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{{Short description|1972 single by Elton John}}
{{Short description|1972 single by Elton John}}
{{Hatnote|For other songs of the same name, see [[Rocket Man (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Hatnote|For other songs of the same name, see [[Rocket Man (disambiguation)]].}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox song
{{Infobox song
| name = Rocket Man
| name = Rocket Man
| cover = Elton John - Rocket Man.jpg
| image = Rocket man by elton john US single variant B.png
| alt =
| alt = cover art
| caption = One of the pressings of the US single
| border = yes
| type = single
| type = single
| artist = [[Elton John]]
| artist = [[Elton John]]
| album = [[Honky Château]]
| album = [[Honky Château]]
| B-side = Susie (Dramas)
| B-side = Susie (Dramas)
| released = {{Start date|1972|4|17|df=yes}}<ref name=Rosenthal2001>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBN6mKz83kgC&pg=PA51 |page=51 |last=Rosenthal |first=Elizabeth J. |date=2001 |title=His Song: The Musical Journey of Elton John |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=9780823088935 }}</ref>
| released = {{Start date|1972|4|17|df=yes}}<ref name=Rosenthal2001>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBN6mKz83kgC&pg=PA51 |page=51 |last=Rosenthal |first=Elizabeth J. |date=2001 |title=His Song: The Musical Journey of Elton John |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=9780823088935 }}</ref>
| recorded = 16 January 1972
| recorded = 16 January 1972
⚫
| studio = * [[Château d'Hérouville]] ([[Hérouville]], France)
| studio =
⚫
* [[Château d'Hérouville]] ([[Hérouville]], France)
* mixed at [[Trident Studios]] (London, UK)
* mixed at [[Trident Studios]] (London, UK)
| venue =
| venue =
⚫
| genre = *[[Soft rock]]
| genre = [[Psychedelic pop]]<ref name="Erlewine">{{cite web |last1=Erlewine |first1=Stephen Thomas |author1-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=''Honky Château'' – Elton John |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/honky-château-mw0000650320 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[psychedelic pop]]<ref name="Erlewine">{{cite web |last1=Erlewine |first1=Stephen Thomas |author1-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=''Honky Château'' – Elton John |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/honky-château-mw0000650320 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref>
| length = 4:41
| label = {{Plainlist|
| length = 4:41
| label = {{Plainlist|
* [[Uni Records|Uni]] (US)
* [[Uni Records|Uni]] (US)
* [[DJM Records|DJM]] (UK)}}
* [[DJM Records|DJM]] (UK)}}
| writer =
| writer = *[[Elton John]]
*[[Elton John]]
*[[Bernie Taupin]]
*[[Bernie Taupin]]
| producer = [[Gus Dudgeon]]
| producer = [[Gus Dudgeon]]
| prev_title = [[Tiny Dancer]]
| prev_title = [[Tiny Dancer]]
| prev_year = 1972
| prev_year = 1972
| next_title = [[Honky Cat]]
| next_title = [[Honky Cat]]
| next_year = 1972
| next_year = 1972
| misc = {{Audio sample
| misc = {{Audio sample
| type = single
| type = single
| file = Elton John-Rocket Man.ogg
| file = Elton John-Rocket Man.ogg
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{{External music video|{{YouTube|DtVBCG6ThDk|Elton John – Rocket Man}}}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|DtVBCG6ThDk|Elton John – Rocket Man}}}}
}}
}}
"'''Rocket Man'''" (officially titled "'''Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)'''") is a song written by English musician [[Elton John]] and songwriter [[Bernie Taupin]] and performed by John. It was originally released on 17 April 1972 in the US, as the lead single to John's album ''[[Honky Château]]''. The song first charted in the UK on 22 April, rising to {{abbr|No.|Number}} 2 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] and No. 6 in the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becoming a major hit single for John.<ref name=Rosenthal2001/>
"'''Rocket Man''' '''(I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)'''" is a song written by English musician [[Elton John]] and songwriter [[Bernie Taupin]] and performed by John. It was originally released on 17 April 1972 in the US, as the lead single to John's album ''[[Honky Château]]''. The song first charted in the UK on 22 April, rising to {{abbr|No.|Number}} 2 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] and No. 6 in the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becoming a major hit single for John.<ref name=Rosenthal2001/>


