5}}
*{{citation|title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|first1=Martijn Theodoor|last1=Houtsma|first2=T.W.|last2=Arnold|first3=A.J.|last3=Wensinck|publisher=BRILL|year=1993|ISBN=9004097961, 9789004097964}}
*{{citation|title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|first1=Martijn Theodoor|last1=Houtsma|first2=T.W.|last2=Arnold|first3=A.J.|last3=Wensinck|publisher=BRILL|year=1993|isbn=9789004097964}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{Islamic architecture}}

[[Category:Arab architecture]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Arabic loanwords]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Arabic architecture]]
[[Category:Ottoman architecture]]
[[Category:Ottoman architecture]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Architecture in Syria]]

[[Category:Architecture in the State of Palestine]]
[[ar:ليوان]]
[[Category:Architecture in Lebanon]]
[[it:Liwan]]

Latest revision as of 12:44, 18 December 2024

For other uses, see Liwan District.
An architectural drawing of a typical Levantine house, with the liwan area in grey.[1]

Liwan (Arabic: ليوان, līwān, from Persian eyvān) is a long narrow-fronted hall or vaulted portal in ancient and modern Levantine homes that is often open to the outside.[2][3] An Arabic loanword to English, it is ultimately derived from the Persian eyvān, which preceded by the article al ("the"), came to be said as līwān in Arabic, and later, English.[4]

In its simplest form, the history of the liwan dates back more than 2,000 years, when the liwan house was essentially a covered terrace, supported by retaining walls, with a courtyard in front.[5]

In its more complex forms, the liwan house is composed of a large ceremonial entrance hall (liwan) at the front of the complex, divided into three sections, and flanked by two smaller liwans.[3] The back of the house opens onto a columned peristyle courtyard from which the main room and the private apartments opposite can be accessed, with symmetry on either side of the central axis.[3]

Mats and carpets are typically spread along the length of the floor of the liwan, and the mattresses and cushions along the length of the walls make up the diwan or divan seating area.[6]

Types of liwan houses

[edit]

Three-arched house or Central Hall House

[edit]

One type of liwan house is the three-arched house or "Central Hall House", as coined by Friedrich Ragette in 1974.[7] It is also known as the "traditional house" or "Late-Ottoman Arab House" in Haifa or the "Beiruti House" in Mersin.[7]

The 19th-century Levantine model of the three-arched house with many regional variations is found in the coastal regions of Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Turkey.[7] A representative example of the liwan house commonly found in towns throughout the West Bank and Gaza is the Al Imam house in Hebron.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Based on discussion in Victor A. Khoueiry, "Lebanese Domestic Vernacular," Architecture Week, March 6, 2002.
  2. ^ Abercrombie, 1910, p. 266.
  3. ^ a b c Davey, 1993, p. 29.
  4. ^ Houtsma et al., 1993, p. 218.
  5. ^ Victor A. Khoueiry (6 March 2002). "Lebanese Domestic Vernacular". Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  6. ^ Abu Salih et al., 2002, p. 32.
  7. ^ a b c Groupe de recherche sur l'architecture au Levant (GRAL) (1998-09-19). "Research Group on the Architecture of the Levant". European Association for Middle Eastern Studies (EURAMES). Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  8. ^ Mouhannad Hadid, Architect (August 2002). "Establishing, Adoption, and Implementation of Energy Codes for Building: Architectural Styles Survey in Palestinian Territories" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-09. Retrieved 2007-12-14.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Abu Salih the Armenian; Evetts, B.T.A; Butler, Alfred Joshua; bn Alī Magrīzī, Ahmad (2002), The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 0-9715986-7-3
  • Abercrombie, Sir Patrick (1910), The Town Planning Review, Liverpool University Press
  • Davey, Eileen (1993), Northern Cyprus: A Traveler's Guide, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-747-5
  • Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor; Arnold, T.W.; Wensinck, A.J. (1993), E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, BRILL, ISBN 9789004097964
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