On 21 January 2022, the song was certified double platinum by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI) for sales and streams of 1,200,000 digital downloads and streaming equivalent sales. With sales of 3 million in the US the song was certified triple platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA). ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' lists it at No. 149 of its [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|500 greatest songs of all time]].<ref name="Rocket Man #149">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/elton-john-rocket-man-2-1225189/|title=Rocket Man #149 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
On 5 April 2024, the song was certified triple platinum by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI) for sales and streams of 1,800,000 digital downloads and streaming equivalent sales. With sales of 3 million in the US the song was certified triple platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA). ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' lists it at No. 149 of its [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|500 greatest songs of all time]].<ref name="Rocket Man #149">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/elton-john-rocket-man-2-1225189/|title=Rocket Man #149 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
On 6 January 2024, Rocket Man surpassed 1 billion streams on Spotify.<ref>https://americansongwriter.com/elton-john-celebrates-rocket-man-reaching-1-billion-streams-spotify/</ref>
On 6 January 2024, Rocket Man surpassed 1 billion streams on Spotify.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://americansongwriter.com/elton-john-celebrates-rocket-man-reaching-1-billion-streams-spotify/ | title=Elton John Celebrates "Rocket Man" Reaching 1 Billion Streams on Spotify | date=6 January 2024 }}</ref>


The song has been covered by many artists, most notably by [[Kate Bush]] in 1991 with a reggae-tinged version, and by Portuguese singer [[David Fonseca]] in 2007. John himself, alongside producer [[Pnau]] and singer [[Dua Lipa]], included the song in his 2021 [[Mashup (music)|mashup]] single "[[Cold Heart (Pnau remix)]]". [[William Shatner]]'s spoken-word version from 1978 has been widely parodied.
The song has been covered by many artists, most notably by [[Kate Bush]] in 1991 with a reggae-tinged version, and by Portuguese singer [[David Fonseca]] in 2007. John himself, alongside producer [[Pnau]] and singer [[Dua Lipa]], included the song in his 2021 [[Mashup (music)|mashup]] single "[[Cold Heart (Pnau remix)]]". [[William Shatner]]'s spoken-word version from 1978 has been widely parodied.


== Background ==
== Background ==
[[File:Elton John Hamburg 1972 1603720004.jpg|thumb|Elton John, 1972]]
The song was inspired by [[Ray Bradbury]]'s short story "The Rocket Man" in ''[[The Illustrated Man]]'', about a professional [[astronaut]] whose work keeps him away from his anguished family for months at a time. It echoes the theme of [[David Bowie]]'s 1969 song "[[Space Oddity]]" (both recordings were produced by [[Gus Dudgeon]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jul/23/guardianobituaries.alexispetridis#maincontent |title=Gus Dudgeon |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 July 2002 |access-date=5 June 2020 }}</ref> Taupin has denied that the Bowie song was an inspiration, but has acknowledged borrowing from [[Pearls Before Swine (band)|Pearls Before Swine]]'s 1970 "[[The Use of Ashes|Rocket Man]]", written by [[Tom Rapp]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Pubali |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-story-behind-elton-john-song-rocket-man-was-created/ |title=The Story Behind the Song: How Elton John's classic 'Rocket Man' was created |work=[[Far Out Magazine]] |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021 }}</ref> which was also influenced by the Bradbury story. According to an account in Elizabeth Rosenthal's book ''His Song: The Musical Journey of Elton John'', the song was inspired by Taupin's sighting of either a [[meteoroid|shooting star]] or a distant aeroplane.<!-- "aeroplane" should be used here because it is the UK spelling --><ref name="Billboard Books">{{cite book |last1=Rosenthal |first1= Elizabeth J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBN6mKz83kgC |title=His Song The Musical Journey of Elton John |publisher=Billboard Books |year=2001 |page=48 |isbn=978-0823088935 |access-date=5 June 2020 }}</ref>
The song was inspired by [[Ray Bradbury]]'s short story "The Rocket Man" in ''[[The Illustrated Man]]'', about a professional [[astronaut]] whose work keeps him away from his anguished family for months at a time. It echoes the theme of [[David Bowie]]'s 1969 song "[[Space Oddity]]" (both recordings were produced by [[Gus Dudgeon]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jul/23/guardianobituaries.alexispetridis#maincontent |title=Gus Dudgeon |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 July 2002 |access-date=5 June 2020 }}</ref> Taupin has denied that the Bowie song was an inspiration, but has acknowledged borrowing from [[Pearls Before Swine (band)|Pearls Before Swine]]'s 1970 "[[The Use of Ashes|Rocket Man]]", written by [[Tom Rapp]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Pubali |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-story-behind-elton-john-song-rocket-man-was-created/ |title=The Story Behind the Song: How Elton John's classic 'Rocket Man' was created |work=[[Far Out Magazine]] |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021 }}</ref> which was also influenced by the Bradbury story. According to an account in Elizabeth Rosenthal's book ''His Song: The Musical Journey of Elton John'', the song was inspired by Taupin's sighting of either a [[meteoroid|shooting star]] or a distant aeroplane.<!-- "aeroplane" should be used here because it is the UK spelling --><ref name="Billboard Books">{{cite book |last1=Rosenthal |first1= Elizabeth J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBN6mKz83kgC |title=His Song The Musical Journey of Elton John |publisher=Billboard Books |year=2001 |page=48 |isbn=978-0823088935 |access-date=5 June 2020 }}</ref>


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==Personnel==
==Personnel==
* Elton John – piano, lead vocals
* [[Elton John]] – piano, lead vocals
* David Hentschel – ARP synthesizer
* [[David Hentschel]] – [[ARP synthesizer]]
* Davey Johnstone – electric slide & acoustic guitars, backing vocals
* [[Davey Johnstone]] – electric [[slide guitar|slide]] & acoustic guitars, backing vocals
* Dee Murray – bass guitar, backing vocals
* [[Dee Murray]] – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Nigel Olsson – drums, backing vocals
* [[Nigel Olsson]] – drums, backing vocals


==Charts==
==Charts==
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{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!align="left"|Chart (1972–73)
!align="left"|Chart (1972–1973)
! style="text-align:center;"|Peak<br />position
! style="text-align:center;"|Peak<br />position
|-
|-
Line 98: Line 98:
| style="text-align:center;"|13
| style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
|-
{{singlechart|Canadatopsingles|8|chartid=7680|access-date=19 November 2024}}
|align="left"|Canada Top Singles ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]])
⚫
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name="German">{{cite web |url=http://www.charts-surfer.de |website=Charts-surfer.de |title=Search results |access-date=18 February 2009}}</ref>
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name="German">{{cite web |url=http://www.charts-surfer.de |website=Charts-surfer.de |title=Search results |access-date=18 February 2009}}</ref>
Line 109: Line 108:
|align="left"|New Zealand ([[New Zealand Listener|''Listener'']])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=801#n_view_location |title=flavour of new zealand – search listener |website=Flavourofnz.co.nz |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819143817/http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=801#n_view_location |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|align="left"|New Zealand ([[New Zealand Listener|''Listener'']])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=801#n_view_location |title=flavour of new zealand – search listener |website=Flavourofnz.co.nz |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819143817/http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=801#n_view_location |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|11
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
|Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFE]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|edition=1st|date=September 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|-
{{single chart|UK|2|date=19720528|artist=Elton John|song=Rocket Man|access-date=19 December 2023}}
{{single chart|UK|2|date=19720528|artist=Elton John|song=Rocket Man|access-date=19 December 2023}}
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!align="left"|Chart (1972)
!align="left"|Chart (1972)
! style="text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="text-align:center;"|Rank
|-
|Canada (''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine |title=RPM's Top 100 Singles of '72 |magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=January 13, 1973|page=20}}</ref>
⚫
| style="text-align:center;"|99
|-
|-
|US ''Billboard''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1972.htm |title=Top 100 Hits of 1972/Top 100 Songs of 1972 |website=Musicoutfitters.com |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref>
|US ''Billboard''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1972.htm |title=Top 100 Hits of 1972/Top 100 Songs of 1972 |website=Musicoutfitters.com |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref>
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==Certifications==
==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|artist=Elton John|title=Rocketman|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=1972|certyear=2024|access-date=24 November 2024}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|relyear=1972|certyear=2022|id=11328|access-date=23 May 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|relyear=1972|certyear=2022|id=11328|access-date=23 May 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|type=single|title=Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time)|artist=Elton John|award=Gold|relyear=1972|certyear=2023|access-date=7 April 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|type=single|title=Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time)|artist=Elton John|award=Gold|relyear=1972|certyear=2023|access-date=7 April 2023}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|relyear=1972|certyear=2019|access-date=25 November 2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|relyear=1972|certyear=2019|access-date=25 November 2019|id=7383}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2009|certyear=2022|id=13937-733-1|access-date=21 January 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Elton John|title=Rocket Man|award=Platinum|number=7|type=single|relyear=1972|certyear=2024|access-date=18 December 2024|source=radioscope}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1972|certyear=2018|access-date=30 August 2019}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|type=single|award=Platinum|certyear=2024|title=Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time)|artist=Elton John|accessdate=June 9, 2024}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=2009|certyear=2024|id=13937-733-1|access-date=5 April 2024}}
⚫
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|noshipments=true|nosales=true}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|title=Rocket Man|artist=Elton John|award=Platinum|number=5|relyear=1972|certyear=2024|access-date=9 December 2024}}
⚫
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|noshipments=true}}


== Kate Bush version ==
== Kate Bush version ==
{{Infobox song
{{Infobox song
| name = Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)
| name = Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)
| cover = Rocket Man-Candle in the Wind.png
| cover = Rocket Man-Candle in the Wind.png
| alt =
| alt =
| type = single
| type = single
| artist = [[Kate Bush]]
| artist = [[Kate Bush]]
| album = [[Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin]]
| album = [[Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin]]
| B-side = [[Candle in the Wind]]
| B-side = [[Candle in the Wind]]
| released = {{start date|1991|11|25|df=y}}<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=21|date=23 November 1991}}</ref>
| released = {{start date|1991|11|25|df=y}}<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=21|date=23 November 1991}}</ref>
| recorded =
| recorded =
| studio =
| studio =
| venue =
| venue =
⚫
| genre = * [[Reggae]]<ref>{{Cite web|author-first1=Andrew|author-last1=Trendell|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/exclusive-kate-bush-reveals-long-lost-video-1991s-rocket-man-tells-us-song-means-2452654|title=Exclusive – Kate Bush reveals long-lost video for 1991's 'Rocket Man', and tells us what the song means to her|website=NME|date=22 February 2019|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
⚫
| genre =
⚫
* [[Reggae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/exclusive-kate-bush-reveals-long-lost-video-1991s-rocket-man-tells-us-song-means-2452654|title=Exclusive – Kate Bush reveals long-lost video for 1991's 'Rocket Man', and tells us what the song means to her|website=NME|date=22 February 2019|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[ska]]<ref name="Weisbard & Marks 1995">{{cite book|editor1-last=Weisbard |editor1-first=Eric |editor1-link=Eric Weisbard |editor2-last=Marks |editor2-first=Craig |year=1995 |title=Spin Alternative Record Guide |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=New York |isbn=0-679-75574-8|pages=63}}</ref>
* [[ska]]<ref name="Weisbard & Marks 1995">{{cite book|editor1-last=Weisbard |editor1-first=Eric |editor1-link=Eric Weisbard |editor2-last=Marks |editor2-first=Craig |year=1995 |title=Spin Alternative Record Guide |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=New York |isbn=0-679-75574-8|pages=63}}</ref>
| length = 5:02
| length = 5:02
| label = [[Mercury Records|Mercury]]
| label = [[Mercury Records|Mercury]]
| writer =
| writer = * [[Elton John]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Bernie Taupin]]
* [[Bernie Taupin]]
| producer = Kate Bush
| producer = Kate Bush
| prev_title = [[Love and Anger (song)|Love and Anger]]
| prev_title = [[Love and Anger (song)|Love and Anger]]
| prev_year = 1990
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Rubberband Girl]]
| next_title = [[Rubberband Girl]]
| next_year = 1993
| next_year = 1993
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|fUT2aAFDbkI|"Rocket Man"}}}}
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|fUT2aAFDbkI|"Rocket Man"}}}}
}}
}}

English singer-songwriter [[Kate Bush]] released a cover of "Rocket Man" (with the subtitle "I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time") in 1991 as part of the Elton John/Bernie Taupin tribute album ''[[Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin]]''. Her [[reggae]]-inflected version of "Rocket Man" was a commercial success, reaching No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 2 in Australia. In 2007, the track won ''[[The Observer]]'' readers' award for Greatest Cover of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/ttremastered/story/0,,2166706,00.html |title=The Observer – The top 50 greatest covers as voted by you |access-date=18 February 2009 | work=The Guardian | location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811180206/http://observer.theguardian.com/omm/ttremastered/story/0%2C%2C2166706%2C00.html|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> The B-side of the single was Bush's recording of another Elton John classic, "[[Candle in the Wind]]."
English singer-songwriter [[Kate Bush]] released a cover of "Rocket Man" (with the subtitle "I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time") in 1991 as part of the Elton John/Bernie Taupin tribute album ''[[Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin]]''. Her [[reggae]]-inflected version of "Rocket Man" was a commercial success, reaching No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 2 in Australia. In 2007, the track won ''[[The Observer]]'' readers' award for Greatest Cover of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/ttremastered/story/0,,2166706,00.html |title=The Observer – The top 50 greatest covers as voted by you |access-date=18 February 2009 | work=The Guardian | location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811180206/http://observer.theguardian.com/omm/ttremastered/story/0%2C%2C2166706%2C00.html|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> The B-side of the single was Bush's recording of another Elton John classic, "[[Candle in the Wind]]."
{{blockquote|text=From the age of 11, Elton John was my biggest hero. I loved his music, had all his albums and I hoped one day I'd play the piano like him (I still do). When I asked to be involved in this project and was given the choice of a track it was like being asked 'would you like to fulfill a dream? would you like to be Rocket Man?' {{omission}} yes, I would.|author=Kate Bush<ref name="kb_sleeve"/>}}
{{blockquote|text=From the age of 11, Elton John was my biggest hero. I loved his music, had all his albums and I hoped one day I'd play the piano like him (I still do). When I asked to be involved in this project and was given the choice of a track it was like being asked 'would you like to fulfill a dream? would you like to be Rocket Man?' {{omission}} yes, I would.|author=Kate Bush<ref name="kb_sleeve"/>}}
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== William Shatner version ==
== William Shatner version ==
At the [[5th Saturn Awards]] Ceremony, which aired as the "Science Fiction Film Awards" in January 1978, Taupin introduced [[William Shatner]]'s [[spoken word]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3233333.ece |title=Man of Enterprise – Times Online |access-date=18 February 2009 | work=[[The Times]] | location=London | first=Sophie | last=Davies | date=26 January 2008}}</ref> interpretation of the song. It used [[chroma key]] video techniques to simultaneously portray three different images of Shatner, representing the different facets of the Rocket Man's character.
At the [[5th Saturn Awards]] Ceremony, which aired as the "Science Fiction Film Awards" in January 1978, Taupin introduced [[William Shatner]]'s [[spoken word]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3233333.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706063841/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3233333.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2008 |title=Man of Enterprise – Times Online |access-date=18 February 2009 | work=[[The Times]] | location=London | first=Sophie | last=Davies | date=26 January 2008}}</ref> interpretation of the song. It used [[chroma key]] video techniques to simultaneously portray three different images of Shatner, representing the different facets of the Rocket Man's character.


The performance gained notoriety as the most well-known example of Shatner's interpretive spoken word [[cover versions]], and it has often been used for mockery or as an unintentionally funny [[novelty song|novelty]]. It was parodied on the U.S. animated series ''[[Animaniacs]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''[[Freakazoid!]]'', ''[[Futurama]]'', ''[[Dude, Where's My Ranch?|The Simpsons]], ''the Canadian CGI series ''[[ReBoot]]'', and in the video for "[[Where It's At (Beck song)|Where It's At]]" by [[Beck]]. On a 1992 episode of ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', [[Chris Elliott]] parodied Shatner's performance, complete with chroma key effects.
The performance gained notoriety as the most well-known example of Shatner's interpretive spoken word [[cover versions]], and it has often been used for mockery or as an unintentionally funny [[novelty song|novelty]]. It was parodied on the U.S. animated series ''[[Animaniacs]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''[[Freakazoid!]]'', ''[[Futurama]]'', ''[[Dude, Where's My Ranch?|The Simpsons]], ''the Canadian CGI series ''[[ReBoot]]'', and in the video for "[[Where It's At (Beck song)|Where It's At]]" by [[Beck]]. On a 1992 episode of ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', [[Chris Elliott]] parodied Shatner's performance, complete with chroma key effects.
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{{Elton John songs}}
{{Elton John songs}}
{{Kate Bush|hide}}
{{Kate Bush songs|hide}}
{{David Fonseca|hide}}
{{David Fonseca|hide}}
{{Major Tom}}
{{Major Tom}}
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[[Category:Elton John songs]]
[[Category:Elton John songs]]
[[Category:Kate Bush songs]]
[[Category:Kate Bush songs]]
[[Category:Me First and the Gimme Gimmes songs]]
[[Category:Mercury Records singles]]
[[Category:Mercury Records singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Rock ballads]]
[[Category:Rock ballads]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon]]

Latest revision as of 21:21, 18 December 2024

For other songs of the same name, see Rocket Man (disambiguation).

"Rocket Man"
cover art
One of the pressings of the US single
Single by Elton John
from the album Honky Château
B-side"Susie (Dramas)"
Released17 April 1972 (1972-04-17)[1]
Recorded16 January 1972
Studio
Genre
Length4:41
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Gus Dudgeon
Elton John singles chronology
"Tiny Dancer"
(1972) 		"Rocket Man"
(1972) 		"Honky Cat"
(1972)
Audio sample
"Rocket Man"
Music video
Elton John – Rocket Man on YouTube

"Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)" is a song written by English musician Elton John and songwriter Bernie Taupin and performed by John. It was originally released on 17 April 1972 in the US, as the lead single to John's album Honky Château. The song first charted in the UK on 22 April, rising to No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 6 in the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major hit single for John.[1]

On 5 April 2024, the song was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales and streams of 1,800,000 digital downloads and streaming equivalent sales. With sales of 3 million in the US the song was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Rolling Stone lists it at No. 149 of its 500 greatest songs of all time.[3] On 6 January 2024, Rocket Man surpassed 1 billion streams on Spotify.[4]

The song has been covered by many artists, most notably by Kate Bush in 1991 with a reggae-tinged version, and by Portuguese singer David Fonseca in 2007. John himself, alongside producer Pnau and singer Dua Lipa, included the song in his 2021 mashup single "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)". William Shatner's spoken-word version from 1978 has been widely parodied.

Background

[edit]
Elton John, 1972

The song was inspired by Ray Bradbury's short story "The Rocket Man" in The Illustrated Man, about a professional astronaut whose work keeps him away from his anguished family for months at a time. It echoes the theme of David Bowie's 1969 song "Space Oddity" (both recordings were produced by Gus Dudgeon).[5] Taupin has denied that the Bowie song was an inspiration, but has acknowledged borrowing from Pearls Before Swine's 1970 "Rocket Man", written by Tom Rapp,[6] which was also influenced by the Bradbury story. According to an account in Elizabeth Rosenthal's book His Song: The Musical Journey of Elton John, the song was inspired by Taupin's sighting of either a shooting star or a distant aeroplane.[7]

The song describes a Mars-bound astronaut's mixed feelings at leaving Earth to do his job. Rosenthal's account goes on to relate that the notion of astronauts no longer being perceived as heroes, but in fact as an "everyday occupation", led Taupin to the song's opening lines: "She packed my bags last night, pre-flight. Zero hour: 9 a.m. And I'm gonna be high as a kite by then."[7]

Musically, the song is a highly arranged classical rock ballad anchored by piano, with atmospheric texture added by synthesizer (played on the recording by engineer Dave Hentschel) and slide guitar. It is also known for being the first song in John's catalogue to feature what would become the signature backing vocal combination of his band at the time, Dee Murray, Nigel Olsson and Davey Johnstone.[8]

The first stanza of "Rocket Man" was thought of by Bernie Taupin while he was on the motorway heading to his parents' home; he had to "repeat it to himself for two hours," which was "unfortunate",[9] but in later interviews he said that since it gave him a hit, it was all worthwhile.

On the cover of the UK 7-inch single release, John appears in a photograph wearing a Nudie Cohn-made suit originally made for and stolen several years previously from John Christopher Ethridge of The Flying Burrito Brothers. After passing through several owners, almost 50 years after the single release the suit was recovered by Ethridge's family and placed on display at the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee.[10]

Reception

[edit]

Record World said, "Elton John explores the outer limits of the possibilities of pop music" and that the song "should be a huge hit; it's one of his best."[11]

Legacy

[edit]

"Rocket Man" was ranked No. 242 in the 2004 list of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time; it was ranked No. 245 in the list's 2010 revision,[12] and 149 in the 2021 revision.[3] The song has been a staple of John's concerts. Among numerous other performances, John played "Rocket Man" at the launch site of Space Shuttle Discovery in 1998. In tribute to David Bowie after his death in January 2016, John performed a piano rendition that combined "Rocket Man" with Bowie's "Space Oddity".[13]

Music video

[edit]

In May 2017, an official music video for "Rocket Man" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival as a winner of Elton John: The Cut, a competition organised in partnership with AKQA, Pulse Films, and YouTube in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of his songwriting relationship with Bernie Taupin. The competition called upon independent filmmakers to submit treatments for music videos for one of three Elton John songs from the 1970s, with each song falling within a specific concept category. "Rocket Man" was designated for the animation category, and was co-directed by Iranian refugee Majid Adin and Irish animation director Stephen McNally;[14][15] the video was inspired by Adin's own migration to England, portraying a character envisioning himself as an astronaut to draw parallels between the song's lyrics and the experiences of a refugee.[16][17]

Track listings

[edit]

All songs written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin.

  1. "Rocket Man" – 4:38
  2. "Suzie (Dramas)" – 3:21

In 2003, Universal Records released both a 12-inch vinyl (promotional only) & CD maxi-single with three new remixes of the song:

  • A. "Rocket Man (KDME remix)" – 4:20
  • B1. "Rocket Man 03" – 4:01
  • B2. "Rocket Man (Royal Garden's Radio mix)" – 4:19

Of these, "Rocket Man 03" was also included on the Rocket/Island/Mercury EP "Remixed," along with four other remixes of Elton recordings.

Personnel

[edit]

Charts

[edit]

Certifications

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Austria (IFPI Austria)[33] Gold 50,000*
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[34] Platinum 90,000‡
Germany (BVMI)[35] Gold 250,000‡
Italy (FIMI)[36] Platinum 50,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)[37] 7× Platinum 210,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[38] Platinum 60,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[39] 3× Platinum 1,800,000‡
United States (RIAA)[40] 5× Platinum 5,000,000‡

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Kate Bush version

[edit]
"Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)"
Single by Kate Bush
from the album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin
B-side"Candle in the Wind"
Released25 November 1991 (1991-11-25)[41]
Genre
Length5:02
LabelMercury
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Kate Bush
Kate Bush singles chronology
"Love and Anger"
(1990) 		"Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)"
(1991) 		"Rubberband Girl"
(1993)
Music video
"Rocket Man" on YouTube

English singer-songwriter Kate Bush released a cover of "Rocket Man" (with the subtitle "I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time") in 1991 as part of the Elton John/Bernie Taupin tribute album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin. Her reggae-inflected version of "Rocket Man" was a commercial success, reaching No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 2 in Australia. In 2007, the track won The Observer readers' award for Greatest Cover of all time.[44] The B-side of the single was Bush's recording of another Elton John classic, "Candle in the Wind."

From the age of 11, Elton John was my biggest hero. I loved his music, had all his albums and I hoped one day I'd play the piano like him (I still do). When I asked to be involved in this project and was given the choice of a track it was like being asked 'would you like to fulfill a dream? would you like to be Rocket Man?' ... yes, I would.

— Kate Bush[45]

Critical reception

[edit]

Upon its release, Ian Gittins of Melody Maker described it as a "real curio" as Bush's "ickle-girl quaver is applied as liberally as Elt's cod space-epic is unexpectedly white-reggaed up behind her".[46] Stephen Dalton of NME was negative in his review, noting Bush's "ill-advised decision" to "croon breathily over an abysmal 'reggae' arrangement".[47]

Track listings

[edit]

All tracks are written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin

UK 7-inch and cassette single[48][49]
No.TitleLength
1."Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)"5:02
2."Candle in the Wind"4:29
UK 12-inch and CD single[50][51]
No.TitleLength
1."Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)"5:02
2."Candle in the Wind"4:29
3."Candle in the Wind" (instrumental version)4:28

Personnel

[edit]

Additional musicians[45]

Charts

[edit]

David Fonseca version

[edit]
"Rocket Man"
Single by David Fonseca
from the album Dreams in Colour
Released2007
Recorded2007
GenreSoft rock
Length4:38
LabelUniversal
Songwriter(s)
David Fonseca singles chronology
"Superstars"
(2007) 		"Rocket Man"
(2007) 		"Kiss Me, Oh Kiss Me"
(2007)
Music video
"Rocket Man" on YouTube

Portuguese singer David Fonseca released his version of the song as a single in Portugal, reaching No. 12 in the Portuguese Top 20. The song—fully titled "Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)"—also appears on Fonseca's third album Dreams in Colour released in 2007 and on the Dreams in Colour: Tour Edition released in 2008. The music video was directed by Fonseca himself.[64]

Charts

[edit]
Chart (2007) Peak
position
Portuguese Singles Chart (Top 20) 12

William Shatner version

[edit]

At the 5th Saturn Awards Ceremony, which aired as the "Science Fiction Film Awards" in January 1978, Taupin introduced William Shatner's spoken word[65] interpretation of the song. It used chroma key video techniques to simultaneously portray three different images of Shatner, representing the different facets of the Rocket Man's character.

The performance gained notoriety as the most well-known example of Shatner's interpretive spoken word cover versions, and it has often been used for mockery or as an unintentionally funny novelty. It was parodied on the U.S. animated series Animaniacs, Family Guy, Freakazoid!, Futurama, The Simpsons, the Canadian CGI series ReBoot, and in the video for "Where It's At" by Beck. On a 1992 episode of Late Night with David Letterman, Chris Elliott parodied Shatner's performance, complete with chroma key effects.

Shatner re-recorded the song for his 2011 album, Seeking Major Tom. In his book What Were They Thinking? The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History, author David Hofstede ranked Shatner's performance at No. 17 on the list.[66]

Sampling

[edit]

Elton John and Dua Lipa's 2021 collaborative song "Cold Heart" samples "Rocket Man" for its chorus, along with snippets of other Elton John songs. It topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, reached No. 2 in Ireland, and peaked at No. 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Rosenthal, Elizabeth J. (2001). His Song: The Musical Journey of Elton John. Billboard Books. p. 51. ISBN 9780823088935.
  2. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Honky Château – Elton John". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Rocket Man #149". Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  4. ^ "Elton John Celebrates "Rocket Man" Reaching 1 Billion Streams on Spotify". 6 January 2024.
  5. ^ Petridis, Alexis (22 July 2002). "Gus Dudgeon". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  6. ^ Dasgupta, Pubali (1 March 2021). "The Story Behind the Song: How Elton John's classic 'Rocket Man' was created". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  7. ^ a b Rosenthal, Elizabeth J. (2001). His Song The Musical Journey of Elton John. Billboard Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-0823088935. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  8. ^ The Making of ‘Honky Château’
  9. ^ "Bernie Taupin :: Discography". 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009.
  10. ^ "Taos woman's quest lets the last Burrito Brother and his suit finally come home". Santa Fe New Mexican. 20 July 2023. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023.
  11. ^ "Hits of the Week" (PDF). Record World. 29 April 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  12. ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 9 December 2004. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  13. ^ "David Bowie death: Elton John performs hauntingly beautiful 'Space Oddity' tribute for 'the Starman'". The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  14. ^ "Rocket Man by Majid Adin & Stephen McNally | Elton John Music Video". Directors Notes. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  15. ^ "Blinkink – Stephen McNally – Elton John – 'Rocket Man'". blinkink.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  16. ^ "WATCH: Elton John and Bernie Taupin's 'Tiny Dancer,' 'Rocket Man' and 'Bennie and the Jets' Just Got New Music Videos". People. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  17. ^ "Elton John Premieres Three Music Videos for His '70s Classics". Out Magazine. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  18. ^ "australian-charts.com – Forum – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  19. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 7680." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Search results". Charts-surfer.de. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  21. ^ "Search results". Irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  22. ^ "flavour of new zealand – search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  23. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  24. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  25. ^ "Elton John Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
  26. ^ "Elton John Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
  27. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 7/15/72". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  28. ^ "norwegiancharts.com – Elton John – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time)". Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  29. ^ "Elton John Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  30. ^ "RPM's Top 100 Singles of '72". RPM. 13 January 1973. p. 20.
  31. ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1972/Top 100 Songs of 1972". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  32. ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles – 1972". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  33. ^ "Austrian single certifications – Elton John – Rocketman" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Danish single certifications – Elton John – Rocket Man". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  35. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Elton John; 'Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time)')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  36. ^ "Italian single certifications – Elton John – Rocket Man" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  37. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Elton John – Rocket Man". Radioscope. Retrieved 18 December 2024. Type Rocket Man in the "Search:" field.
  38. ^ "Spanish single certifications – Elton John – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time)". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  39. ^ "British single certifications – Elton John – Rocket Man". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  40. ^ "American single certifications – Elton John – Rocket Man". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  41. ^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. 23 November 1991. p. 21.
  42. ^ Trendell, Andrew (22 February 2019). "Exclusive – Kate Bush reveals long-lost video for 1991's 'Rocket Man', and tells us what the song means to her". NME. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  43. ^ Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig, eds. (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. New York: Vintage Books. p. 63. ISBN 0-679-75574-8.
  44. ^ "The Observer – The top 50 greatest covers as voted by you". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  45. ^ a b "back side of single sleeve". Discogs. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  46. ^ Gittins, Ian (30 November 1991). "Singles". Melody Maker. p. 27.
  47. ^ Dalton, Stephen (30 November 1991). "Singles". New Musical Express. p. 20.
  48. ^ Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time) / Candle in the Wind (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Kate Bush. Mercury Records. 1991. TRIBO 2, 866 310 – 7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  49. ^ Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time) / Candle in the Wind (UK cassette single sleeve). Kate Bush. Mercury Records. 1991. TRIMC 2, 866 310 – 4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  50. ^ Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time) / Candle in the Wind (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Kate Bush. Mercury Records. 1991. TRIB 2 12, 866 311–1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  51. ^ Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time) / Candle in the Wind (UK CD single liner notes). Kate Bush. Mercury Records. 1991. TRICD 2, 866 311–2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  52. ^ "Kate Bush – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  53. ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 2057." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  54. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 8, no. 51–52. 21 December 1991. p. 37. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  55. ^ "Kate Bush – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  56. ^ "Kate Bush – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  57. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rocket Man". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  58. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 3, 1992" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  59. ^ "Kate Bush – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  60. ^ "Kate Bush – Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  61. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  62. ^ "Kate Bush Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  63. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
  64. ^ "David Fonseca – "Rocket Man"". 16 November 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2016 – via YouTube.
  65. ^ Davies, Sophie (26 January 2008). "Man of Enterprise – Times Online". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  66. ^ Hofstede, David (2004). What Were They Thinking? The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History. Back Stage Books. pp. 168–169. ISBN 0-8230-8441-8.
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